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The aim of the bachelor´s thesis is to create an educational offer of activities that support the development of mathematical pre-literacy of preschool children. Particularly, it is based on findings of the questionnaire survey. The theoretical part deals with the definition of mathematical pre-literacy at preschool age and introduces the developmental characterictics of children, which are important for its development. Moreover, the thesis formulates requirements for the competencies of kindergarten teachers. In addition, the theoretical part summarizes inspiring approaches of Montessori pedagogy and offers the possibility of using digital technologies in the development of mathematical preliteracy in preschool education. The practical part contains an educational offer of activities, which are focused on geometrical shapes, spatial and temporal orientation, sorting and comparison, numbers and counting.

Islámská republika Írán je velmi pokrokový stát v oblasti lékařského výzkumu a jeho aplikaci. Ačkoliv je země plně podřízena islámskému právu a vlivu ší´itských duchovních, rozvoj lékařské vědy není vůbec omezen, ší´itská lékařská etika (na rozdíl od sunnitské) totiž většinu moderních lékařských technik povoluje. Díku tomuto postoji je dnes Írán specialistou na mnohé techniky, které jsou v jiných zemích z náboženských nebo etických důvodů zakázány. The Islamic Republic of Iran is a very progressive state in the field of medical research and its application. Although the country is fully subject to Islamic law and the influence of Shiite clerics, the development of medical science is not restricted at all, as Shiite medical ethics (unlike Sunnite) allows most of the modern medical techniques. Thanks to this attitude, Iran specialyes todaz in many techniques that are forbidden in other countries for religious or ethical reasons.

Šíitský islám se kloní k názoru, že progresivní lékařské technologie (jako klonování nebo genetické inženýrství) nejsou změnou Božího stvoření, a proto nemohou být z tohoto důvodu zakazovány. Tato studie ukazuje hlavní nábožensko-právní argumentaci pro tento postoj a také rozdíl mezi názory šíitské teologie a jurisprudence při interpretaci termínu "změna Božího stvoření". Jurisprucence zdůrazňuje spirituální podstatu této změny (tedy zejména odklon od monoteismu) nad fyzickými změnami. Lékařské techniky a jejich využití nijak neohrožují monoteismus, proto nesplňují podstatu nežádoucí "změny Božího stvoření". Tyto závěry jsou doplněny dalšími sekundárními právními argumenty a příklady vyplývající z nejvíce diskutovaných oblastí, tedy klonování, genové inženýrství, chirurgická změna pohlaví a kosmetická chirurgie. Názory šíitského islámu jsou srovnávány se sunnitskou pozicí. Shi‘ite Islam posits that medical technologies such as cloning or genetic engineering are not a change in God’s creation and cannot be forbidden for this reason. The study presents the main religious­-legal arguments for this opinion and the difference between the view of Shi‘ite theology and jurisprudence in the interpretation of the term “change in God’s creation”. Jurisprudence emphasizes the spiritual nature of change (deviation from monotheism) over physical change and supports it with other methodological principles. This definition excludes the analysed medical techniques, and therefore jurisprudence does not consider them a change in God’s creation. The conclusions are supplemented by specific legal arguments concerning the most discussed areas, i.e. cloning, genetic engineering, gender reassignment and cosmetic surgeries, and briefly compared with the Sunni position.

Projekt SGS-2016-049 Maroko a Írán: náboženské menšiny v komparativní perspektivě a SGS-2018-040 Sociální a politické transformace vybraných zemí Blízkého východu a Afriky.

Článek nabízí přehled různých názorů, teorií a debat ohledně hranic lidského života (počátek a konec lidského života) v šíitském islámu a důležité konsekvence při používání různých medicínských technologií. Pojednává toto téma z pohledu šíitské jurisprucence v současném Íránu, se zvláštním důrazem na publikované právní rozhodnutí důležitých vysokých kleriků a na základě znalosti sdílené v raámci islámských seminářů v Qomu. Článek se nejprve zaobírá různými teoriemi o požátku lidského života a fázemi koránské embryogenese. Následně popisuje problematiku terapeutických přerušení těhotenství a ukazuje rozdílné pohledy důležitých íránských kleriků, zda je přerušení možné, či ne, a za jakých podmínek a na základně jakých právních podkladů tato rozhodnutí činí. Studie dále řeší problematiku lidské smrti, zejména pak otázku posouzení lidí po akutním pozkovém postižení (koma, vegetativní stav, mozková smrt). Práce ukazuje diskusi nad tím, zda je pro určení smrti člověka podstatná činnost mozku, nebo činnost oběhová a zda je tedy možné pacienty odpojit od přístrojů a umožnit darování jejich orgánů. Článek je uzavřen úvahou o statutu lidského fetusu před přijetím ducha z pohledu šíitské právní vědy a zhodnocením zdrojů šíitské islámské bioetiky, která se dostává do sporu s islámskou etikou. The article provides an overview of the various opinions, theories and debate concerning the boundaries of human life (the beginning and end of human life) in Shi‘i Islam and the important consequences in terms of the use of different medical technologies. It considers this issue from the perspective of Shi‘i jurisprudence in contemporary Iran, in particular on the basis of the published legal decisions of important high-ranking clerics and based on the knowledge shared within the Islamic seminaries in Qom. The study first describes various theories concerning the exact beginning of human life and the phases of Qur’anic embryogenesis. The issue of therapeutic abortions is then described and the different views of important Iranian clerics are presented on whether therapeutic abortions can be allowed or not and under what conditions and based on which fiqh arguments. The study further addresses the definition of human death, specifically the very extraordinary case of people with acute brain damage (coma, vegetative state and brain death). It discusses whether brain activity or heart activity is essential for determining human death and presents the views of the clerics on this issue and consequently whether disconnection from medical devices (euthanasia) and organ donation are allowed in these cases. This paper draws conclusions on the status of the human foetus (especially before ensoulment) and addresses the reflection over the sources of Shi‘i Islamic bioethics, in which Islamic jurisprudence has obviously prevailed over Islamic ethics. Together with the modern methodology of Shi‘i jurisprudence and using rationality (‘aql) as a basic source, this becomes the basis of a pragmatic and rational attitude towards medical biotechnologies.

SGS-2015-039 „Kulturní dějiny Blízkého východu“ The holy city of Qom is the leading center of Shi’ite Islam and one of the world´s most important religious centers. For some people it is the true capital of Islamic Republic Iran. Although Qom is mentioned in the West on many occasions (scholar works, analytical papers, journalistic contributions), hardly anyone knows more than its name. A similar situation applies to the Qom religious architecture that is not systematically documented (textually nor visually) in any of the leading publication on Islamic architecture. The book comprehensively introduces the history of the city, the development of the hawza Qom, the influence of Qomi clerics, and further the material and spiritual culture and the architecture of Qom. The authors stayed several times in the holy city of Qom and would like to take this opportunity to highlight the importance of Qom in the history and contemporary world and to mediate its beauty and unique atmosphere for those who have no such opportunity. The book is basically divided into two main parts, the first deals with the history of the city, the second part presents the architecture and the related spiritual culture. The history of the city itself, to a certain extent, symbolizes the entire evolution of Shi’ite Islam and the events in Qom have had a strong influence on the development of Persia, Iran and today´s Islamic Republic of Iran. The specific chapter on the formation of Shiite Islam, the life and legacy of twelve Imams is also inserted, as all this history has never been explained properly in the Czech academic environment and the separation of branches of Islam has been presented always from the viewpoint of mainstream Sunni Islam. The book further shows how the city became the Shi’ite leading center and how it maintains its position as a counterbalance of shrine cities in Iraq. The great attention is paid to the situation of city and its hawzas during the Pahlavi regime and especially to the role of the Qom in the time of Islamic revolution. The historic section is completed with a brief presentation of the importance of Qomi clerics in the current Islamic Republic of Iran and with the short description of the system of seminary studies in Qom. The second part of the book is opened with the general introduction concerning developments of architecture in Persia and Iran. The main religious buildings in Qom are then introduced, including their historical background, architectural features and elements. This part is richly accompanied by photographs to illustrate (at least) a little of the beauty of sacral buildings and areas. The descriptions of the material artefacts are further accompanied by selected examples of manifestations of the spiritual life in sacral spaces including details related to the religious pilgrimages experience, the religious festivals and its rituals, customs and traditions. Some of the photos published in this book are especially valuable. Taking pictures in the interior of the shrine Hadrat Masume is normally prohibited but thanks to kindly permission given by the headquarters of the shrine Hadrat Masume we were able to take pictures of this unique place and later to publish them. Also in the Library of Marashi Najafi we were kindly allowed to take pictures of the rare and beautiful manuscripts. For this we are very grateful to both institutions.

Muslims in Great Britain present a significant minority – about 4 % – 4,6 %. Most of British Muslims are Pakistani origin and they follow the fundamental concept of Pakistani Islamic law. Islamic family law was applied unofficially within Muslim community in Britain, officially was recognized British state law. Arbitration Act 1996 enabled the arbitration as a form of alternative dispute resolution and Muslim sharia tribunals were admitted as official arbitral tribunals. 19 sharia tribunals have been working officially so far. They are empowered to resolve cases in areas of family and inheritance law. The most common case is divorce, especially divorce initiated by woman. Sharia tribunals in Britain follow views of Hanafi madhab but in the question of custody they prefer Maliki madhab. Official operation of sharia tribunals has aroused great controversy among the public.

This paper is describing diagnostic system in ancient Mesopotamia. Diagnostics is process of illness’s determining. Mesopotamian physicians used mainly basic method of direct observation of patient and of all his symptoms. They noted wide range of symptoms conscientiously: temperature of patient, change of color on patient’s body, condition of eyes, teethes, tongue, different kind of pain, bleeding and many others. Observed symptoms concerned all areas of human body – eye and ear diseases, respiratory diseases, diseases of the circulatory system, digestive system diseases, diseases of the genitourinary system, gynecology, obstetrics, skin diseases, diseases of musculoskeletal system, parasitic disease, mental diseases and behavioral disorders and injuries. Physicians of ancient Mesopotamia recognized not only symptoms and theirs slight differences but particularly the whole clinical picture of illness - unique combination of symptoms typical for specific illness. They were well aware of typical symptoms announcing death of patient as well. The aim of whole diagnostic system was prognosis of patient. Diagnosis (name of illness) was used rarely. Diagnostic in ancient Mesopotamia reach a considerable success, diagnostic significantly overtook therapeutical methods and possibilities of Mesopotamian physicians. It is the reason why we find prognosis of death in so many statements.