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Wastewater treatment plants are mainly monitored for quality in terms of their biological oxygen demand and microbiological constituents as stipulated in the specific discharge permit. Wastewater influents and effluents were taken from three WWTPs in South Africa over the summer and winter seasons. Previous toxicity tests such as the Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence assay and the Selenastrum capricornutum algal growth inhibition test have shown that the effluents displayed acute toxicity. To further investigate the quality of the effluent, the genotoxic potential was determined using the SOS Chromosome and UMU Chromosome test. The SOS Chromotest demonstrated induction factor values of above 1.5 for influents during both seasons indicating that the influents were genotoxic (p < 0.05). Effluents discharged during winter and summer also had induction factors greater than 1.5 (p < 0.05). A range of induction factors was detected with the UMU-Chromotest for influents and effluents (1.98 ± 0.38 and 2.40 ± 0.51, respectively). Findings show point sources in the area can lead to influents and effluents that are potentially genotoxic. Designing a monitoring programme that encompasses testing of both the regulatory determinants with additional specialized tests can provide a more holistic view of wastewater quality and the efficiency of WWTP to reduce the discharge of hazards. HIGHLIGHTS Wastewater treatment plants are unable to remove genotoxic compounds present in effluents.; Wastewater treatment plants are poorly maintained and have failing infrastructure, consequently the discharge of untreated effluents into the environment.; Wastewater treatment plant managers should look at alternative methods of testing other than conventional methods in order to provide a holistic water quality.; The UMU-C test and the SOS Chromotest are relatively easy assays that can be used to determine.; Seasonal differences of the presence of genotoxic compounds in effluents can be seen.;

Wastewater treatment plants are mainly monitored for quality in terms of their biological oxygen demand and microbiological constituents as stipulated in the specific discharge permit. Wastewater influents and effluents were taken from three WWTPs in South Africa over the summer and winter seasons. Previous toxicity tests such as the Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence assay and the Selenastrum capricornutum algal growth inhibition test have shown that the effluents displayed acute toxicity. To further investigate the quality of the effluent, the genotoxic potential was determined using the SOS Chromosome and UMU Chromosome test. The SOS Chromotest demonstrated induction factor values of above 1.5 for influents during both seasons indicating that the influents were genotoxic (p<0.05). Effluents discharged during winter and summer also had induction factors greater than 1.5 (p<0.05). A range of induction factors was detected with the UMU-Chromotest for influents and effluents (1.98±0.38 and 2.40±0.51, respectively). Findings show point sources in the area can lead to influents and effluents that are potentially genotoxic. Designing a monitoring programme that encompasses testing of both the regulatory determinants with additional specialized tests can provide a more holistic view of wastewater quality and the efficiency of WWTP to reduce the discharge of hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pterisvittata L. is a terrestrial genus growing in moist, shady forests and on hillsides. The plant has considerable ethnomedicinal importance. Investigations have been carried out on chemical profiling and antioxidant compounds from some genera of pteridophytes but studies on the biological properties of P. vittata are lacking. Therefore, the present study investigates antioxidant, antigenotoxic, and antiproliferative potential of the aqueous fraction of P. vittata (PWE). A battery of assays were carried out to assess the antioxidant potential of the PWE. SOS chromotest and DNA nicking assay were used to evaluate the antigenotoxicity of the fraction. The cytotoxic effect of PWE was analyzed using MTT and Neutral Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis comet assay. EC50 of 90.188 µg/ml, 80.13 µg/ml, 142.836 µg/ml, and 12.274 µg/ml was obtained in DPPH, superoxide anion scavenging, reducing power and lipid peroxidation assays, respectively. PWE was potent in inhibiting Fenton's reagent-induced nicking of pBR322 plasmid. The fraction significantly inhibited hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (4NQO) induced mutagenicity and a reduction in induction factor was found with increased PWE concentration. GI50 of 147.16 µg/ml was obtained in MTT assay in human MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. PWE induced apoptosis as confirmed from confocal microscopy studies. The protective effects can be attributed to the presence of the phytochemicals in PWE. These results will be helpful in the development of functional food characteristics, as well as unravel the benefits of pteridophytes as promoters of health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread use of nanoparticles leads to their presence in wastewater, landfills and migration to the environment, especially to water and soil. However, while the lists of known toxic effects of nanoparticles continue to grow, there is still a vast gap in our knowledge about their harmfulness. In this study, SOS Chromotest and comet assay were used to the genotoxicity of aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3 NPs) using Escherichia coli bacteria and erythrocytes of Cyprinus carpio. Al2O3 NPs are used by military and commercial industries in many applications. The analysis of the obtained results showed that the tested nanoparticles can potentially cause changes in the genetic material of the bioindicators. Results of genotoxicity induction coefficient (I) values in the SOS Chromotest clearly showed the genotoxicity of Al2O3 NPs, both in the presence and in the absence of S9 fraction. In turn, the statistical analysis of the comet assay test results showed a significant increase of ‘% DNA in tail’ and ‘tail length’ of comets in cells populations incubated in solutions of Al2O3 NPs compared to the negative control. Furthermore, the obtained results showed that the nanoparticles had a greater effect on the genetic material of bacteria and eukaryotic cells than their bulk counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concern on the toxicity of final wastewater generated by the petroleum refining industry has increased in recent years due to the potential health threats associated with their release into the waterways. This study determined the mutagenic and genotoxic potential of petroleum refinery wastewater and a receiving river using the Ames fluctuation test on Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100 and TA98, SOS chromotest on Escherichia coli PQ37, and piscine peripheral micronucleus (MN) assay. Analyses of the physicochemical parameters, heavy metal, and organic contents of the samples were also performed. Ames test result showed that the two tested samples were mutagenic with TA100 strain as the more responsive strain for both the refinery wastewater and the river sample in terms of the calculated mutagenic index. A similar result was obtained in the SOS chromotest; however, the E. coli PQ37 system recorded a slightly higher sensitivity for detecting genotoxins than the Salmonella assay in the two samples. MN data showed induction of a concentration-dependent significant (p < 0.05) increase in the frequency of MN by both samples when compared with the negative control. Generally, the refinery wastewater induced the highest mutagenicity and genotoxicity compared to the river sample in the three assays used. Haemoglobin, platelets, red blood cells, mean corpuscular volume, total white blood cells, heterophils, haematocrit, and eosinophils reduced significantly with increased lymphocytes, basophils, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration in fishes exposed to both samples. Total petroleum hydrocarbon, benzene, toluene, phenol index, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, cadmium, mercury, nickel, lead, and vanadium contents analysed in the samples were believed to be responsible for the observed genotoxicity and mutagenicity. The findings of this study revealed that petroleum refinery wastewater is a potential mutagenic and genotoxic risk to the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of new antimicrobial compounds includes determining the mechanism of their effect on the microbial cell. As a rule, an effect for the majority of current synthetic antimicrobials is associated either with suppressed DNA synthesis, or with inhibiting bacterial protein production at translational or transcriptional level. A number of sensitive and easy-todo methods are available for screening and monitoring potential genotoxic activity of a wide range of natural and synthetic compounds. To date, the Ames test has been widely used, which is based on the sensitivity of Salmonella strains to carcinogenic chemicals, although some compounds resulting in Ames negative reactions could actually be carcinogenic to animals. Likewise, the SOS chromotest represents a SOS transcriptional analysis able to assess DNA damage caused by chemical and physical mutagens by measuring the expression of a reporter gene (β-galactosidase) encoding the β-galactosidase enzyme that metabolizes ortho-nitrophenyl galactopyranoside resulting in emerging a yellow-colored compound detected at wavelength 420 nm. Next, the induction of β-galactosidase is normalized by the activity of alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme expressed constitutively by Escherichia coli. SOS chromotest is also widely used for genotoxicological studies providing a quick answer (several hours) and requiring no survival of the test strain. Dose-response curves for various chemicals consist of a linear region, which slope corresponds to the SOS induction. Therefore, the SOS chromotest was selected for the study allowing to identify DNA-mediated effects of the analyzed compounds. The aim of the study was to evaluate the SOSinducing activity for 1H-indol-4-, -5-, -6-, -7-ylamines-substituted antimicrobial compounds. The Escherichia coli PQ 37 with the genotype F-thr leu his-4 pyrD thi galE lacΔU169 srl300::Th10 rpoB rpsL uvrA rfa trp::Mis+ sfiA:: Mud (Ar, lac) cts was used as a test strain. Due to the link of the sfi A::lac Z genes, lacZ β-galactosidase gene expression in the strain PQ 37 is controlled by the sfiA gene promoter, one of the components in the E. coli SOS regulon. Activity of β-galactosidase assessed relative to constitutive microbial alkaline phosphatase reflects SOS-inducing activity triggered by examined compounds in the SOS chromotest that also allows to control their toxic effects on bacterial cells. The data showed that 4,4,4-trifluoroN-(6-methoxy-1,2,3-trimethyl-1H-indol-5-yl)-3-oxobutanamide (1), 4,4,4-trifluoro-N-(6-methyl-2-phenyl-1H-indol-5-yl)- 3-oxobutanamide (2) and N-(1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1H-indol-6-yl)-4,4,4-trifluoro-3-oxobutanamide (3) exerted no SOSinducing activity at the examined concentrations. In contrast, 4-Hydroxy-8-phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3,4,7-tetrahydro- 2H-pyrrolo [2,3-h]-quinoliN-2-one (4), 9-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-phenyl-9-(trifluoromethyl)-1,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7Н-pyrrolo- [2,3-f]-quinoliN-7-one (5), 6-hydroxy-2,3-dimethyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,6,7,9-tetrahydro-8H-pyrrolo[3,2-h]quinoliN-8- one (6) and 1,2,3,9-tetramethyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,9-dihydro-8H-pyrrolo [3,2-h]-quinoliN-8-one (7) displayed a dosedependent SOS-inducing activity at bactericidal concentrations. The data obtained allowed us to identify compounds 4, 5, 6, 7, which mechanism of action relies on affecting microbial cell DNA.

Plants can be sources of photoprotective/antigenotoxic compounds that prevent cellular mutations involved in skin cancer and aging by regulating UV-induced mutability. The study was aimed at investigating the sunscreen properties of plants growing in Colombia. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation-absorption capability of different plant extracts was examined. In vitro photoprotection efficacies were evaluated using in vitro indices such as sun protection factor (SPFin vitro) and critical wavelength (λc). Pearson correlation analysis was used to examine the relationship between SPFin vitro and complementary UVB- antigenotoxicity estimates (%GI) based on the SOS Chromotest database. The cytotoxicity in human fibroblasts was studied using the trypan blue exclusion assay. Major compounds of promising plant extracts were determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). We showed that plant extracts have sunscreen properties against UVB, whereas broad-spectrum radiation protection efficacy was poor. SPFin vitro and %GI were correlated (R = 0.71, p <.0001) for the plant extracts under study. Three extracts obtained from Achyrocline satureioides, Chromolaena pellia, and Lippia origanoides species resulted to possess high protection efficacy and relatively low cytotoxicity in human fibroblasts. These plant extracts contained major compounds such as α-pinene, trans-β-caryophyllene, γ-muurolene, γ-cadinene and caryophyllene oxide in A. Satureioides extract, trans-β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, squalene and α-amyrin in C. pellia extract, and p-cymene, carvacrol, trans-β-caryophyllene and pinocembrin in L. origanoides extract. Plants growing in Colombia contain compounds that can be useful for potential sunscreens. SPFin vitro and %GI estimates were correlated, but %GI estimates were more sensitive to detecting activity at lower plant extract concentrations. Our results supported the need to use DNA damage detection assays as a complement to photoprotection efficacy measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boiling water before drinking or using it for cooking is a general practice especially in areas where portable water is not readily available. However, boiling water in an aluminum pot could be a route of entry of heavy metals into humans. This study assessed the genotoxic and mutagenic potential of boiled water samples from aluminum pots of different duration of use using the SOS chromotest on Escherichia coli PQ37 and the Ames fluctuation test on Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100, respectively. Three aluminum pots from the same manufacturer but of different years of use (6-year-old, 3-year-old, and new aluminum pots) were used for the experiment. Six selected heavy metals (Cadmium, Copper, Arsenic, Nickel, Lead, and Aluminum) were also analyzed in the samples using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS Buck, Scientific model 210 VGP). Cadmium, Copper, Arsenic, Nickel, Lead, and Aluminum were present in all the test water samples at concentrations that were higher than the maximum limit allowable by standard regulatory organizations. The concentrations of these metals in the samples also increased as the duration of use of the aluminum pots increased. The results further showed that the water boiled in the three aluminum pots is mutagenic and genotoxic in both Ames fluctuation and SOS chromotests. The 6-year-old aluminum pot induced the highest mutagenicity and genotoxicity followed by the 3-year-old aluminum pot. The metals in the tested samples were believed to be responsible for the observed mutagenicity and genotoxicity in the microbial assays. The findings of this study revealed that cooking with Aluminum pots could lead to the leaching of heavy metals into food, and pose mutagenic and genotoxic risks to consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the first data from an integrated study investigating genotoxicity in the Brantas River, Java, Indonesia. Results showed that organic sediment extracts from the sites in the Brantas Delta retained genotoxic compounds identified using the SOS Chromotest and that the Aloo River and, to a lesser extent, the Surabaya River were the most contaminated studied sites. This genotoxicity was attributable to compounds that did not require any bioactivation under the test conditions. Occurrence of genotoxic effects was further investigated in erythrocytes from Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. High numbers of micronuclei were counted, especially in fish sampled in the rivers of the Brantas Delta. Moreover, cytoplasmic alterations which could be indicative of the presence of lipofuscin were found in the cytoplasm of the fish blood cells, especially in fish from the Aloo, Surabaya and Kalimas rivers. Altogether, our data showed that genotoxicity is occurring in fish living in rivers of the delta of the Brantas River and suggest that sediments from these sites may constitute a major source of pollution and hazard for species living or feeding in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ultraviolet (UV) component of sunlight can damage DNA. Although most solar UV is absorbed by the ozone layer, wavelengths > 300 nm (UVA and UVB bands) can reach the Earth's surface. It is essential to understand the genotoxic effects of UV light, particularly in natural environments. Caulobacter crescentus , a bacterium widely employed as a model for cell cycle studies, was selected for this study. Strains proficient and deficient in DNA repair (uvrA-) were used to concurrently investigate three genotoxic endpoints: cytotoxicity, SOS induction, and gene mutation, using colony-formation, the SOS chromotest, and RifR mutagenesis, respectively. Our findings underscore the distinct impacts of individual UV bands and the full spectrum of sunlight itself in C. crescentus. UVC light was highly genotoxic, especially for the repair-deficient strain. A UVB dose equivalent to 20 min sunlight exposure also affected the cells. UVA exposure caused a significant response only at high doses, likely due to activation of photorepair. Exposure to solar irradiation resulted in reduced levels of SOS induction, possibly due to decreased cell survival. However, mutagenicity is increased, particularly in uvrA- deficient cells. [Display omitted] • Caulobacter crescentus is a good model for sensing several genotoxic markers after one single exposure to UV radiation. • Genotoxicity induced in C. crescentus respects the order UVC > UVB > UVA band. • The UVA light activates photorepair; however, it induces cell death and mutagenesis at high doses. • Sunlight irradiation shows highly genotoxic effects despite the photorepair activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since DNA damage can occur spontaneously or be produced by the environmental genotoxins in living cells, it is important to investigate compounds that can reverse or protect DNA damage. An appropriate methodology is essential for the responsive identification of protection offered against DNA damage. This review includes information on the current state of knowledge on prokaryotic cell-based assays (SOS chromotest, umu test, vitotox assay) and cytogenetic techniques (micronucleus assay, chromosome aberration test and sister chromatid exchange assay) with an emphasis on the possibility to explore genoprotective compounds. Throughout the last decade, studies have extrapolated the scientific methodologies utilized for genotoxicity to assess genoprotective compounds. Therefore, shortcomings of genotoxicity studies are also mirrored in antigenotoxicity studies. While regulatory authorities around the world (OECD, US-EPA and ICH) continue to update diverse genotoxic assay strategies, there are still no clear guidelines/approaches for efficient experimental design to screen genoprotective compounds. As a consequence, non-synergetic and inconsistent implementation of the test method by the researchers to execute such simulations has been adopted, which inevitably results in unreliable findings. The review has made the first attempt to collect various facets of experimentally verified approaches for evaluating genoprotective compounds, as well as to acknowledge potential significance and constraints, and further focus on the assessment of end points which are required to validate such action. Henceforth, the review makes an incredible commitment by permitting readers to equate several components of their test arrangement with the provided simplified information, allowing the selection of convenient technique for the predefined compound from a central repository. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increase in production of different types of plastics has led to increase in the amount of plastic waste generation worldwide. The chemical constituents of these plastic wastes have made their disposal an important economic and environmental health problem globally. This study assessed the mutagenic and genotoxic potential of plastic waste dumpsite raw and simulated leachates using the Ames Salmonella fluctuation test with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100, and the SOS chromotest with Escherichia coli PQ37. Physico-chemical parameters and organic constituents of the leachates were also analyzed. The result of the Ames test showed that the leachates are mutagenic even at low concentration. Also, the TA100 strain was the more responsive strain in terms of mutagenic index in the absence of metabolic activation. The SOS chromotest results complimented the Ames Salmonella fluctuation test results. Nevertheless, the E. coli PQ37 system was slightly more sensitive than the Salmonella assay for detecting mutagens and genotoxins in the tested leachates. Generally, simulated leachate showed a higher mutagenicity and genotoxicity than the raw leachate. Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu, As, PBDEs, PAHs, PCBs, and Bisphenol A contents analyzed in the leachates were believed to play significant role in the observed mutagenicity and genotoxicity in the microbial assays. These data showed that plastic waste constituents are capable of inducing DNA damage in exposed organisms and might induce similar damage in plants, animals and humans exposed to it, hence, great care should be taken to eliminate indiscriminate disposal of plastics in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tunisia water resources are limited. The country currently has 29 large dams, more than 1000 hill lakes, and 220 small dams which are essential for economic and social development given their contribution to irrigation, drinking water consumption, flooding protection, production of electrical energy, groundwater recharge, and industrial uses. Given the scarcity of these resources, it is crucial to be able to ensure the quality of freshwater environments, particularly those intended for human consumption. In this study, we meant to assess the health status of various freshwater ecosystems in different regions of Tunisia (north and center west) in order to detect genotoxic components in sediments and their potential effect on zooplankton (cladocerans). Sediment and cladoceran species were collected from dams, ponds, and temporary rivers in Tunisia. For each collection site, micronucleus (MN) assay was performed, in triplicates, using a pool of ten specimens of the same cladoceran species. MN occurrence in cladocerans varied from one site to another and MN frequencies varied between 0.67 and 22‰, suggesting the presence of genotoxic substances in certain sites. Sediment genotoxicity and mutagenicity were assessed using the SOS Chromotest and the Ames test. Sediment results showed that genotoxicity varies from one site to another displaying a quantitative and a qualitative variation of pollutant among the sites. These results suggest an urgent need for continuous monitoring of freshwater environments in Tunisia, particularly those intended for drinking water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical components of plastic wastes have made their disposal a major economic, social, and environmental problem worldwide. This study evaluated the acute toxicity and genotoxicity of marine plastic debris on the beaches of Concepción Bay, Central Chile, taken during three periods (spring, summer, and winter). An integrated approach was used, including chemical and toxicological data, using the Microtox® test with Vibrio fischeri and SOS chromotest with Escherichia coli and concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The results presented here exclusively include the novel data obtained from the winter campaign, revealing high concentrations of PBDEs (238 ± 521 ng g−1). In addition, the genotoxicity and acute toxicity tests were sensitive for most of the samples studied. This investigation is the first attempt to analyse the toxicity of plastic debris in coastal areas along the Chilean coast. [Display omitted] • The combination of chemical analysis and bioassay on the same sample of marine plastic debris. • Marine plastic debris show moderate to highly toxicity genotoxicity and acute toxicity. • SOS chromotest was the most sensitive test and showed correlations with respect to contaminants. • All samples presented high concentrations of PBDEs. • The samples taken in Dichato beach were the most toxic in winter and spring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology (INOR) is the leading institution for the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of cancer in Cuba. The main methods used in cancer treatment are surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The last one involves the handling of hazardous substances, such as cytostatics, which implies a health risk to persons occupationally exposed to it. There are two sites where a considerable among of cytostatic is handled (Ambulatory Chemotherapy Room (ACR) and the Central Unit of Cytostatic Mixture Preparation (CUCM)). Genotoxicity biomarkers of exposure and effects have been widely used to detect occupational environment hazards. Aims: To evaluate genotoxicity biomarkers indicative of exposure and effects to cytostatics. Methods: In this study were tested samples taken from the surfaces of biological safety cabinets located in the Central Unit of Cytostatic Mixture using SOS – Chromotest. We also evaluated samples of oral mucosa exfoliated cells from exposed and control subjects, by micronucleus test. Results: All subjects were exposed and subjects who administered the mixes in the institution had an increased of DNA damage in comparison with the pharmaceutical staff that prepared it and wear the primary protection barriers properly. Conclusions: These results underline the efficiency of genotoxicological biomarkers in detecting the exposure levels and the deleterious effect of cytostatics on occupationally exposed personal.

Context: BM-21 is a hydro-ethanolic extract obtained from the leaves of Thalassia testudinum marine plant, which is rich in polyphenols, and it has demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective and neuroprotective properties. Aims: To investigate the genotoxicity potential of BM-21. Methods: Salmonella typhimurium Hist. – strains were used in the pointmutation test and Escherichia coli cells were used in SOS response test. DNA primary damage was tested in hepatocytes of mice treated with oral dose of the extract (2000 mg/kg). Bone marrow micronucleus assay was used in mice to detect clastogenic damage while serum from the same animals was used to determine MDA levels in order to find out the influence of BM-21 on lipid peroxidation. Positive and negative controls were included in all experimental series. Results: BM-21 did not increase the frequency of reverse mutations in the Ames test, and it did not induce primary damage in E. coli. Comet assay showed that 2 000 mg/kg of BM-21 induced single strand breaks or alkali-labile sites in the hepatocytes from the treated mice. However, no increase in the micronucleus frequency was observed in mice polychromatic erythrocytes and significantly reduced MDA levels were detected. Conclusions: BM-21 was neither mutagenic nor induces DNA damage to prokaryotic cells. Although, it increased DNA strand breaks in vivo, this one was not translated into clastogenic damage to the whole organism. Results suggested that BM-21 was not mutagenic or genotoxic under our experimental conditions.

Genotoxic compounds, as common contaminants of the air environment, are of interest in air pollution monitoring. There are several methods to determine the level of these contaminants in different localities, many of which may be difficult to access with the use of conventional active and passive samplers. In the present study, the needles Pinus mugo Turra and Picea abies were used to monitor sampling localities in Austria, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic. Needles were extracted and chemical analysis and the genotoxicity bioassay SOS chromotest were used to obtain complex information about the chemical mixture of pollutants present and their genotoxic effects. The SOS chromotest method was optimized by using a CPRG chromogenic substrate to reduce the false positive genotoxic effect of needle extracts. Pinus mugo Turra and Picea abies were identified as suitable passive sampling matrices for long-term air monitoring using the same plants sampled at the same time. The presented study brings an innovative method for the fast screening and identification of localities loaded by genotoxic active air contaminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inappropriate and unsafe management practices related to disposal and recycling of electronic wastes in Nigeria has led to environmental and underground water contamination. Reports on the level and type of contamination as well as the possible DNA damage effects of this contamination are insufficient. This study evaluated the DNA damaging potential of e-waste simulated and raw leachates, and its contaminated underground water using the SOS chromotest on Escherichia coli PQ37 and the Ames Salmonella fluctuation test on Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100, without and with metabolic activation. Physico-chemical parameters of the samples were also analyzed. The result of the Ames test showed induction of base pair substitution and frameshift mutation by the test samples. However, the TA100 was the more responsive strain for the three samples in terms of mutagenic index in the absence and presence of metabolic activation. The SOS chromotest results were in agreement with those of the Ames Salmonella fluctuation test. Nevertheless, the E. coli PQ37 system was slightly more sensitive than the Salmonella assay for detecting genotoxins in the tested samples. Lead, cadmium, manganese, copper, nickel, chromium, arsenic, and zinc contents analyzed in the samples were believed to play a significant role in the observed DNA damage in the microbial assays. The results of this study showed that e-waste simulated and raw leachates, and its contaminated underground water are of potential mutagenic and genotoxic risks to the exposed human populace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the main objectives were to assess the mutagenic and genotoxic effects of fine particulate matter collected in an industrial influenced site in comparison with a non-industrial influenced one (rural site) and to relate the particulate matter (PM) composition to the observed genotoxic effects. At the industrial influenced site, higher concentrations of phosphates, trace metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in particles could be related to the contributions of quarries, fertilizer producer, cement plants, and tires burning. Gasoline and diesel combustion contributions were evidenced in particles collected at both sites. Particles collected under industrial influence showed a higher mutagenic potential on three tested strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA98, YG1041, and TA102), and especially on the YG1041, compared to particles from the rural site. Furthermore, only particles collected in the vicinity of the industrial site showed a tendency to activate the SOS responses in Escherichia coli PQ37, which is indicative of DNA damage as a result of exposure of the bacteria cells to the action of mutagenic samples. The mutagenicity and genotoxicity of the industrial PM particulates may be attributed to its composition especially in organic compounds. This study showed that proximity of industries can affect local PM composition as well as PM genotoxic and mutagenic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the toxicity and genotoxicity levels of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) samples collected at several locations of a megacity (Istanbul, Turkey) with different urban and industrial characteristics. The ambient air samples, in the form of a coarse fraction of inhalable particulates, PM 2.5-10 , were collected on Teflon filters using a passive sampling method on a monthly basis during a one-year period. Later, they were extracted into both the lipophilic and hydrophilic phases using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ultra-pure water, respectively. The obtained aqueous extracts were tested for acute toxicity and genotoxicity using the photo-luminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri Microtox ® and SOS Chromotest ® assays, respectively. Statistically significant differences greater than background levels were obtained in both measurements, indicating the presence of toxic substances absorbed on particulate matter. The PM 2.5-10 extracts identified significant seasonal and locational differences in the toxicity and genotoxicity levels. Local anthropogenic activities and factors were associated with the quantified higher levels. Finally, a qualitative inner comparison study of regional toxicity and genotoxicity indexes was suggested to provide a clearer picture of the pollution and risk levels (or occurrences) in the Istanbul urban area. In this indexing study, the threshold levels for the urban background and episodic occurrences of the toxicity and genotoxicity levels in PM 2.5-10 samples were identified to be 1.11 TU (Toxicity Unit) and 8.73 TU and 0.72 IF (Induction Factor) and 1.38 IF, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Casiopeinas is the generic name of a group of copper chelated complexes designed to be used as antineoplastic. Some of these compounds have shown promising results, and in fact, one of them named Casiopeina III-ia has completed preclinical trials and is ready to start clinical phase I in Mexico. As part of the tests that have to be done to every molecule intended to be used in humans, bacterial assays are required because of their sensitivity, speed and reproducibility and among them, Ames test and the SOS Chromotest are widely used to evaluate DNA damage. With the aim to contribute to complete safety information related to genotoxicity and support the hypothesis about their mode of action, four different Casiopeinas (Cas II-gly, Cas III-Ea, Cas III-ia and Cas III-Ha) were tested for genotoxicity with these assays, as well as differential cytotoxicity upon Escherichia coli mutants defectives in some DNA repair mechanisms. However, although it is well known that these molecules produce DNA breakage, the results of the Chromotest and Ames test were negative. Despite this is controversial, a possible explanation is that there is a direct interaction between DNA and the Casiopeinas tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses use of two bacterial test systems (the Ames test and the SOS chromotest) to estimate the effects of low doses of γ-radiation. The most substantial increases in induction of SOS response and mutation frequencies were observed in the first 24 h of exposure to γ-radiation as compared to the cells in the exposure-free control. Gamma-radiation also impaired growth and survival of S. typhimurium cells in the first 24 h. The effects were attenuated at lower exposure doses and at longer exposure times. In the experiments conducted in this study, at 96 h of exposure, the values of some of the γ-radiation effects were lower than the MID (minimum inducing dose) detection limits and, thus, were neglected. Long-term exposure to γ-radiation could also result in combined effects of γ-radiation and the death of cells in the culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the toxicity and genotoxicity of organic solvents (acetone, carbon tetrachloride, dichloromethane, dimethylsulfoxide, ethanol, ether and methanol) were studied using the SOS chromotest. The influence of these solvents on the direct genotoxicity induced by the mutagens mitomycin C (MMC) and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO) were also investigated. None of the solvents were genotoxic in Escherichia coli PQ37. However, based on the inhibition of protein synthesis assessed by constitutive alkaline phosphatase activity, some solvents (carbon tetrachloride, dimethylsulfoxide, ethanol and ether) were toxic and incompatible with the SOS chromotest. Solvents that were neither toxic nor genotoxic to E. coli (acetone, dichloromethane and methanol) significantly reduced the genotoxicity of MMC and 4-NQO. When these solvents were used to dissolve vitamin E they increased the antigenotoxic activity of this compound, possibly through additive or synergistic effects. The relevance of these results is discussed in relation to antigenotoxic studies. These data indicate the need for careful selection of an appropriate diluent for the SOS chromotest since some solvents can modulate genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity.

The present work evaluated the chemical composition and the DNA protective effect of the essential oils (EOs) from Lippia alba against bleomycin-induced genotoxicity. EO constituents were determined by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis. The major compounds encountered being citral (33% geranial and 25% neral), geraniol (7%) and trans-β-caryophyllene (7%) for L. alba specimen COL512077, and carvone (38%), limonene (33%) and bicyclosesquiphellandrene (8%) for the other, COL512078. The genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity of EO and the compounds citral, carvone and limonene, were assayed using the SOS Chromotest in Escherichia coli. The EOs were not genotoxic in the SOS chromotest, but one of the major compound (limonene) showed genotoxicity at doses between 97 and 1549 mM. Both EOs protected bacterial cells against bleomycin-induced genotoxicity. Antigenotoxicity in the two L. alba chemotypes was related to the major compounds, citral and carvone, respectively. The results were discussed in relation to the chemopreventive potential of L. alba EOs and its major compounds.

Genotoxicity studies (using SOS chromotest and comet assay) ofEscherichia coliand carp (Cyprinus carpio) were performed for three pharmaceutically active compounds, ciprofloxacin, 17α-ethinylestradiol and 5-fluorouracil, used in the treatment of humans. The values of genotoxicity induction coefficient (I) in the SOS chromotest clearly showed genotoxicity for ciprofloxacin, both in the presence and in the absence of S9 fraction; 17α-ethinylestradiol demonstrated slight genotoxicity at the highest tested concentration; and 5-fluorouracil did not induce genotoxic effects inEscherichia colimutants. Statistical analysis of the results of the comet assay revealed significant differences in cell populations derived from carp placed in a solution of 5-fluorouracil in comparison with the negative control. Statistical analysis also showed a significant increase of “% DNA in tail” of comets in cell populations incubated in solutions of 17α-ethinylestradiol at concentrations of 10000, 2000 and 400 µg/L and in solutions of 5-fluorouracil with S9 fraction at concentrations of 50,000 and 2,000 μg/L in comparison with the negative controls. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Sediments are sinks for aquatic pollutants, and analyzing toxicity in such complex matrices is still challenging. To evaluate the toxicity of bioavailable pollutants accumulated in sediments from the Bizerte lagoon (Tunisia), a novel assay, the medaka embryo-larval assay by sediment contact, was applied. Japanese medaka ( Oryzias latipes) embryos were incubated in direct contact with sediment samples up to hatching. Lethal and sublethal adverse effects were recorded in embryos and larvae up to 20 d postfertilization. Results from medaka embryo-larval assay were compared with cytotoxicity (Microtox®), genotoxicity (SOS chromotest), and pollutant content of sediments. The results highlight differences in the contamination profile and toxicity pattern between the different studied sediments. A significant correlation was shown between medaka embryo-larval assay by sediment contact and SOS chromotest responses and concentrations of most organic pollutants studied. No correlation was shown between pollutant levels and Microtox. According to the number of sediment samples detected as toxic, medaka embryo-larval assay by sediment contact was more sensitive than Microtox, which in turn was more sensitive than the SOS chromotest; and medaka embryo-larval assay by sediment contact allowed sediment toxicity assessment of moderately polluted sediments without pollutant extraction and using an ecologically realistic exposure scenario. Although medaka embryo-larval assay by sediment contact should be tested on a larger sample set, the results show that it is sensitive and convenient enough to monitor the toxicity of natural sediments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2270-2280. © 2016 SETAC [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic friction materials are standardly used in brakes of small planes, railroad vehicles, trucks and passenger cars. The growing transportation sector requires a better understanding of the negative impact related to the release of potentially hazardous materials into the environment. This includes brakes which can release enormous quantities of wear particulates. This paper addresses in vitro detection of toxic and mutagenic potency of one model and two commercially available low-metallic automotive brake pads used in passenger cars sold in the EU market. The model pad made in the laboratory was also subjected to a standardized brake dynamometer test and the generated non-airborne wear particles were also investigated. Qualitative “organic composition” was determined by GC/MS screening of dichloromethane extracts. Acute toxicity and mutagenicity of four investigated sample types were assessed in vitro by bioluminescence assay using marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri and by two bacterial bioassays i) Ames test on Salmonella typhimurium His − and ii) SOS Chromotest using Escherichia coli PQ37 strain. Screening of organic composition revealed a high variety of organic compounds present in the initial brake pads and also in the generated non-airborne wear debris. Several detected compounds are classified by IARC as possibly carcinogenic to humans, e. g. benzene derivatives. Acute toxicity bioassay revealed a response of bacterial cells after exposure to all samples used. Phenolic resin and wear debris were found to be acutely toxic; however in term of mutagenicity the response was negative. All non-friction exposed brake pad samples (a model pad and two commercial pad samples) were mutagenic with metabolic activation in vitro . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental management of industrial solid wastes and wastewater is an important economic and environmental health problem globally. This study evaluated the mutagenic potential of automobile workshop soil-simulated leachate and tobacco wastewater using the SOS chromotest on Escherichia coli PQ37 and the Ames Salmonella fluctuation test on Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 without metabolic activation. Physicochemical parameters of the samples were also analyzed. The result of the Ames test showed mutagenicity of the test samples. However, the TA100 was the more responsive strain for both the simulated leachate and tobacco wastewater in terms of mutagenic index in the absence of metabolic activation. The SOS chromotest results were in agreement with those of the Ames Salmonella fluctuation test. Nevertheless, the E. coli PQ37 system was slightly more sensitive than the Salmonella assay for detecting genotoxins in the tested samples. Iron, cadmium, manganese, copper, nickel, chromium, arsenic, zinc, and lead contents analyzed in the samples were believed to play significant role in the observed mutagenicity in the microbial assays. The results of this study showed that the simulated leachate and tobacco wastewater showed strong indication of a genotoxic risk. Further studies would be required in the analytical field in order to identify and quantify other compounds not analyzed for in this study, some of which could be responsible for the observed genotoxicity. This will be necessary in order to identify the sources of toxicants and thus to take preventive and/or curative measures to limit the toxicity of these types of wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mutagenicity and genotoxicity in bacteria of 2.3 THz radiation (THz) produced by a free-electron laser (NovoFEL) were evaluated; exposures were 5, 10, or 15 min at average power 1.4 W/cm 2 . Two Ames mutagenicity test strains of Salmonella typhimurium , TA98 and TA102, were used. For the genotoxicity test, we measured SOS induction in Escherichia coli PQ37. No significant differences were found between exposed and control cells, indicating that THz radiation is neither mutagenic nor genotoxic under these conditions. Nevertheless, a small increase in total cell number of S. typhimurium after 15 min exposure, and an increase in β-galactosidase and alkaline phosphatase activities in E.coli PQ37, were observed, indicating some effect of THz radiation on cell metabolism. We also examined the combined effect of 4-NQO (8 μM; positive control) and THz exposure (5 min) on genotoxicity in E.coli PQ37. Unexpectedly, THz radiation decreased 4-NQO genotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants belonging to the genus Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae) are used in traditional medicine for the treatment of numerous diseases. Several Cuban flora species have proven strong antiviral, antioxidant, and antimutagenic properties. However, plant extracts include many different phytocomponents, and therefore they might exert undesired toxic side effects. In the present work we evaluate the aqueous extracts toxicity of three Cuban endemic Phyllanthus species: P. williamioides Gr., P. chamaecristoides Urb., and P. microdictyus Urb. Cytotoxicity was measured through Bacterial Survival assay and genotoxicity was detected by means of the SOS Chromotest, both at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 2 mg/mL and using Caulobacter crescentus cells as the in vitro experimental model. LC50 values were not detected at concentrations tested. P. chamaecristoides and P. microdictyus extracts were not cytotoxic, neither genotoxic. Also P. microdictyus extract showed a survival rate over 90% for all concentration tested. The cytotoxic and genotoxic effects were only statistically significant for P. williamioides aqueous extract (2 mg/mL). It might be due to the presence of high amounts of antimicrobial polyphenols, and/or high metal content. This result supports, from the preclinic point of view, the use of these species with other pharmacological purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The leaves ofEriobotrya japonica(Thunb.) Lindl. (Rosaceae) are used in traditional medicine to treat inflammatory diseases. However, information about the antigenotoxic and antioxidant properties of its leaves remains to be elucidated. Objective: The objective of this work was to evaluate the mutagenic/antimutagenic, genotoxic/antigenotoxic, and antioxidant potentials of aqueous and total oligomers flavonoid (TOF) extracts fromE. japonica. Materials and methods: The mutagenic/antimutagenic and genotoxic/antigenotoxic potentials of extracts (50, 250, and 500 µg/plate) were evaluated, respectively, by the Ames test with 48 h incubation and the SOS chromotest test with 2 h incubation. The antioxidant capacity of these extracts (ranging from 50 to 700 µg/mL) was tested using xanthine/xanthine oxidase and the deoxyribose assays. Results:Eriobotrya japonicaextracts showed neither mutagenic nor genotoxic effect. The highest protective effect against methyl methanesulfonate and 2-aminoanthracene was obtained in the presence of aqueous extract, with IC50values of 80 and 140 µg/plate, respectively, againstS. typhimuriumTA104. Moreover, this extract (500 µg/plate) was also able to reduce significantly the genotoxicity induced by nitrofurantoin and aflatoxin B1 with IC50values of 140 and 240 µg/assay, respectively. Likewise, aqueous and TOF extracts inhibited xanthine oxidase and superoxide anion formation with IC50values ranging from 45 to 95 and from 70 to 90 µg/mL, respectively. However, TOF extract is more efficient in inhibiting hydroxyl radical and chelating iron ion with IC50values of 140 and 400 µg/mL, respectively, when compared with the aqueous extract. Conclusion:Eriobotrya japonicaprevents the genotoxicity of some carcinogenic substances probably thanks to its antioxidant capacities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii on genotoxicity induced by the well-known mutagen 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (4-NQO), as well as antibacterial (furazolidone) and antibiotic (nalidixic acid) drugs, has been studied using the short-term bacterial assay, SOS chromotest, with Escherichia coli PQ 37 as the test organism. It has been shown that S. boulardii possesses antigenotoxic activity, revealed by SOS chromotest, when coincubated with these genotoxins. A weaker antigenotoxic activity against the same compounds was observed with S. carlsbergensis, too.

Background: The potential genotoxic activity associated with high strength real paracetamol (PCT) wastewater (COD = 40,000 mg/L, TOC = 12,000 mg/L, BOD5 = 19,320 mg/L) from a large-scale drug-producing plant in the Marmara Region, was investigated in pre- and post- treated wastewater by the Fenton process (COD = 2,920 mg/L, TOC = 880 mg/L; BOD5 = 870 mg/L). Methods: The SOS Chromotest, which is based on Escherichia coli PQ37 activities, was used for the assessment of genotoxicity. The corrected induction factors (CIF) values used as quantitative measurements of the genotoxic activity were obtained from a total of four different dilutions (100, 50, 6.25, and 0.078 % v/v.) for two samples, in triplicate, to detect potentially genotoxic activities with the SOS Chromotest. Results: The results of the SOS Chromotest demonstrated CIFmax value of 1.24, indicating that the PCT effluent (nontreated) is genotoxic. The results of the SOS Chromotest showed an CIFmax value of 1.72, indicating that the wastewater treated by Fenton process is genotoxic. Conclusions: The findings of this study clearly reveal that the PCT wastewater (non-treated) samples have a potentially hazardous impact on the aquatic environment before treatment, and in the wastewater that was treated by the Fenton process, genotoxicity generally increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Betulinic acid was synthesized from birch bark extract (Betula pendula), with betulonic acid being an intermediate of the synthesis. Both compounds were isolated with a purity of 95%. Genotoxicity and mutagenicity of the prepared compounds was analyzed by the Ames test and SOS chromotest and it was found that the substances show no mutagenic and genotoxic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Quinolines are aromatic nitrogen compounds with wide therapeutic potential to treat parasitic and microbial diseases. In this study, the genotoxicity of quinoline, 4-methylquinoline, 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO), and diversely functionalized quinoline derivatives and the influence of the substituents (functional groups and/or atoms) on their genotoxicity were tested using the SOS chromotest. Quinoline derivatives that induce genotoxicity by the formation of an enamine epoxide structure did not induce the SOS response in Escherichia coli PQ37 cells, with the exception of 4-methylquinoline that was weakly genotoxic. The chemical nature of the substitution (C-5 to C-8: hydroxyl, nitro, methyl, isopropyl, chlorine, fluorine, and iodine atoms; C-2: phenyl and 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl rings) of quinoline skeleton did not significantly modify compound genotoxicities; however, C-2 substitution with α-, β-, or γ-pyridinyl groups removed 4-methylquinoline genotoxicity. On the other hand, 4-NQO derivatives whose genotoxic mechanism involves reduction of the C-4 nitro group were strong inducers of the SOS response. Methyl and nitrophenyl substituents at C-2 of 4-NQO core affected the genotoxic potency of this molecule. The relevance of these results is discussed in relation to the potential use of the substituted quinolines. The work showed the sensitivity of SOS chromotest for studying structure-genotoxicity relationships and bioassay-guided quinoline synthesis. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 30: 278-292, 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pteris vittata L. from the foothills of Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh, India has been investigated for its potential to combat reactive oxygen species and DNA damaging agents. DPPH radical, superoxide anion radical, ABTS +. radical cation decolorization, reducing power, deoxyribose degradation, plasmid nicking and lipid peroxidation assays were carried out to evaluate the antioxidant potential of methanolic of P. vittata L. (PME). The extract showed a significant potential in scavenging the free radicals and an IC 50 of 64.425 µg/ml and 90.143 µg/ml was obtained in superoxide radical scavenging and reducing power assays respectively. PME inhibited lipid peroxidation with an IC 50 of 34.35 µg/ml and protected the plasmid DNA from damage by hydroxyl radicals to varying degrees. Percentage inhibition of 81.22 and 89.36 at a concentration of 160 µg/ml was obtained in non site specific and site specific deoxyribose degradation assays respectively. PME significantly inhibited 4NQO induced mutagenicity in Escherichia coli PQ 37 and a decrease in induction factor was observed with increasing concentration. The amount of total phenolic and flavonoid content were also determined and HPLC analysis was carried out for the identification of phytoconstituents. A dose dependent decrease in viability of MCF-7 cells was observed with GI 50 value of 153.967 µg/ml. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic waste (e-waste) poses a major public health threat for developing countries’ populations. The hazards of e-waste are exacerbated by crude recycling methods. In this study, the presence of metals in e-waste samples obtained from Lagos, Nigeria, was assessed using atomic absorption spectrometry. The effect of e-waste onEscherichia coli(E. coli) PQ-37 genomic integrity was evaluated using the SOS chromotest. The means of metal concentrations in the evaluated samples were 16 (cadmium), 7.3 (nickel), 11 (chromium), 20 (lead), 3100 (iron), 90 (zinc), and 2000 (copper) μg_L−1. Damage toE. colideoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) increased proportionally to the metal concentrations. Significant amounts of DNA damaging agents from inadequately processed e-waste are present in the studied environment, which will have implications for adverse effects on public and ecological health. Existing policies against dumping of toxic materials in susceptible communities should be enforced. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The practice of burning household waste including different types of plastic is illegal in Hungary, still an existing problem. As environmental consequences are hardly known, this study attempts to give an initial estimation of the ecotoxicity generated during controlled combustion of different waste types. These samples included polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane (PU), oriented strand board (OSB) and rag (RAG). Ecotoxicological profiling was completed using the following test battery: Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition assay, Daphnia magna immobility test and the seedling emergence assay. Also, genotoxicity of plastic waste samples was assessed using the SOS Chromotest. Concerning main pollutants in the samples, the samples could be distinguished as 'PAH-type' and 'heavy metal-type' samples. PVC, PU and PS samples showed the highest toxicity in the Vibrio and Daphnia assays. The PVC sample was characterized by an extremely high cadmium concentration (22.4 μg/L), PS, PP and PU samples on the contrary had high total PAH content. While Vibrio and Daphnia showed comparable sensitivity, the phytotoxicity assay had no response for any of the samples tested. Samples originating from the controlled burning of different plastic types such as PU, PVC, PS and PP were classified as genotoxic, PS sample showed extremely high genotoxicity. Genotoxicity expressed as SOSIF showed strong correlation with most of the PAHs detected. [Display omitted] • Eco- and genotoxicity generated during controlled burning of waste types were evaluated. • Polystyrene sample showed the highest genotoxicity. • Polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane and polystyrene samples were the most ecotoxic. • Samples could be distinguished as 'PAH-type' and 'heavy metal-type'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mine water as a result of meteoric and/or underground water's contact with tailings and underground workings could have an elevated content of metals associated with sulfate, often acidic, due to the bio-oxidation of sulfides. When entering aquatic ecosystems, the mine water can cause significant changes in the species' trophic levels, therefore a treatment is required to adjust the alkalinity and to remove the heavy metals and metalloids. The conventional mine water treatment removes metals, but in many cases it does not reduce the sulfate content. This paper aimed to predict the impact of conventionally treated mine water on the receiving river by assessing the genotoxic activity on an engineered Escherichia coli and by evaluating the toxic effects generated on two Gram-negative bacterial strains, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli . Although the main chemical impact is the severe increases of calcium and sulfate concentrations, no significant genotoxic characteristics were detected on the Escherichia coli strain and on the cell-viability with a positive survival rate higher than 80%. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was more resistant than Escherichia coli in the presence of 1890 mg SO 4 2- /L. This paper reveals different sensitivities and adaptabilities of pathogenic bacteria to high concentrations of sulfates in mine waters.