1. Predictive monitoring and therapeutic immune biomarkers in the management of clinical complications of COVID-19
- Author
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Amir Roudgari, Mehrnoosh Doroudchi, Golnar Sabetian, Shahram Paydar, Najmeh Rokhtabnak, Hamed Fouladseresht, and Hossein Abdolrahimzadehfard
- Subjects
ssRNA, single-stranded RNA ,CT, computerized tomography ,Complications ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,RA, rheumatoid arthritis ,Ab, antibody ,LY6E, lymphocyte antigen 6 family member E ,AT1R, Ang II receptor type 1 ,MDA-5, melanoma differentiation-associated protein-5 ,Immunopathology ,GzmB, granzyme B ,SAA, serum amyloid A ,SARS, severe acute respiratory ,Medicine ,DIC, disseminated intravascular coagulation ,ORF-1ab, open reading frame 1ab ,RT-qPCR, real-time PCR-quantitative PCR ,Fio2, fraction of inspired oxygen ,Lung ,COVID-19, coronavirus disease-2019 ,LDH, lactate dehydrogenase ,AICD, activation-induced cell death ,IRF-1, IFN regulatory factor 1 ,C3 and C5, complement proteins ,RBD, receptor-binding domain ,IP-10, interferon (IFN-γ inducible protein-10 ,CXCR, chemokine (C-X-C motifligand receptor ,Acquired immune system ,Prognosis ,KL-6, Krebs von den Lungen-6 ,JUN, c-Jun N-terminal kinases ,NSP, non-structural proteins ,Cytokines ,BEC, bronchial epithelial cell ,rhIL-1ra, recombinant human IL-1 receptor ,Antibody ,Cytokine Release Syndrome ,GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor ,NK, natural killer ,WBC, white blood cell ,MOF, multiple organ failure ,CP, convalescent plasma ,PLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios ,FcγR, Fc gamma receptor ,Immunology ,HLH, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Article ,PKR, protein kinase R ,MERS, middle east respiratory syndrome ,nAb, neutralizing antibody ,LWR, lymphocyte-to-WBCs ratio ,PT, prothrombin time ,IVIg, intravenous immunoglobulin ,Humans ,mAb, monoclonal antibody ,APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time ,NFkB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells ,ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome ,Monitoring, Physiologic ,ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate ,rIL7, recombinant IL-7 ,Pao2, partial pressure of oxygen ,rBP-C33, Leurecombinant surfactant protein C analogue ,HLA, human leukocyte antigen ,MUC, mucin ,scFv, single-chain variable fragment ,Biomarker ,medicine.disease ,CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte ,Immunity, Innate ,IL, interleukin ,RAS, regulator of the renin-angiotensin system ,Clinical trial ,TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor ,APC, antigen-presenting cell ,siRNA, small interfering RNA ,CXCL, chemokine (C-X-C motifligand ,PRR, pattern recognition receptors ,NLRP3, nod-like receptor protein 3 ,TMPRSS2, transmembrane serine protease 2 ,S-protein, spike-protein ,Biomarkers ,ACEI, ACE inhibitor ,LAG-3, lymphocyte-activation gene 3 ,MIP, macrophage inflammatory proteins ,Chemokine ,NCT, clinicaltrials.gov identifier ,CCL, chemokine (C-C motifligand ,TLR, toll like receptor ,CQ, chloroquine ,NKRF, NFkB repressing factor ,Cytokine storm ,C-GAS-STING, cGAMP binds to stimulator of interferon genes ,rhACE2-Fc fusion proteins, recombinant human ACE2-Fc fusion proteins ,srhACE2, soluble recombinant human (srhACE2 ,CRP, c-reactive protein ,BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid ,Immunology and Allergy ,TGF, transforming growth factor ,Respiratory Distress Syndrome ,BTK, Bruton tyrosine kinase ,biology ,ICU, admissions to intensive care units ,IFITM, interferon-induced transmembrane protein ,PD1, programmed cell death protein 1 ,CRS, cytokine release syndrome ,VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor ,ISG, induction of IFN-stimulated gene ,PCT, procalcitonin ,S1PR, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors ,RIG, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I ,CCR, chemokine (C-C motifligand receptor ,TIM-3, T-cell immunoglobulin mucin 3 ,Ang, angiotensin ,Biomarker (medicine) ,AAK-1, activated protein (AP2 associated kinase 1 ,Chemokines ,AEC, alveolar epithelial cells ,ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme ,SP, surfactant ,NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio ,SARS-CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus ,ChiCTR, chinese clinical trial registry ,JAK, janus kinase ,Th, helper T cell ,Immune system ,IFN, interferon ,NTD, N terminal domain ,ComputingMethodologies_COMPUTERGRAPHICS ,HR-2, heptad repeat region-2 ,business.industry ,SARS-CoV-2 ,COVID-19 ,HCQ, hydroxychloroquine ,SPo2, arterial oxygen saturation ,MCP, monocyte chemoattractant protein ,Treg, regulatory T cells ,RLR, RIG-I-like receptors ,biology.protein ,ARB, Ang II receptor blocker ,dsRNA, double-stranded RNA ,business ,GAK, G-associated kinase ,N, nucleocapsid - Abstract
Graphical abstract, The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), appears with a wide spectrum of mild-to-critical clinical complications. Many clinical and experimental findings suggest the role of inflammatory mechanisms in the immunopathology of COVID-19. Hence, cellular and molecular mediators of the immune system can be potential targets for predicting, monitoring, and treating the progressive complications of COVID-19. In this review, we assess the latest cellular and molecular data on the immunopathology of COVID-19 according to the pathological evidence (e.g., mucus and surfactants), dysregulations of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators (e.g., cytokines and chemokines), and impairments of innate and acquired immune system functions (e.g., mononuclear cells, neutrophils and antibodies). Furthermore, we determine the significance of immune biomarkers for predicting, monitoring, and treating the progressive complications of COVID-19. We also discuss the clinical importance of recent immune biomarkers in COVID-19, and at the end of each section, recent clinical trials in immune biomarkers for COVID-19 are mentioned.
- Published
- 2020