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Emerging technologies are likely to have significant impacts on international security, particularly nuclear stability. A combination of these technologies could enable persistent surveillance, identification and tracking of mobile nuclear delivery platforms, such as submarines, mobile missile launchers, and bombers, weakening deterrence and catalyzing an arms race. At the same time, these technologies might enhance the survivability of nuclear arsenals, offering new ways to deceive adversaries and provide robust communication, attack warning, and navigation capabilities. To better understand the effect of emerging innovations on nuclear deterrence, we examine five technologies: small satellites, hypersonics, machine learning, cyber weapons, and quantum sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Space warfare has been a dream conquest for the few who are willing to fight and survive, since the early days of astronomy in the mid-16th to 17th centuries. Space is the most physically challenging of all the warfighting domains and operations in this domain are a strong contest between nations as well as others seeking to advance their interests spontaneously. The US Space Force was officially established by December 2019 to address these physical demands of the present age, also known as the Information or the Digital Age, for American defense against all odds of adversaries attempting to sabotage the way of life for all Americans. This research paper introduces the concept of space wargaming and how it can be applied for military applications of approaching or conducting space warfare through illustrative examples of definition, doctrine, principles of war, and rules of conduct and engagement across the board. The Space Force has been struggling to develop a consistent warfighting culture, in comparison of the other military branches across the board, so this paper also emphasizes on implementing joint-operations driven missions that are training or preparing to approach space warfare against the powerful odds of their adversaries, such as Russia and China. Next, this paper explains major principles both the DoD and the Armed Forces should abide by, in response to high senior officials and top ranked leaders from the national defense boards have declared space as a warfighting domain. It describes the major components of space wargaming, within the context of the following areas: mission planning and architecture, leadership and vision of the squadron space forces, economic support through relations with public-private institutions, joint command operations through various models or state of their architecture and historical context of wargaming in applications for modern society, especially the civilians (non-combatants of space warfare). A detailed analysis from both the military and civilian perspectives of space wargaming for a future space conflict is included throughout the paper to establish a non-bias, well-balanced approach of understanding and thoughts regarding the topic selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cyber Security & Data Governance is the property of Editorial Office of Information Technology & Network Security and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The 1967 Outer Space Treaty reserved outer space for 'peaceful purposes', yet recent decades have witnessed growing competition and calls for new multilateral rules including a proposed ban on the deployment of weapons in space. These diplomatic initiatives have stalled in the face of concerted opposition from the United States. To explain this outcome, we characterise US diplomacy as a form of 'antipreneurship', a type of strategic norm-focused competition designed to preserve the prevailing normative status quo in the face of entrepreneurial efforts. We substantially refine and extend existing accounts of antipreneurship by theorising three dominant forms of antipreneurial agency – rhetorical, procedural, and behavioural – and describing the mechanisms and scope conditions though which they operate. We then trace the development of US resistance to proposed restraints on space weapons from 2000–present. Drawing on hundreds of official documents, we show how successive US administrations have employed a range of interlayered diplomatic strategies and tactics to preserve the permissive international legal framework governing outer space and protect US national security priorities. Our study illustrates the specific techniques and impacts of resistance in a domain of growing strategic importance, with implications for further refining understandings of norm competition in other issue areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the presence of real risks to sustainable development, which manifest in the everyday reality of today. Attention is drawn to this issue in the context of the privileged position of certain states over others, enabling them to advance the concept of “war and peace” in their favor. Evidence is presented to confirm the lack of security guarantees even when adhering to international norms and having official agreements. The problems of state monopolies and individual private entities violating the principle of equality are outlined. The consequences of this phenomenon are demonstrated in the context of regulating outer space. Other challenges for ensuring collective security are characterized through the lens of the absence of sovereignty of any country within the confines of outer space. Various conflict resolution options for violations of rules or the order of space activities are identified, emphasizing the need to develop new rules for space flights and stay on space objects, followed by the implementation of different standards of behavior in space. The overall coherence of the material is achieved through the cumulative use of fundamental research methods such as analysis, argumentation, and presentation of evidence.

Long-Term Space Sustainability and Space Traffic Management are two highly complex and critical topics for the state of space environment issues that, for now, remain as mere concepts rather than real tools powered by global commitment and engagement fostering order, transparency, certainty and predictability of operations in space.

Russia’s war against Ukraine has had a significant impact on both global security in general and the space sector in particular. The article explores the specific uses of satellites, including civilian and dual-purpose, in relation to both combat and national security in broad terms. The purpose of the study is to analyze the impact of the Ukrainian-Russian war on the global space sector. The author argues that although the use of space technologies in military conflicts has historical precedents, the Russian-Ukrainian war has launched processes that have led to fundamental changes in the field of space security. The factors motivating these changes include, firstly, the growing independence of the EU space segment, which has long relied on Russia. Secondly, there is an increase in demand for satellite images, including radar images. Thirdly, the importance of low-orbit Internet for both military and civilian users in combat zones has been growing. The war has also changed the practices of space launches, which need to become even faster and cheaper to quickly replace satellites that have been attacked. This war revealed the weaknesses of space systems and a number of threats, including: the possibility of using satellite data for criminal purposes, the vulnerability of space infrastructure (for example, cyber attacks and signal jamming), as well as the limited range of suppliers of goods and services in the space sector, which makes supply chains unstable and vulnerable. Conflicts on Earth increase the risks of satellite collisions in space. Escalation can occur not only due to the deliberate action of one of the participants in space activities, but also accidentally due to the increase in the number of objects in near-Earth orbit. The author argues that Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine has more than clearly demonstrated the role that space plays in modern warfare. The United States, China and other major players are now carefully studying the experience of combat operations in Ukraine and in the near future we will see the launch of new satellites and the strengthening of existing groups of spacecraft.

This article investigates Indonesia's defense policy in addressing space threats, driven by the research objectives of analyzing the policy, assessing its effectiveness, and providing recommendations for improvement. Employing a qualitative research method with an analytical descriptive design, the study explores Indonesia's approach to space security through an extensive review of legal and strategic documents. The research highlights key components, including foundational laws emphasizing the protection of sovereignty and the recognition of the Fourth Industrial Revolution's impact on defense, leading to the expansion of the defense domain into cyberspace and space. Strategies involve modernization, resilience, and the nurturing of domestic space capabilities. The analysis reveals challenges, such as the rapid evolution of space technology, resource allocation, coordination, international partnerships, human capital development, and managing the dual-use nature of space technology. Indonesia's defense policy aligns with broader defense and security objectives, emphasizing the importance of space in safeguarding national sovereignty and promoting economic growth. The study concludes that continuous adaptation, coordination, and international collaboration are vital to effectively mitigate space threats and secure the nation's interests in the 21st century. The utilization of space has expanded in the modern age. Indonesia is looking to space to overcome its geographical challenges. However, Indonesia must formulate defense policy to address emerging threats. This research problems are comprehending Indonesia's defense policy in addressing space threats and evaluating the effectiveness of the existing policy. The objectives are to analyze the policy and assess its effectiveness. Employing a qualitative literature research method with analytical descriptive design, the research subject is Indonesian Defense Ministry. The object is Indonesia's defense policy in addressing space threats. The research result highlights laws emphasizing the protection of sovereignty and the recognition of the Fourth Industrial Revolution's impact on defense, leading to the expansion of the domain into cyberspace and space. Strategies involve modernization, resilience, and the nurturing of space capabilities. The analysis reveals challenges, such as rapid evolution of space technology, resource allocation, coordination, international partnerships, human capital development, and dual-use nature of space technology management. Indonesia's defense policy aligns with broader defense and security objectives, emphasizing the importance of space in safeguarding national sovereignty and promoting economic growth. The study concludes that continuous adaptation and international collaboration are vital to effectively mitigate space threats and secure the nation's interests.

This article delves into the imperativeness of addressing space threats and safeguarding global space security, elucidating actionable measures to mitigate risks and safeguard the interests of humanity. The paper explores the evolving landscape of space threats, including the increase in space activities, the accumulation of space debris, challenges in space traffic management, and the preservation of dark skies. It highlights the need for enhanced space law to serve as an effective legal instrument and examines the interpretation of “peaceful” in the context of space activities. The role of space security and its interplay with global security is also discussed, emphasizing the protection of assets, activities, and interests in space.

The article highlights the actual problems of ensuring the Global Security of the World and Ukraine. The results of studying the experience of the Geneva Center for Security Policy and the legal provision of security are presented. The article presents the results of the Ukrainian experience of participating in the mission of the Geneva Center for Security Policy in terms of ensuring Space Security. The problem of Asteroid Hazard is singled out, and the possibility of its elimination using the Science & Space LLC launch vehicle as a carrier of kinetic weapons is described. The legal basis for the use of weapons in outer space and the inevitability of liability for their use are considered – even in the kinetic missile version, which is not a weapon of mass destruction. The world experience in the topic of Global and Space Security under study is considered.

The article analyzes the public administration of space activities in such countries as Australia, Brazil, South Korea, People’s Republic of China, and the United States of America. Regulatory legal acts intended to regulate the space activities of some European Union member states were also analyzed. Comparing the legislation of different countries with different legal systems allowed us to state that there are serious obstacles on the way of combining the efforts of different countries in the field of space activities due to the national and cultural specifics of space exploration by representatives of different peoples. Therefore, this specificity determines the priorities for each specific country in the space sector. It is found out that at the present stage, global space activities are faced with the task of active development of public-private partnership, while the characteristic features for this area are not clearly defined. There is a need for a conceptual understanding of the role and place of private operators of commercial space services. The problem of scientific justification of rational forms of intra-industry and intersectoral integration and cooperation in the context of the new space doctrine is waiting for its solution.

Copyright of Studies in Politics & Society / Polityka & Społeczeństwo is the property of University of Rzeszow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Japan announced its new space security blueprint in June 2023. The new blueprint lays down a ten-year roadmap for the country to enhance the utilization of space for its military. While the announcement has been widely perceived as a 'first', it is in fact a crystallization of Japan's space security strategies over the last few decades. This article interprets the blueprint in light of Japan's counterstrike doctrine. It traces Japan's rise as a military space power since the 1970s and analyses its evolving approach to space security. Continuities and changes in the 2023 blueprint are assessed against Japan's historic policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive examination of the current and emerging challenges in the governance of space activities, focusing on promoting safety and security. Key international treaties and esolutions, including those under the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS), are discussed, highlighting their evolution in response to changing geopolitical dynamics and the expansion of space activities across various sectors. The paper addresses several critical challenges: ensuring diverse global voices are heard in space governance, managing the dichotomy of space in terms of its strategic value and dual-use nature, achieving consensus among the rapidly growing number of space-faring nations, defining and delimiting space, adapting to the commercialization of space activities, and confronting the growing problem of space debris.

The article examines the issue of the space race in terms of the views of Soviet scientists and American scientists. The article cites normative legal acts, internal orders, and decrees of the Soviet era in the aspect of space activity for the period 1960 – 1964, which highlight the real state and attitude of the Soviet government toward the development of space activity. Certain contradictions regarding the demilitarisation of space in national and global aspects are analyzed. The irrelevance of the interaction between the development of space weapons and deterrence under the conditions of an increase in the number of space actors is highlighted. A transition from competition to cooperation in the aspect of longterm space stability is proposed

This article critically assesses the transformative role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in military operations, focusing on terrestrial warfare and outer space security. It offers four main points of discussion: 1) An evaluation of AI applications in terrestrial warfare, using real-world technologies such as Project Maven and BAE Systems’ Taranis; 2) an examination of AI’s contributions and risks in the field of cybersecurity; 3) an in-depth look at AI’s growing influence in space security, including technical aspects of systems like the U.S. Space-Based Infrared and the European Data Relay System; 4) an analysis of the ethical and policy challenges associated with AI deployment, informed by the author’s viewpoints on the necessity of international regulation. Drawing from various case studies and expert consultations, the article highlights AI’s capabilities in enhancing decision-making and operational efficiency while discussing the ethical and technical complexities it introduces. The study concludes by offering nuanced recommendations for responsibly integrating AI into military strategies and policies, especially those concerning space security. The aim is to inform and guide military professionals and policymakers by providing actionable insights for responsible decision making in AI-augmented conflict scenarios on Earth and in space.

The article focuses on the presence of real risks to sustainable development, which manifest in the everyday reality of today. Attention is drawn to this issue in the context of the privileged position of certain states over others, enabling them to advance the concept of “war and peace” in their favor. Evidence is presented to confirm the lack of security guarantees even when adhering to international norms and having official agreements. The problems of state monopolies and individual private entities violating the principle of equality are outlined. The consequences of this phenomenon are demonstrated in the context of regulating outer space. Other challenges for ensuring collective security are characterized through the lens of the absence of sovereignty of any country within the confines of outer space. Various conflict resolution options for violations of rules or the order of space activities are identified, emphasizing the need to develop new rules for space flights and stay on space objects, followed by the implementation of different standards of behavior in space. The overall coherence of the material is achieved through the cumulative use of fundamental research methods such as analysis, argumentation, and presentation of evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive examination of the current and emerging challenges in the governance of space activities, focusing on promoting safety and security. Key international treaties and resolutions, including those under the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS), are discussed, highlighting their evolution in response to changing geopolitical dynamics and the expansion of space activities across various sectors. The paper addresses several critical challenges: ensuring diverse global voices are heard in space governance, managing the dichotomy of space in terms of its strategic value and dual-use nature, achieving consensus among the rapidly growing number of space-faring nations, defining and delimiting space, adapting to the commercialization of space activities, and confronting the growing problem of space debris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of Ukraine’s satellite navigation development, focusing on the evolution of its legal frameworks in the context of ongoing regional conflict. It examines historical and current aspects of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) development in Ukraine, highlighting the intersection of technological innovation, international cooperation, and Ukraine’s role in global space initiatives. Special attention is paid to the 2023 bill “On State Regulation in the Sphere of Satellite Navigation,” emphasizing its critical role in national security and defense. The article underlines the need for robust legal and regulatory structures, professional expertise, and public-private collaboration to adapt to rapid industry changes and integrate effectively into the global space market. Кeywords: Satellite Navigation, Ukraine Legal Frameworks, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Space Law, National Security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the interplay between European Union’s Space Strategy for Security and Defence and Romania’s space aspirations, analysing its key facets and their potential effects. As space gains significance for security and defence of the EU as a whole, understanding its opportunities and challenges is crucial. Investigating elements such as shared threat awareness, space system resilience, response strategies, and responsible behaviour in outer space, the article provides insights for stakeholders to harness EU space capabilities. The article concludes by assessing implications for the domestic realm. EU Space Strategy for Security and Defence addresses space intricacies with political, operational and other fields of action. By focusing on vital components such as threat understanding, system protection, responsive measures, and cooperative behaviour, the article sheds light on EU Space Strategy’s strategic importance in the defence and security realms [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of the 'Carol I' National Defence University / Buletinul Universitatii Nationale de Aparare 'Carol I' is the property of Carol I National Defence University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Achieving US objectives in space requires the United States to focus on strategic messaging--in particular, public affairs and information operations. The Space Race of the 1960s and the Strategic Defense Initiative of the 1980s serve as critical case studies demonstrating the efficacy of strategic messaging in America's persistent endeavors to ensure global peaceful uses of space and to secure its defense and that of its Allies and partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Analysis of new challenges raised to space debris mitigation by space cyber-attacks. • Mitigation measures should incorporate cyber security standard. • Platforms for space mitigation ought to be adapted to new circumstances. • Periodic review mechanisms ought to be established. Growing possibilities and actual cases of cyber-attacks against space activities have brought about new challenges to overall space security and safety, aggravating, in all probability, the increasingly severe space debris problem. While space debris mitigation practices are recognized on both the international and national levels, their effectiveness differs, especially confronting space debris-generating cyber threats. Most current mitigation practices envisage only the debris-generating scenarios caused by internal reasons of the space objects, such as lousy design and manufacture, ignoring accidental disablements of space systems, collisions and break-ups caused intentionally by another party, which is the case of cyber-attacks against space activities. With more and more States finding it obligatory to adopt space debris mitigation measures, mitigating practice, if it has not evolved into, is at least on its way to customary international law. Facing new threats, some States and regions have already issued new policies to ensure the cyber-security of space activities, and further specific updates to the already outdated mitigating measures are also necessary. Incorporation in space debris mitigation practices of technical standards aiming to enhance space systems' cyber-security standards, situational awareness, resilience, and physical robustness is thus of importance. It is also suggested that periodic review regimes and communication and coordination mechanisms between relevant standard-setting platforms be established in response to proliferating new risks in the space environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 27 March 2019, the Indian Government destroyed one of its own satellites with a missile interceptor, reminding the world that States consider "counterspace capabilities" to be an essential part of a modern military and are actively developing such weapons. Some of these capabilities, however, are highly destructive and can pose a threat to other objects in orbit through the creation of space debris. As space grows in importance for the military and the rest of society, it is becoming increasingly necessary to better define the limits of conflict, even in the space environment. One option for ensuring the long-term sustainability of space activities is a two-step approach: the development and adoption of "anti-satellite test" guidelines, followed by the negotiation of a treaty on the prohibition of the destruction of objects in orbit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: International military alliances have developed to deter potential foes from initiating war and, when deterrence fails, to defeat enemies. From the earliest days of spaceflight, US military leaders have partnered with other nations for various purposes. With the space domain becoming more congested and contested in the early 21st century¸ the US defence establishment has begun expanding and strengthening space-related relationships with like-minded international partners to deter irresponsible, adversarial space behaviour and perpetuate peaceful uses of the outer space domain for civil and commercial purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article outlines historical shifts in US and Canadian space policies using the sanctuary-contested policy framework. It highlights how sanctuary policies were born out of necessity rather than the pursuit of a peaceful global commons; they were never intended to, and did not, prevent the militarization and weaponization of space. The paper then describes challenges to global space governance and argues that diplomacy will not prevent conflicts in space. After introducing elements of deterrence theory, this paper concludes that Canada should move beyond the sanctuary ideology, make space a national whole-of-government issue, and align its space policy and strategy with allies and partners, credibly communicating Canada's resolve to protect and defend space assets. It further recommends that Canada develop niche capabilities that contribute to more effective national and collective deterrence and defence in space. Those capabilities should build upon existing niche strengths, not create space debris, and leverage industrial innovation in space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]