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Objective: In this article, we seek to determine the main explanatory factors of individual preferences for redistribution in Spain. Methods: We use data from the World Values Survey capturing economic factors, political preferences, personal beliefs, and sociodemographic characteristics. Results: The results, obtained using both OLS and ordered logit regressions, reveal that factors regarding relative household income, personal beliefs, sociodemographic characteristics, and regional differences are the main determinants of the demand for redistribution. Conclusion: These results, coupled with long‐standing trends that the Spanish society has been experiencing for decades, suggest that there may be an increase in the demand for redistribution in the coming years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work focuses on understanding how the current Spanish economic crisis is generating changes in the social and economic reality in which social work degree students are developing their practical training and on knowing if this new reality has an impact on their training and on the vision, they can create of the profession. Using a mixed qualitative methodological approach, we aim to visualize and analyze the opinions and insights that both social work professionals and students provide. Online and face-to-face interviews were conducted with social workers working as practice tutors. Likewise, two focus groups were set up and social work degree students at the Universitat Rovira i Virgili (Spain) were also interviewed. The main results show that the new scenario creates a debate not only among professionals, but also among the students themselves. They value this stage as an opportunity to rethink their future professional practice. This article may be applicable to the European context, given that the economic crisis is affecting, to a greater or lesser extent, on the different welfare states in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the importance of Islamic religious education in public schools in Spain as an instrument in the prevention and fight against violent radicalisation. In this article, we examine the legal status of Islamic religious education and the latest regulations on Islamic religious education that emphasise the fight against Islamist terrorism. We also study the regulation of teachers of Islamic religious education and their role in the counter-narrative required to deter the message of Islamist terrorists and prevent violent radicalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Granada and Lisbon, cities defined as 'super-diverse', host dynamics of exchange and interactions among sociocultural groups that go beyond mere coexistence. Educational environments (both formal and informal) host these aforementioned relationships especially among teenagers. Adolescents represent a significant social group as the 'subjects/objects' of public interventions through intercultural programmes and are protagonists of daily intercultural dialogues. In this article, we approach these ideas through the concept of conviviality. We comparatively analyse the indicators from the Migrant Integration Policy Index (MIPEX), a policy instrument-tool, applied in the education field and the data obtained through ethnographic research carried out in educational environments in Granada and Lisbon in specific programmes targeting adolescents and youth. Through this analysis we unveil the gaps of migration integration indexes such as MIPEX in the field of integration in education, compared with an ethnographic assessment of intercultural relations on how youngsters live and learn interculturality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the daily intake of polychlorinated biphenyls not similar to dioxins (NDL-PCB) derived from fish consumption in Spain and compare it with tolerance limits in order to establish a safe threshold so that the nutritional benefits derived from fish consumption may be optimized.Design: Analysis of NDL-PCB in fish samples and ecological study of the estimated intake of NDL-PCB from fish consumption in different Spanish population groups.Subjects: National representative sample of the Spanish population.Results: The intake of NDL-PCB was estimated in two different scenarios: upper bound (UB) and lower bound (LB). Estimating intake using the average concentration of NDL-PCB found in the fish samples, the intake for 'other children' is estimated as: 1·80 (UB) and 5·33 (LB) ng/kg per d at the 50th percentile (P50); 7·39 (UB) and 21·94 (LB) ng/kg per d at the 95th percentile (P95) of fish consumption. Estimated NDL-PCB intake shoots up in the toddler group, reaching values of 30·43 (UB) and 90·37 (LB) ng/kg per d at P95. Estimated intake values are lower than those previously estimated in Europe, something expected since in previous studies intake was estimated through total diet. In adults, our estimated values are 1·59 (UB) and 4·72 (LB) ng/kg per d at P50; 4·95 (UB) and 14·72 (LB) ng/kg per d at P95.Conclusions: NDL-PCB concentration in fish is under the tolerance limits in most samples. However, daily intake in consumers of large quantities of fish should be monitored and special attention should be given to the youngest age groups due to their special vulnerability and higher exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the recent economic and financial crisis has affected most Western countries, especially families of low socioeconomic classes. We speculate that worsening of socioeconomic condition associated with the crisis would increase obesity, mainly in disadvantaged families.Material and Methods: cross-sectional study of the 290,111 children aged three to 12 years old attending public school during the term 2014-2015 in Madrid City, by means of a stratified weighted sample randomly chosen, taking into account age (grade), city district and schools. The questionnaire included weight and height (auto-reported), dietary report (weekly frequency of intake), as well as socioeconomic variables.Results: 1,208 questionnaires were evaluated from 64 classes. Half of participants were boys; 42% were younger than five years old, 35% werebetween six and eight years old, and 23% older than eight. Undernutrition was present in 5.0%, and excess of weight (overweight + obesity) in 36.7%. Undernutrition was higher in children under the age of six (9.1%). No relationship was found between undernutrition and the characteristics of the families but was slightly higher in families where both parents were unemployed. Excess of weight was higher in children of non-Spaniard parents (44% vs 32%, p < 0.0001), as well as in those families with economic problems (41% vs 31%, p = 0.0005). Only for meat, grains and dairy, the weekly intake was close to the recommendations.Conclusions: children from lower income households were at a higher risk of being overweight compared with their peers. Participation in a school-based food aid program may reduce food insecurity for children and their families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delves into the recent events that led to the formation of the housing bubble in Spain and the resulting structural change that is arguably needed to put the economy back into the right track. For this purpose, we calibrate a model with different equilibria descriptive of the labor markets in Spain and France, where the unemployment rates went from the same initial spot to very different levels. In addition to this, we run a counterfactual analysis that throws some more light on the performance of the Spanish labor market and the housing bubble. Our results suggest that the unemployment rate in Spain has jumped to much higher levels while switching between equilibria or, what is the same, because of structural change. Moreover, our counterfactuals indicate that, first, there has been an important misdirection of resources into the construction industry mainly fueled by excessively low real interest rates and, second, the Spanish labor reform has fallen short of its own goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For years, the Spanish population has been rapidly ageing, showing signs of atony and stagnation. Between 1996 and 2007, in a phase of economic growth, the entry of foreign immigrants drove a global increase in population. But after the economic recession migratory flows show negative net balances. Our objective is to explain and confirm the demographic regression suffered by Spain. We are also interested in showing how the recent and intense immigration process has failed to generate significant changes in natural demographic characteristics and trends. National censuses, published by the National Institute of Statistics (INE), are our main source of demographic data. The analysis of the most recent relevant scientific literature has allowed us to compare opinions and discuss results. The data confirm an uncertain and worrying future for the Spanish population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Spain, many experiences in slum clearance have been focused solely on eliminating the most visible aspects of the problem, creating social dissatisfaction. This article analyzes the extent to which new policies of relocation and dispersion recently applied in the slum areas of northwest Spain, foster favorable attitudes towards social inclusion of the displaced persons, who are mostly Roma. A questionnaire was applied in order to capture the perception of both those affected by relocations and those who receive the displaced persons in their neighborhoods. By quantitative, exploratory data analysis, we have detected a good social predisposition towards social inclusion of underprivileged people in the process of adaptation to live in houses with appropriate infrastructure, identifying those aspects needed to strengthen these kinds of interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a new methodology to measure precarious employment with a multidimensional approach. The adjusted multidimensional precariousness rate employed to measure job precariousness is calculated on a counting approach and exhibit several advantages, including its decomposability according to the relative contribution to total precariousness of different dimensions and sub-populations. For illustrative purposes, the methodology is applied to the Spanish case using microdata from the Encuesta de Estructura Salarial (Wage Structure Survey) and considering three precariousness dimensions of jobs (low wages, fixed-term contracts and part-time work). The evidence obtained shows that at the beginning of the economic crisis there was an increase in the incidence and intensity of precariousness for new jobs created in the Spanish economy. Moreover, obtained evidence shows that the incidence of precarious employment is particularly high in certain economic sectors and for females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metallurgical industry is among the largest industrial users of fossil fuels in the Spanish economy and it is one of the industries under the European Union emissions trading system. This study examines the long-run equilibrium relations and short-run interactions between fuels and European Union carbon emissions allowances price changes and the corporate value of Spanish iron and steel industry. From a multifactor market model specification, a cointegrated Vector Error Correction model is employed for the period covering 1st January 2013 to 15th September 2015 to embrace the analysis. Moreover, by using a panel data econometric approach, it is tested if the relationship of European Union carbon emissions allowances and fuel prices variations with stock returns are firm-specific. The results indicate a negative stable long-run relation between gas prices and stock market price changes of metallurgy sector and firm-specific effects. Regarding the EUA price change effect on aggregated stock market return, the VECM estimation did not find a significant long-run linkage. However, the results of EUA price change impact at firm level showed evidence for heterogeneity in this effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the direct, indirect and total impacts of all transport modes on industrial employment in Spain from 1995 to 2008. Through spatial econometric methods, this study finds that only ports are able to generate positive total effects, and that the increase in industrial employment that a region obtains from having more kilometers of motorways results in less industrial employment in other nearby regions. In contrast, airports and railways do not have a relevant impact on industrial employment. Overall, the level of employment in a country's manufacturing activities is related with those transport infrastructures that improve its international connectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spain's financial sector is not in a healthy state, and the problems that some financial institutions currently face perpetuate the widespread perception of risk across the entire sector. Moreover, the online social networks (OSN) that emerged a decade ago are suddenly at the very heart of digital society. In this study we develop a predictive model to determine that the motivational factors that influence Spanish users' intention to use OSN to communicate with financial institutions are quality management, availability of information, external conditions, trust, perceived compatibility, perceived usefulness, attitude, and intention. Data were collected from 335 Spanish OSN users through an online survey. The results suggest that quality management has a highly significant and positive effect on perceived usefulness and that perceived usefulness has a positive and significant effect on the intention to use social networks to communicate with financial institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se presenta información jurisprudencial y legislativa relacionada con la Unión Europea, España y Portugal. Se incluyen las recomendaciones del Consejo de la Unión Europea en el Reino de España sobre las medidas que debe adoptar para reducir el déficit en 2016-2017, la legalidad del otorgamiento de préstamos participativos a una compañía en situación de concurso de acreedores en España y la ley establecida en 2016 en Portugal sobre el aceso a la información administrativa y del medio ambiente.

A broad discussion and a large number of documents and reports on inequality and poverty have been published in Spain during the last years, mainly as a consequence of the intense worsening of poverty and inequality levels during the economic crisis. After some explanations on the main concepts related to these concepts, the paper offers some data of inequality and poverty ratios and tries to yield some light on the main causes that can help to understand such results. In this respect, market income distribution and the redistributive capacity of the public policies are given special emphasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mislabeling of fish species at landing and along the commercial chain has been detected in many countries. In the case of hake trade, identification of different species has been and continues to be a challenge. In this work we have analyzed the evolution of commercial hake mislabeling during the last decade, focusing on the Spanish market, the world's largest one for hake. DNA-based species identification by PCR amplification and sequencing of mitochondrial genes was carried out in 234 commercial samples. The result was compared with the species stated in the product label, and with 147 samples analyzed in previous works. Significant changes were found throughout the decade for the proportion of mislabeled products, with differences between fresh and frozen products and a general decrease in frozen products. Higher mislabeling in unrecognizable versus morphologically recognizable products strongly suggests deliberate fraud. The diversity of substitute species increased significantly in the period studied, even the non-hake ones. Economic losses for the consumer, estimated from the differences in price between the stated species and their substitutes, seemed to decrease in the last years. The results were interpreted in terms of fluctuations in hake prices and annual catch. Since correct identification of fish species is essential to ensure the good management of species and to provide a reliable market to the consumers, implementing different control points from the landings to the selling points is indispensable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study on the issue whether the environmental attitudes are undermined by the economic crisis towards the developments in tourism. Topics discussed, include the investigation of the positive relationships between environmental sensitiveness and tourism development, the economic crisis with an increase unemployment rate experienced by Spain since 2008, and the asymmetrical relations between the social and economic development and tourism.

In 2013, the Spanish government created two new taxes on used nuclear fuel. This article aims to present the results of an economic study carried out to compare the costs of long-term storage of used nuclear fuel -open cycle strategy-, with the cost of the strategy of reprocessing and recycling used fuel- closed cycle strategy- taking into account the impact of the new taxes on the global cost of the fuel cycle. The results show that the costs of open-cycle and closed-cycle spent fuel management, evaluated in Spain after the introduction of the taxes, are sufficiently similar (within the bounds of uncertainty), that the choice between both is predicated on other than purely economic criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From Classical Antiquity to the present days, cartographic representations of the Earth have multiplied. However, not all the territories of the planet have received the same attention. In the case of the African continent, there are few collections of recent maps, especially, of those that are composed of thematic atlases. This circumstance was decisive in determining the focus of the internship in Casa África during academic year 2012- 2013, under the auspices of the Consortium Casa África - University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. The objective of the internship was the drawing up of a digital atlas of Africa, which resulted in the carrying out forty thematic maps based on geographical, environmental, demographic, economic, social, geopolitical and cultural indicators, as well as on its economic and political relations with Spain. The drawing up of this atlas was affected by many difficulties related to the searching and processing of the sources of information, as well as by a design and editing work that required the use of new geographical information technologies. This article reflects the importance of Cartography as an essential tool of geographical knowledge and the overcoming of that challenging difficulties such as the drawing up of an atlas about the present conditions of the African continent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A number of mosquito-borne viruses such as dengue virus (DENV), Usutu virus (USUV), West Nile virus (WNV) are autochthonously transmitted in Europe and six invasive mosquito species have been detected in this temperate region. This has increased the risk for the emergence of further mosquito-borne diseases. However, there is a paucity of information on whether European populations of invasive mosquito species are competent to transmit arboviruses. In this study, the susceptibility of Aedes albopictus originating from Spain and a laboratory-adapted colony of Aedes aegypti, was assessed for infection with, and transmission of Zika virus (ZIKV). Vertical transmission in both species was also assessed. Methods: Aedes albopictus colonised from eggs collected in Spain and an existing colony of Ae. aegypti were fed infectious blood meals containing ZIKV (Polynesian strain) at 1.6 × 107 PFU/ml. Blood-fed mosquitoes were separated and maintained at 20 °C or 25 °C. Legs, saliva and bodies were sampled from specimens at 7, 14 and 21 days post-infection (dpi) in order to determine infection, dissemination and transmission rates. All samples were analysed by real-time RT-PCR using primers targeting the ZIKV NS1 gene. Results: At 14 dpi and 21 dpi, ZIKV RNA was detected in the bodies of both species at both temperatures. However, live virus only was detected in the saliva of Ae. aegypti at 25 °C with a transmission rate of 44%. No evidence for virus expectoration was obtained for Ae. albopictus under any condition. Notably, ZIKV RNA was not detectable in the saliva of Ae. aegypti at 20 °C after 21 days. No vertical transmission of ZIKV was detected in this study. Conclusions: Experimental infection of Ae. albopictus colonized from Spain with ZIKV did not result in expectoration of virus in saliva in contrast to results for Ae. aegypti. No evidence of vertical transmission of virus was observed in this study. This suggests that this strain of Ae. albopictus is not competent for ZIKV transmission under the conditions tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender is a uniquely important factor in women's lives and female criminality alike: A study of statistics on female criminality worldwide shows that several gender-related factors may determine a woman's commission of an offence, her life in prison, and perhaps even her future. Reflecting on this problem based solely on official statistics is difficult because some variables remain invisible from this perspective. Consequently, it is necessary to study the problem by applying criminological methods and examining past judgements. Whether it be an analysis of offences predominantly associated with women in the statistics (drug trafficking), or of other crimes that are not (terrorism, white/pink-collar crime), it is possible to identify gender patterns that in micro-criminological terms serve to elucidate the reasons why these women have committed an offence. It may even be possible to prevent female criminality by tackling the gender stereotypes that are present in all these crimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]