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Copyright of Lexikos is the property of Bureau of the Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lexikos is the property of Bureau of the Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Antonio de Nebrija's phrase, 'Language has always been the companion of empire,' from his 1492 Gramática castellana, has become synonymous with how control over language sustained Spanish colonial enterprises in the Americas. Nebrija's imperial ideals in 1492, however, focused on the recently conquered Muslim kingdom of Granada and the imposition of new language and law on those subjects. The aftermath of conquest in Granada witnessed the promulgation of complex language policies regarding both Spanish and Arabic, and the creation of bilingual power structures across local, royal, noble and church administration. In that setting, the Castilian priest Pedro de Alcalá learned Arabic and created a set of grammatical, lexical and religious materials in Arabic and Spanish that reflected and were instrumental for the reorganization of Granadan society. This article studies Alcalá's work as part of the religious and scholarly milieux connected to Ferdinand and Isabel's court and considers it alongside archival documents in Arabic and Spanish which testify to the social relations and institutions surrounding its production in Granada. The collaboration and competition behind the production of Alcalá's texts are an example of how missionary linguistics, translation and language policies shape political and social organization according to multiple agendas and perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new edition of the Diccionario de la lengua española (DRAE) usually raises numerous questions, both among the language user and the language scholar, about the changes that the Real Academia introduces. In this paper I examine a group of lemmas in italics, as established in academic dictionaries from 2001 up to the 23rd edition of the DRAE in 2014: the raw foreign words, characterized by not following the graphic-phonic rules of Spanish, the number of which increases to 344 in the new dictionary. On the basis of certain criteria set out in the preamble to the DRAE (those related to foreign words and variants), my aim is to assess how they are applied in the body of work and if a consistent treatment of these words is achieved. Simultaneously, I compare the latest two editions of DRAE in respect of these parameters. The analysis demonstrates that it remains difficult to understand the reasons why the Academy chooses to use italics or roman in certain lemmas, a difficulty increased by the lack of information on their pronunciation. Furthermore, there is an increase in foreign words that refer to an adaptation or to an equivalent. As for variants, some changes in the choice of the preferred form are observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on American Spanish pays little attention to word formation and less still to compounding. To bridge this gap, using as corpus the Diccionario de americanismos published in 2010 by Real Academia Española, this paper analyses the formation of nominal compounds in American Spanish from formal, semantic, diatopic, diastratic and diaphasic point of view. In short, this study not only shows the difference between American dialect areas and its comparison with European Spanish but also the richness of compounding from a language variation perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dictionaries are means of transmission of words and senses as a reflection of the prejudices and beliefs of their time. This paper takes a look into the ten editions of the Diccionario de términos jurídicos (Inglés-español/Spanish-English) by Enrique Alcaraz Varó and Brian Hughes to see how gender is treated. The analysis takes place both on the macrostructural and the microstructural level, and it illustrates the sexism present in the traditional lexicographical practice in Spanish dictionaries. Among others we have confirmed the presence of certain approaches such as: the concealment of women (by use of the generic masculine or an androcentric treatment of professions), or the presentation of stereo-typed portraits of men and women and their relationship (by the selection of semantic fields referred exclusively to women or non-neutral examples of use in terms of gender). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Lingüística y Lenguas Aplicadas (RLLA) is the property of Universidat Politecnica de Valencia, Department of Applied Linguistics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article takes the item andamio (scaffold), which appears in the title of the magazine, which to go all over the description of this type by the main general dictionaries of the Spanish language. Subsequently collects new information provided by some of the Spanish corpus, preferably RAE's Corpes XXI; continues with frequent combinations, provided by applications, such as those Corpes XXI and Sketchengine tools offer; Grammar is the last query to refine the plural andamios which is often used; it is the last search for new information using historical data. The findings highlight the need for a new approach to lexical dictionaries of the Spanish language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The domain that was exercised by the Royal Spanish Academy on non academic dictionaries, mainly in the treatment of the spanish of the spanish-speaking Latin-american countries, along with the evolution that took the Latin-american spanish, prevented a substantial progress in the overall spanish lexicography at both sides of the Atlantic, which broke with the emergence of national dictionaries, the peninsular spanish and Mexican spanish, during the twentieth century, and the national of argentinian spanish, during the XXI. Knowledge of this situation and the assessment of dictionaries, particularly as containers of social memory and cultural values of a community, is the main contribution of this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews the evolution in the treatment of prostitution's lexicon in the Real Academia's Diccionario de la Lengua Española (DRAE). The aim is to identify the presence of subjective features in academic lexicographical work, particularly if the new edition prepared for the end of 2014 (twenty-third edition) retains ideological elements detected in the 2001 edition (twenty-second edition). This study explores the macro- (list of headwords) and the microstructure (definitions and register marks) from discourse analysis and it verifies the low number of improvements have been made to reduce this subjectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article departs from a fairly recent approach to the analysis of the first Hispano-American lexicography after the independence from Spain, consisting in a close relation between contemporary historical and socio-political processes and the elaboration, diffusion and reception of the first dictionaries of American Spanish, cultural products created by the creole elite. On this basis, a general unity of lexicographic discourse, despite the visible and described diversity in works and authors, is proven. Consequently, the use of social and socio-political representations, whose role is defining in nationbuilding, is analyzed. The proposed analysis is exemplified by the reading and comparison of the two most representative works, the Diccionario de chilenismos (1875) by Zorobabel Rodríguez and the Diccionario de peruanismos. Ensayo filológico (1883-84) by Juan de Arona. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a method for creation of dictionaries marked with specific values (for example, emotions, polarity) for use in various tasks of automatic natural language processing. In the created dictionary, the selected words are tagged with six basic emotions. For this, they are first analyzed (annotated) manually by multiple annotators and automatically weighted on the basis of these evaluations. The method was applied to the Spanish language. The paradigm chosen for tagging the words that form the dictionary corresponds to basic emotional categories: joy, anger, fear, sadness, surprise and disgust. Unlike other dictionaries, our dictionary contains weightings that correspond to percentages of probability of being used with the sense related to emotion. Each word was evaluated by multiple annotators, and, subsequently, the agreement between them was analyzed with the method of weighted kappa adapted for multiple entries. On the basis of these results, we propose a new measure that estimates the probability of the affective use: probability factor of affective use (PFA), which serves to provide potentially emotional words with the weight. PFA can be used as data in automatic systems for emotional analysis of texts. PFA refers to the use tendency of each word, which is useful for automatic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an excerpt of the results from the research developments about Spanish language dictionaries started in 1999. We aim at discussing signaling different lexicographer subjects in two monolingual Spanish dictionaries. In order to achieve that, we recollected the trajectory and the standardizing role of the Royal Spanish Language Academy (RAE) from its most emblematic work, the Dictionary of the Spanish Language (DRAE: 2001). Then, we carried out contrastive analyses between the DRAE and the Dictionary of Mexican Spanish (DEM: 2010) of an entry related to religious beliefs. The on-line versions were used for data collection. Besides searching for entries given the profile determined for the present study, we further analyzed the prefaces to the two works featured. Therefore, we committed to recovering and discussing the marks of different lexicographer subjects manifested in the enunciated definitions. The study theoretical background is supported by the Lexicography (LARA: 1990, 1997, 2004, 2006; PORTO DAPENA: 2002) and the French Analysis of Discourse (MAINGUENEAU: 2001, 2003). These findings allow us to identify traces of subjects diversely reported in the definitions of the highlighted lemma religión. They also provide recognition of areas that, like the subject, refer to the scenario that produced the lexicographical definitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

So far the study of the first Latin American lexicography after it's independence from Spain has neglected the close relationship between the first dictionaries, referred as "provincialism dictionaries", and the socio-historical context in which they were elaborated. The process of nation-building, especially in relation to the creation of a state policy and its impact in Latin American societies, is an element that makes clear the nature of the works in question, so that we can talk about a decisive political imprint on them. This paper proposes a renewed study of the foundational works of Spanish American lexicography from this perspective and exemplified with reading and comparison of the two most representative dictionaries, the Zorobabel Rodríguez's Diccionario de chilenismos (1875) and the Juan de Arona's Diccionario de peruanismos. Ensayo filológico (1883-1884), especially in relation to the notion of republicanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this article is to provide a general view of the Spanish non- academic lexicography published in France in the nineteenth century. In order to achieve this aim, we will show the different reasons for this unusual development of a foreign lexicography in France paying special attention to those dictionaries addressed to the Hispano-American market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the economic entries of the main Spanish general encyclopedias of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries: Diccionario enciclopédico (1887–1898) and Enciclopedia universal (1908–1930). Both works include the contributions of prestigious Spanish and Latin American intellectuals, and were designed for distribution in Spain and Latin American markets. Diccionario enciclopédico was the first to introduce the “social question” in its economic entries, which were drafted by the most outstanding Spanish economists at the time. These entries were characterized by the absence of any significant mention of historicism and marginalism, which illustrates the isolationism of Spanish economists during the late nineteenth century. Enciclopedia universal, on the other hand, was not entirely drafted by academic economists. Nevertheless, its economic entries account for a complete outline of marginalism, Marxism, and historicism. Apart from the traditional goals of compiling the intellectual advances made in any area of human knowledge for educational purposes, the economic entries of both encyclopedias aimed at popularizing some kind of economic knowledge in order to prepare minds for the reception of specific doctrines and agendas: the secular social doctrine of Spanish Krausism and the religious Social Catholicism, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: In the modern world, speech technologies must be flexible and adaptable to any framework. Mass media globalization introduces multilingualism as a challenge for the most popular speech applications such as text-to-speech synthesis and automatic speech recognition. Mixed-language texts vary in their nature and when processed, some essential characteristics must be considered. In Spain and other Spanish-speaking countries, the use of Anglicisms and other words of foreign origin is constantly growing. A particularity of peninsular Spanish is that there is a tendency to nativize the pronunciation of non-Spanish words so that they fit properly into Spanish phonetic patterns. In our previous work, we proposed to use hand-crafted nativization tables that were capable of nativizing correctly 24% of words from the test data. In this work, our goal was to approach the nativization challenge by data-driven methods, because they are transferable to other languages and do not drop in performance in comparison with explicit rules manually written by experts. Training and test corpora for nativization consisted of 1000 and 100 words respectively and were crafted manually. Different specifications of nativization by analogy and learning from errors focused on finding the best nativized pronunciation of foreign words. The best obtained objective nativization results showed an improvement from 24% to 64% in word accuracy in comparison to our previous work. Furthermore, a subjective evaluation of the synthesized speech allowed for the conclusion that nativization by analogy is clearly the preferred method among listeners of different backgrounds when comparing to previously proposed methods. These results were quite encouraging and proved that even a small training corpus is sufficient for achieving significant improvements in naturalness for English inclusions of variable length in Spanish utterances. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article discusses the multi-media resources available to libraries that are geared towards learning the Spanish language, including print textbooks and online language pedagogy websites that host video, podcasts, and interactive online games and quizzes. Presented are Spanish language websites, including BBC Languages: Spanish, found at www.bbc.co.uk/languages/spanish, and Más Arriba: Spanish Language Exercises, found at www.trentu.ca/academic/modernlanugages/spanish/masarriba. Also presented are online social community websites and printed reference and grammar books such as "Colloquial Spanish in Context: Beyond Subjunctive Barriers," by Gunnar Anderson, and "Practice Makes Perfect: Spanish Verb Tenses," by Dorothy Devney Richmond.

Se enfoca en el trabajo de preparación de la 23a edición del "Diccionario de la lengua española" de la Real Academia Española y en artículos referidos a la ortografía de palabras prestadas del inglés. El autor analiza los cambios lexicográficos introducidos para las voces inglesas en base a una comparación con la versión anterior (22a) del diccionario.

The article focuses on the Spanish Royal Academy (RAE, Real Academia Española) and its publication of the Spanish language dictionary "Ortografía de la Lengua Española" (Spanish language orthography). The author discusses the norms and criteria employed to decide what is considered correct usage of the Spanish language and reflects on the response of the RAE to linguistic and cultural trends. He also presents some examples from the dictionary which will be presented on November 28, 2010 at the Guadalajara Book Fair, in Mexico.

A Spanish negative sentence contains items and structures that create a suitable syntactic environment for items and item groups showing an inherent negative meaning. A large number of Spanish phraseologisms can only be used if a negation had been triggered in the same sentence or the same syntagma. The goal of this article is to analyse different cases and rules linked to the triggering of negation in the Spanish language in order to provide a basis for drawing conclusions about their systematic use in Spanish phraseography. This article will show entries taken out of the Diccionario españñol-alemáán de locuciones del españñol de Españña, a work which is currently being elaborated by a team of students, linguists and translators, and evaluate their significance as an alternative to present phraseographic solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo presenta acotaciones al "Diccionario de americanismos," que es un conjunto de términos y palabras de origen de las Américas y las lenguas indígenas del continente, como el quechua y el aimara. Describe la historia del diccionario y los métodos de investigación y colección, presentando la lexicografía, etimología, y gramática de las entradas.

The article discusses a Cuban vernacular dictionary, "Un catauro de cubanismos," published in 1923 by Fernando Ortiz, and how the idiomatic Cuban Spanish it catalogs reflect the culture and national identity of Cuba in the early 20th century. The book's lexicographical affirmation of Cuba's linguistic idiosyncrasies, which blend Creole, Afro-Cuban, and American influences, is seen as another statement of Cuban independence from Spain and the official (colonial) Spanish language. Ortiz's dictionary is also compared to the "Vocabulario cubano" (1921), by Constantino Suárez.

This paper analyses the meaning of some technical words used by Quevedo in his works. These terms are studied looking them up in dictionaries or books of the period. The analysed words are: hidropesía; hígado; hipocrás; metales, producto del sol; mitridático; Mizaldo; moco, superfluidad del cerebro; muelas de difuntos; muermo; muerte repentina; zarza and zurdo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The context of the economical globalization and the regional integration has promoted a renovation of the linguistic devices used by the Royal Academy of the Spanish Language. This renovation came along with an apparent turn in the political and theoretical interests of the Academy —institution that is capable of representing the statute of Spanish as an international language. In this article, we examine the discourses that the Academy devised in the last few years in order to validate their normative devices. In that sense, we analyze the Nueva política lingüística panhispánica —document that depicts the principal outlines of this new policy regarding Spanish—, and the Diccionario panhispánico de dudas and the Prepublicación de la Nueva Gramática de la Lengua Española as concrete manifestations of that policy. We conclude that the new Panhispanic language policy turns out to be more a discursive operation rather than anything else. Indeed, instead of endorsing an equitable and multilateral distribution of the functions of the organizational structure, they continue to reproduce ancient hierarchies in the decision making, supporting that way a clear centralization of the standardization in the Hispanic world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past ten years more than thirty English-Spanish legal dictionaries have been published. In reaction to the wide variation in the quality of these dictionaries, this article attempts to articulate the beginnings of a rubric for the evaluation of English-Spanish legal dictionaries, borrowing from Bryan Garner's work with legal dictionaries, then turning to the literature evaluating bilingual dictionaries and bilingual legal dictionaries. The article concludes with an annotated bibliography of major titles in this narrow, but increasingly significant, field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article is studied the first ever bilingual Valencian-Spanish, Spanish-Valencian dictionary, dated in 1825, by an anonymous author-C.M.C.--. It was never edited till nowadays. Such dictionary shows such a great dialectal, sociolinguistical, and historical value, the most sure is that it was written by a valencian author original from the north of Castelló as some characteristics common in the local dialect prove, and it contains more than 2000 voices, which, part of them move the first known date of such entries to earlier dates in time, and others are new meanings for the existing registers in the catalan lexicography dictionaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se presenta una lista de publicaciones recibidas por la revista que incluye los libros "Neologismo y morfología" de Ramón Almela Pérez y Estebán Tomás Montoro del Arco, "La literatura dramática de Fernando Fernán-Gómez" de Manuel Barrera Benítez y "Diccionario panhispánico de citas (1900-2008)" de Delfín Carbonell Basset.