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Urban heat island effects (UHIEs) and spatial growth remain global existential challenges in the 21st Century. Nevertheless, research on UHIEs in Ghana remains limited, particularly in the northern part. Based on the interrelationship between land surface temperatures (LST) and UHIs, the present study, using spatial data and statistical analytical techniques, comprehensively analyses the nexus between Tamale’s spatial growth and LST and their implication for UHIEs. The results indicate a notable increase in developed areas from 1.89% in 2003 to 3.7% in 2013 and 9.2% in 2023. Notably, the city’s vegetation cover decreased from 3.48% to 2.1% between 2003–2013 and 2013–2023. Factors contributing to the decline in Tamale’s vegetation cover include increasing housing supply, grey infrastructural development, and intensified economic activities. Additionally, Tamale’s surface temperature rose from 45.72 °C to 51.24 °C between 2003 and 2013 and from 51.24 ℃ to 62.9 ℃ between 2013 and 2023. We observed from further analysis that a positive relationship exists between land cover and vegetation, and a weak relationship between land cover, vegetation, and LST. Specifically, there is no statistical evidence to explain temperature variability. Despite this, the study confirms the interplay between spatial growth, LST, and the potential implications for urban planning and sustainable cities in northern Ghana. Given the high rate of spatial expansion, Tamale should anticipate a heightened prevalence and temperature surges, contributing to UHIEs. We conclude the study with recommendations for remedial measures to alleviate the adverse impacts of rising LST and emphasise the importance of initiative-taking urban planning strategies to foster sustainable development amidst rapid urbanisation and climate change challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming is a worldwide and protracted phenomenon with heterogeneous local economic effects. We propose a dynamic economic assessment model of the world economy with high spatial resolution to assess its consequences. Our model features several forms of adaptation to local temperature changes, including costly trade and migration, local technological innovations, and local natality rates. We quantify the model at a 1 ∘ × 1 ∘ resolution and estimate damage functions that determine the impact of temperature changes on a region's fundamental productivity and amenities conditional on local temperatures. Welfare losses from global warming are very heterogeneous across locations, with 20% losses in parts of Africa and Latin America but also gains in some northern latitudes. Overall, spatial inequality increases. Uncertainty about average welfare effects is significant but much smaller for relative losses across space. Migration and innovation are shown to be important adaptation mechanisms. We use the model to study the impact of carbon taxes, abatement technologies, and clean energy subsidies. Carbon taxes delay consumption of fossil fuels and help flatten the temperature curve but are much more effective when an abatement technology is forthcoming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This exploratory study examines a rural critical access hospital (CAH) staff's perception of current obstacles and needs concerning the physical environment. Background: CAH intends to improve access to healthcare, coordinate with experts and providers, and serve as the rural population's healthcare hub. It is imperative to understand environmental qualities that impact the quality of care to develop effective policies and design guidelines for rural healthcare. Nevertheless, a limited number of studies have focused on user or organizational outcomes related to the physical environment of rural healthcare settings. Methods: This cross-sectional exploratory qualitative case study was conducted as part of the facility planning process for a CAH in rural North Carolina. Hospital staff participated in a survey exploring their satisfaction with the overall physical environment privacy, space allocation, and department adjacency. An open-ended question asked staff to elaborate on needed improvements and changes in their department. Results: Findings show low satisfaction levels for space allocations for emergency department, lab, surgery, and wound care. Safety and quality were the two emerging outcomes of the physical environment's shortcomings. Two clusters emerged from the content analysis, representing facility needs (rightly sized spaces, functional needs, COVID-19 needs, and improved access) and ambient conditions (clutter, visibility, flooring quality, noise, privacy, cleanliness, aesthetics, and temperature). Conclusion: The findings from this study suggest that the interior and exterior facility and ambient conditions of the CAH play a key role in quality and safety outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metropolitan spaces are perceived as spatiotemporally dynamic entities where traditional settlement patterns transform into heterogeneous post-suburban forms, integrating complex networks of social and economic relationships. Inadequate coordination in local spatial planning is commonly seen as a crucial factor contributing to landscape fragmentation and persistent urban sprawl. The current 'post-political' era of metropolitan planning supposedly offers less formalized problem-solving approaches that are not burdened by institutionally fixed settings and excessive bureaucratic structures. However, it is not clear whether and how integrated metropolitan strategies emerging within the 'soft spaces' of governance can influence the local spatial strategies of individual municipalities and what spectrum of attitudes various stakeholders in the metropolitan area hold towards spatial and population growth. The main research question is: What differences in approaches to territorial and population development of settlements in the metropolitan area are observed from the perspective of various public administration actors? Using a case study of the Brno Metropolitan Area (Czech Republic) and employing quantitative spatial analysis of recent and planned population and spatial development, along with qualitative textual analysis of planning documentation rationale at various scales impacting the metropolitan area, this article elucidates the narratives typically underpinning pro-growth planning strategies. Additionally, it contextualizes the meanings attributed to the metropolitan dimension of development at the local level. The findings suggest a negligible impact of integrated metropolitan strategy on local land-use policies. Competitive mechanisms of municipal spatial planning contradicting metropolitan authority visions exacerbate the crisis of spatial identities and residential cannibalism. Population growth in the hinterland triggers narratives of inevitability, adaptation, smart growth, economic rationality, and population rejuvenation at the local planning level, culminating in land oversupply. The results provide urban policies with an explanatory framework for the diversity of attitudes towards spatial and land-use planning within the multi-scale metropolitan arena and argue for the introduction of more effective integrated metropolitan spatial planning tools. • Perceived inevitability of population growth triggers adaptive "smart growth" strategy. • Identity search in metropolitan space is differentiated by scale and local experience. • Absence of metropolitan spatial planning fosters residential cannibalism. • Post-political metropolitan strategy has no impact on territorial planning practices. • Economic rationality justifies the visions of compact and polycentric urban forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this article is to explain the urban phenomena in a city known for its fertile land and flavourful produce. The peri-urban agriculture of Hamma Bouziane is suffering the repercussions of unbridled urban expansion and socio-economic changes in terms of not only space consumption, but also the loss of its own environmental coherence. We have based our work on the results of a personal survey carried out in December 2020 to qualify both the environmental situation and the spatial dynamics, necessary to understand the phenomenon of urban change and environmental degradation. In addition, the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to integrate the results of spatial research has greatly contributed to finalising this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distributional extensions of the benchmark AK endogenous growth model and of the Ramsey model are presented in this paper. The resulting geographic growth model - a forward-backward parabolic partial differential equation (PDE) over a bounded spatial domain - is governed by two main driving forces: a spatial friction in the reallocation of physical capital, and a spatial arbitrage driving the reallocation of savings. The spatial AK model solution, starting from an unequal distribution of capital, displays convergence over time to a spatially homogeneous balanced growth path with positive growth rates. The spatial Ramsey model potentially contains both diffusive and agglomerative spatial forces. If there are no agglomerative forces, the solution displays convergence to a spatially homogenous steady state, but if an agglomerative force exists, there is increasing spatial concentration of capital over time. This shows that convergence in the aggregate can be consistent with different distribution profiles over locations. An additional contribution of the paper is to develop a distributive comparative dynamics analysis for a spatially heterogeneous productivity shock. It is shown that, although there is redistribution of consumption across locations, technological inequality is persistent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review article reflects on the history and growth of Cape Town from its founding to its present. In doing so, it identifies a sequence of six distinct attitudes towards urban growth and management. Such attitudes often remained unarticulated, for they appeared self-evident, even natural, to the society of their times. These attitudes coincide with the concept of Planning Doctrine, as proposed by Faludi, and lie silently behind actual policymaking and development of the day. Yet the Doctrine changes over time in response to political values, economic restructuring and settlement scale. Six doctrines dominated for a period of roughly 40 years, each termed by the author as corporate management; self-help; public works; town planning; up-scaling, and transformation.

Introduction Having knowledge about spatial form of city is one of the important factors affecting the success rate of urban planners and practitioners, and it helps improving urban environment. In the present research, we are trying to evaluate spatial – physical growth pattern of Tabriz metropolis using quantitative methods. Methodology The current research is descriptive – analytical and practical approach in terms of nature and method, so that, using survey, documentary and library studies, data were firstly gathered and studied, and then physical – spatial form of Tabriz city growth was calculated using quantitative methods (metropolis size, density, aggregation degree and balanced distribution). Results and Discussion The results of the research show that Tabriz metropolis is facing an imbalanced growth pattern. Conclusion lack of balance was created between the increase of city area and population growth which caused the city to be formed greater than what it is determined to be.

The main determinant dynamics of cities are economic and social processes. The main element of these processes is the demographic characteristic of the population. Due to its geographic location and conditions, the city of Gebze has been convenient and populated for human activities from past to present. Gebze, which has been an important settlement since the early years of the republic, continued to exist as a quiet town until the 1960s. Then the urbanization process has been accelerated depending on industrial activities in the city. The industrial policies implemented after the year of 1970 caused the development of industrial function of the city and the increase of population in the city. The first organized industrial region (OIR) became operational in 1990 due to increasing transportation investments, which has made Gebze a truly industrial city. In this study, land cover change of the city since the year of 1990 has been analyzed. An important basis for smart city growth models was created by focusing on the direction and development of land cover change.

Along with the spatial growth and development of urban areas, fundamental changes in urban land use have been taken place. If urban growth does not take place in a planned and controlled manner, there are various problems such as environmental pollution, crooked and irregular build-up, agricultural land stays in the city and the loss of qualifications. The urban growth observed in Turkey especially in the 1980s and afterwards spread rapidly throughout the country. In this context, in this study, Batman city which is one of the cities where rapid urbanization and industrialization seen in Turkey is being investigated. In this study, it was determined how Batman City, which is experiencing rapid urbanization process, has improved its use of the land in and around the city by using satellite images of 1985 and 2016 years. In addition, in the period between 1985 and 2016, it was determined how much the city expands according to the land use classification within the urban development area. Landsat TM and OLI satellite images of 1985 and 2016 were used to determine urban development of Batman City and urban land use classification. It has been determined that there is a conversion to settlement from all terrain classes obtained as a result of the work. As a result of the analyses made on the basis of the satellite images of the years 1985 and 2016, Batman has grown by 1730 hectares over a 30-year period and achieved a spatial expansion of about 167%. On the other hand, in the 30-year period, the dry agricultural lands decreased by approximately 2400 hectares and experienced a loss of close to 20%.

Copyright of Online Journal of Art & Design is the property of Online Journal of Art & Design and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The city of Ljubljana lies at the intersection of various geomorphological regions that have strongly influenced its spatial organization. Prehistoric settlements were built on marshland, a Roman town was built on the first river terrace of the Ljubljanica River, and in the Middle Ages a town was built in a strategic position between the Ljubljanica River and Castle Hill. The modern city absorbed all usable space between the nearby hills. This paper reviews some relief features in Ljubljana, their influence on the city’s spatial development, and urban geoheritage. The results indicate new possibilities for urban geoheritage tourism in the Slovenian capital and its surroundings.

This study includes comprehensive research on the growth of the city of Erzurum in the dimensions of time and space. İt is aimed to conduct a relational study on the spatial and historical growth of the city of Erzurum after the year of 1950. In this context, it is tried to reveal how the city's macroform is formed regarding geographic, historical and planning aspects. The research is supported by spatial analysis carried on through the aerial photographs, as well as the relevant literature. The context of the research, in the case of the city of Erzurum, is to introduce a reference study on the subject of the analysis of spatial dynamics of a city's macroform that composed within the context of the expansion of the city, it's internal organization, and planning dimension. The main findings of the study; particularly the expansion direction and size of the city, the distribution of urban functions, and the formation of new residential areas have a significant influence in reaching the present form of the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial urban growth and its impact on land surface temperature (LST) is a high priority environmental issue for urban policy. Although the impact of horizontal spatial growth of cities on LST is well studied, the impact of the vertical spatial distribution of buildings on LST is under-investigated. This is particularly true for cities in sub-tropical developing countries. In this study, TerraSAR-X add-on for Digital Elevation Measurement (TanDEM-XDEM), Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection (ASTER)-Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM), and ALOS World 3D-30m (AW3D30) based Digital Surface Model (DSM) data were used to investigate the vertical growth of the Dhaka Metropolitan Area (DMA) in Bangladesh. Thermal Infrared (TIR) data (10.6-11.2µm) of Landsat-8 were used to investigate the seasonal variations in LST. Thereafter, the impact of horizontal and vertical spatial growth on LST was studied. The result showed that: (a) TanDEM-X DSM derived building height had a higher accuracy as compared to other existing DSM that reveals mean building height of the Dhaka city is approximately 10 m, (b) built-up areas were estimated to cover approximately 94%, 88%, and 44% in Dhaka South City Corporation (DSCC), Dhaka North City Corporation (DNCC), and Fringe areas, respectively, of DMA using a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification method, (c) the built-up showed a strong relationship with LST (Kendall tau coefficient of 0.625 in summer and 0.483 in winter) in comparison to vertical growth (Kendall tau coefficient of 0.156 in the summer and 0.059 in the winter), and (d) the ‘low height-high density’ areas showed high LST in both seasons. This study suggests that vertical development is better than horizontal development for providing enough open spaces, green spaces, and preserving natural features. This study provides city planners with a better understating of sustainable urban planning and can promote the formulation of action plans for appropriate urban development policies.

The weather of the high concentration of improvement in the inner hemisphere of cities in the developing world is increasingly becoming evident. In Nigeria, and the uncontrolled intensification of homeland use in the inner-city expenses is now an number of serious planning and authority concerns. Governments at various levels are currently struggling with the daunting summons of repressing these urban physical and social problems of almost defied clarification which planners are presently striving to spout with planning-driven strategies. The investment in Akure for this study is because it is an old city and the administrative capital of Ondo State, Nigeria, that has testified immense development and spatial growth, acute traffic volume, industrial and profitable activities with a growing incidence of a dysfunctional city core. This paper examines the inner-city core of Akure using remotely sensed data division of the area. This will assist in generating a compelling and captivating marketing core while representing efficient spatial management toolkits for urban planners, environmental supervisors, learners, and researchers as well as administration and non-governmental regulations.

The average new Australian home has grown from a four-roomed Victorian timber cottage of around 100 m2at the start of the twentieth century to a 245 m2brick-veneer house in 2011. The homes have grown in both size and number of rooms. Where has this growth occurred? How has Australia's average new house transitioned to now become the largest in the world? This paper traces where the growth has occurred within the house over the last 50 years. Thirty-nine houses in a suburb of Geelong, Victoria, have been analysed over the five decades, and the median house of the sample in each era has been used for the analysis. The results confirm the overall trend in house growth size that can be seen in national statistics. Most of the growth in house size has been due to the increase in living areas and in the number of and area used for bedrooms. Other variables of interest in understanding changes in Australian housing such as gross floor area, plot ratio, site size and house shape and orientation are also discussed in the context of limiting the impact of oversize houses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The priorities and sources of socioeconomic modernization are discussed with regard to Russia in general and the real sector of the economy in particular. The key areas of modernization are formulated. The modernization features of the production structure are defined for regions with different economic specialization and diversification levels. The degree of regional differentiation, which is known to define the spatial profile of modernization, is discussed with respect to the main areas of development, i.e., the state and the structure of production facilities in regions; sectoral structure of production, including in industry; and the receptivity of regions to innovation. The dynamics and efficiency of production are analyzed with respect to individual types of economic activities. Given the current level of productivity and competitiveness in Russia, its extractive and services industries are shown to have the highest added value. Groups of industries are singled out that are likely to shape the dynamics of the economy. Ways to create institutional conditions for the modernization of spatial development are discussed. The possible regional implications are analyzed for different types of modernization based on stimulating and leveling regional policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, the population of the world is more than 7 billion and more than half of it is living in cities and defined urban areas. This ever increasing population has altered and modified most of Earth's land surfaces. The processes of urbanization and urban development together with technologies have brought about change in the land use and lands cover (hereafter referred to as LULC), both at global and regional scale in due course of time. Pakistan is by no means an exception and all the major cities of the country are experiencing the change. Remote sensing data with auxiliary techniques provide dependable, updated and precise information for LULC mapping and future planning. This research paper aims at better understanding of the land use and land cover classes and subsequent change for the Lahore district (Punjab) by using three sets of Landsat images (1992,2001 and 2009). A systematic on-the- screen visual image interpretation approach was used to delineate the land use classes using GIS software. Based on visual image interpretation techniques; the author divided the study area into five classes (built-up, vegetation, open area, water bodies and mixed class). All these classes have recorded marked changes. The results of present LULC research can be of use both at macro and micro level in urban and regional planning in the district of Lahore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Regional Studies is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents information on a spatio-temporal model used to examine the annual variability in Antarctic sea ice formation. A brief overview is given on the complexity of the temporal variability of polar sea ice and its close association to global climate. It notes that the amount of sea ice over an area can have a significant effect on the energies transferred between the atmosphere and the ocean. It demonstrates the method using sea ice concentration images derived from Earth-orbiting satellites that span several decades. It reveals that the growth and melt of Antarctic sea ice is modeled using a simple two parameter spatial nearest neighbor process that treats ice and water as two species competing for territory.

This article provides evidence of cross-country total factor productivity (TFP) interdependence due to human capital accumulation over time by employing a semi-parametric spatial vector autoregressive technique in the panel. Empirical study covers a set of 15 Asian countries over the time period 1970-2000. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-range corticocortical connectivity in mammalian brains possesses an intricate, nonrandom organization. Specifically, projections are arranged in ‘small-world’ networks, forming clusters of cortical areas, which are closely linked among each other, but less frequently with areas in other clusters. In order to delineate the structure of cortical clusters and identify their members, we developed a computational approach based on evolutionary optimization. In different compilations of connectivity data for the cat and macaque monkey brain, the algorithm identified a small number of clusters that broadly agreed with functional cortical subdivisions. We propose a simple spatial growth model for evolving clustered connectivity, and discuss structural and functional implications of the clustered, small-world organization of cortical networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Above- and below-ground clonal growth architecture was compared for two neighbouring patches of Potamogeton perfoliatus L. in Lake Constance, representing typical sparse and dense growth types. A detailed map of individual ramets and their corresponding rhizome network was produced and the seasonal development of ramet sprouting and rhizome growth was reconstructed. Rhizomes extended at rates ranging between 40 and 63 cm per year, and added a new shoot for every 1–20 cm of rhizome produced. The main rhizome axis grew in a semi-linear fashion, with deviation means of 15 and 24°, and developed 0–0.5 branches per plant, with an insertion angle from 15–90°. Total rhizome length of all plants amounted to 5 and 11 m m−2 at the two sites. The total biomass produced at the two sites differed by 10-fold. The neighboring patches also showed different allocation patterns which are interpreted as foraging.Contrary to the prediction of the foraging hypothesis, there was only a small difference in mean spacer length between sites. On the other hand, the spacer length was plastic relatively to total biomass. We propose that spacer length is not an independent part of the foraging strategy, but rather a result of overall productivity and biomass allocation. Phosphorus content of plant tissue at the more productive site was two-fold higher than that at the less productive site which suggests that the different growth types may be due to differences in sediment nutrient availability: in situ fertilization of a less productive site increased the P content to those levels of the productive site. In situ fertilization also resulted in higher ramification, lower root allocation and decreased spacer length and confirmed the foraging capability of P. perfoliatus. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Spatial models where growth is limited to the population edge have been instrumental to understanding the population dynamics and the clone size distribution in growing cellular populations, such as microbial colonies and avascular tumours. A complete characterization of the coalescence process generated by spatial growth is still lacking, limiting our ability to apply classic population genetics inference to spatially growing populations. Here, we start filling this gap by investigating the statistical properties of the cell lineages generated by the two dimensional Eden model, leveraging their physical analogy with directed polymers. Our analysis provides quantitative estimates for population measurements that can easily be assessed via sequencing, such as the average number of segregating sites and the clone size distribution of a subsample of the population. Our results not only reveal remarkable features of the genealogies generated during growth, but also highlight new properties that can be misinterpreted as signs of selection if non-spatial models are inappropriately applied., (Creative Commons Attribution license.)

Since the 1970s, the studies on the geography of enterprise have become increasingly concerned with the spatial evolution of an enterprises in the West developed countries. However, little attention has so far been given to the spatial evolution of an enterprise in China. With China's ongoing economic and political reforms, a number of fundamental changes of enterprise behavior have occurred. These changes have certainly important influences on the evolution of industrial location. Therefore, there is a need for examining the spatial evolution of an enterprise in China. The purpose of the paper is to review the major models of both the growth and associated spatial evolution of an enterprise, with an illustrative case study of the Heavy Automobile Enterprise Group of China. The paper is organized by three parts. The first examines the spatial growth and location adjustment of multi-plant enterprise. The second reviews major models of the spatial evolution of an enterprise. And the third analyzes the spatial evolution, over a period of time, of a representative sample of the Heavy Automobile Enterprise Group of China, and illustrates the findings with case studies. It is suggested that the models of spatial evolution of an enterprise would provide more evidence about micro-mechanism for evolution of micro-regional economic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental pulp is exposed to resin monomers leaching from capping materials. Toxic doses of the monomer, triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), impact cell growth, enhance inflammatory and oxidative stress responses, and lead to tissue necrosis. A therapeutic agent is required to rescue growth-arrested tissues by continuing their development and modulating the exacerbated responses. The functionality of N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) as a treatment was assessed by employing a 3D dental pulp microtissue platform. Immortalized and primary microtissues developed and matured in the extracellular matrix (ECM). TEGDMA was introduced at various concentrations. NAC was administered simultaneously with TEGDMA, before or after monomer addition during the development and after the maturation stages of the microtissue. Spatial growth was validated by confocal microscopy and image processing. Levels of inflammatory (COX2, NLRP3, IL-8) and oxidative stress (GSH, Nrf2) markers were quantified by immunoassays. NAC treatments, in parallel with TEGDMA challenge or post-challenge, resumed the growth of the underdeveloped microtissues and protected mature microtissues from deterioration. Growth recovery correlated with the alleviation of both responses by decreasing significantly the intracellular and extracellular levels of the markers. Our 3D/ECM-based dental pulp platform is an efficient tool for drug rescue screening. NAC supports compromised microtissues development, and immunomodulates and maintains the oxidative balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]