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The weathering-induced changes contribute significant alteration to mechanical and failure characteristics in the rock matrix. It is crucial to evaluate the rock fracture characteristics and mechanical response under different weathering grades because prestressing rock is extremely susceptible to the effects of weathering. Consequently, this study investigates the failure characteristics and numerous generated sandstone fractures at various weathering degrees under quasi-static loadings. Brazilian tests were conducted under different loading rates (LR= 0.001 kN/s, 0.01 kN/s, 0.1 kN/s and 1 kN/s). The findings demonstrated that sandstone tensile strength is equally susceptible to loading rate and weathering grade. The tensile strength of fresh, slightly weathered and moderately weathered sandstone increased by 20%, 54%, and 52%, respectively, with an increase in loading rate from 0.001 to 1 kN/s. The fracture angle (FA), fracture maximum deviation distance (FMDD) and fracture deviation area (FDA) of fresh and moderately weathered sandstone decrease with an increase in loading rate. FMDD of slightly weathered sandstone increases slightly as compared to FA and FDA. Additionally, the results indicate that the fracture length (FL) of slightly and moderately weathered sandstone increases as the loading rate increases, whereas the FL of fresh sandstone decreases as the loading rate increases. Overall, it can be concluded that sandstone strength is affected not only by the loading rate but also by the weathering grade. Based on the laboratory failure characteristics, the geometrical trajectory is divided into single central line fracture, double central line fracture, central-non-central line fracture and non-central line fracture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is generally recognized that the fatigue failure of the cracked engineering components is a crucial issue, especially considering the sample thickness effect. Although numerous methods have been proposed, it is still unclear about the sample thickness effect on the fatigue crack growth (FCG) rate of metallic materials. Based on the plasticity‐induce crack closure and crack tunneling effect, we established an improved FCG model with a thickness factor T by the load analysis near the crack tip. The thickness factor could clarify the sample thickness effect on the FCG rate of high‐strength steels. Numerous fatigue data demonstrates that the improved model displays a fairly good relationship between the sample thickness and FCG rate. It would provide a new strategy to the FCG rate prediction of cracked structures through small size specimen. Highlights: We propose an improved model to illustrate the effect of specimen thickness on the FCG behavior.The thickness factor T provides a fairly accurate relation between the specimen thickness and FCG rate.The model would be an effective strategy to the fatigue life prediction of cracked components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background In determining mechanical characteristics, the accuracy of the thickness of the specimens can influence the biomechanical behavior, especially in the case of human tissues, where there is an important variability. This study aims to compare the accuracy of two routine measuring instruments, i.e., the digital vernier caliper and the digital thickness gauge, when measuring the thickness of venous specimens multiple times. Methodology In this study, we used 12 tubular vena cava specimens obtained from common breed pigs aged 18-24 weeks at the time of sacrifice from a local slaughterhouse. The measurements were performed using a digital vernier caliper (Multicomp PRO MP012475) for the first four protocols and a digital thickness gauge (Mitutoyo 547-500S) for the fifth protocol. In the first protocol, three measurements were taken on the same side, and their average was recorded as the sample thickness. The second protocol involved taking measurements on two opposite sides, and the average of these measurements was recorded as the sample thickness. In the third protocol, the thickness of each side was measured at its midpoint, and the average of the four measurements was recorded as the sample thickness. In the last protocol using a digital vernier caliper, the thickness of the vernier specimens was calculated as the average of the measurements taken at each corner of the square sample. Finally, for the fifth protocol, three consecutive measurements were taken using the digital thickness gauge, and their average was recorded as the final thickness of the sample. Results In the first protocol, we observed lower values during the first measurement in comparison to the second (0.409 ± 0.063 vs. 0.536 ± 0.064, p < 0.0001) and the third (0.409 ± 0.063 vs. 0.528 ± 0.055, p = 0.0001). Moreover, with the second protocol, we observed lower values during the first two measurements in comparison to the third measurement (p = 0.0279 and p = 0.0054). Regarding protocols three and four, we recorded higher values for the second and third measurements than the first one, with higher values for the third measurement than the second one. In the fifth protocol, there were no significant statistical differences between the three consecutive measurements (p = 0.953, p = 0.742, and p = 0.897). Further, we examined the variations in sample thickness determined using each of the protocols proposed for the digital vernier caliper, as well as the values obtained with the digital thickness gauge protocol. As a result, during the first and second measurements, we observed lower thickness values for the venous wall samples using the first four protocols compared to the fifth protocol (for all p < 0.05). However, no differences were noted between the five protocols during the third measurement. Conclusions The digital thickness gauge Mitutoyo 547-500S provided superior accuracy with no difference between three successive measurements of venous wall thickness, regardless of the examiner's experience. Accurately determining the thickness of venous specimens is crucial for calculating the tissue's biomechanical properties., Competing Interests: Human subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve human participants or tissue. Animal subjects: Committee of Ethics in Scientific Research of the George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, Romania Issued protocol number 2653/15.12.2023. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Ion et al.)

Laser Beam Powder Bed Fusion (LB-PBF) is a metal additive manufacturing process with the highest technological maturity and industrial acceptance levels due to its main advantage of producing complex geometries. However, there are yet some barriers to overcome for the broader adoption of LB-PBF. One of them is the questionable part quality depending on various factors, including the specimen geometry and build orientation. Thus, this study aims to understand the effect of the build orientation and specimen thickness on the obtained microstructure and mechanical properties of AISI 316L samples in terms of tensile behavior and microhardness. As a result of this study, it is observed that the variation in microhardness of samples built in different orientations or with different thicknesses is negligible. Moreover, the thickness of the tensile test specimen only affects the ductility mainly due to the statistically higher risk of a detrimental effect of the defects in the thinner specimens, whereas the build direction is more influential on the yield and ultimate tensile strength values leading to an approximate change of 15 % and anisotropic results. Vertically standing samples exhibit the lowest strength values among all build directions. The changes in the tensile properties are attributed to the microstructural effects, including grain size, morphology, and orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Usable specimen thickness of Si for lattice imaging on a TEM was evaluated. • The originally developed RM was used for this evaluation. • Lattice images are successfully observed for pattern with thickness of up to 508 nm. • However, the contrast of the lattice images at a thickness of 508 nm is not distinct. • The practical thickness for analysis is less than approximately 500 nm. We evaluated the usable specimen thickness of Si for lattice imaging on a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) instrument operating at 300 kV and equipped with a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor camera by using an original reference material (RM) and comparing the lattice images obtained from Si patterns of the RM with various thicknesses. Lattice images of the {111} planes of crystalline Si are successfully observed for patterns with thicknesses of up to 508 nm. However, the contrast of these lattice fringes at a thickness of 508 nm is not distinct, even when recorded using a longer exposure time (5.0 s) than that required to obtain lattice images of patterns with thicknesses of 316 nm or less (0.5 s). Based on these results, we conclude that the practical thickness of crystalline Si specimens for accurate structural analysis and TEM magnification calibration via lattice imaging is less than approximately 500 nm under the experimental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the characteristics of junction structure of closed-cell type aluminum foam, which is generally used as a shock absorber. TDCB specimens were designed for mode III type with thickness as a variable and performed a fatigue experiment on them by thickness. As the result, the load value of all specimens peaks under 0 to 25 cycles and decreases as the cycles increase. As the specimen thickens by 10 mm, the maximum load value is 1.2 times. When the thickness increases by 20 mm, the maximum value increases by 1.5 times. This study result can be utilized by investigating the mechanical characteristics of TDCB specimens for mode III type under fatigue loading conditions systematically and efficiently.

The present study attempts to investigate the effect of moisture conditioning on the indirect tensile strength (ITS) of cold recycled mixture with bitumen emulsion. Firstly, samples were prepared using a Superpave gyratory compactor. They were hence conditioned using moisture induced sensitivity tester (MIST) device. Factorial design was carried out considering four factors each at two different levels. These factors were specimen thickness, air voids content, pressure and number of cycles. In the MIST device, samples are cyclically subjected to water pressure through the sample pores. The MIST conditioned samples were tested for indirect tensile strength. The analysis of two-level full-factorial designed experiments revealed that all four factors have a negative effect on tensile strength of cold recycled mixture with bitumen emulsion. Specimen thickness was the most significant factor affecting the tensile strength followed by air voids content. In two-factor interaction, specimen thickness-number of cycles, air voids content-pressure, and pressure-number of cycles were significant. The most significant three-factor interaction was specimen thickness-pressure-number of cycles. The results from the study suggest that in measuring tensile strength, the appropriate specimen thickness and air voids content should be selected to quantify the representative tensile strength for in-situ conditions.

Failures of shear keys in precast concrete segmental bridges (PCSBs) have been attributed to fracture of concrete along the joints with shearing off the keys. The principal goal of this study is to investigate the effect of specimen thickness and coarse aggregate size on shear strength of single‐keyed dry joints in PCSBs, which are noticed by bridges designers in deciding box geometry and requiring the concrete constituents. In this paper, shear performance of match‐casting single‐keyed dry joints is assessed in terms of cracking shear strength, ultimate shear strength, residual shear strength, and failure modes. It was found that there tended to be slightly positive correlation between specimen thickness and ultimate shear strength, while the influence of coarse aggregate size was obscure. The measured shear capacity was compared with several provisions of design formulae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Long-term aging test of CFRP laminates subjected to different solutions are made. • Effects of specimen thickness on aging test of CFRP laminates are discussed. • New analytical models of accelerated factors are proposed. • The proposed models are applied to predict long-term properties of CFRP laminates. In this paper, an experimental research was undertaken to investigate the effect of specimen thicknesses on water absorptions and flexural strengths of wet lay-up CFRP laminates subjected to distilled water or alkaline solution immersion up to 180 days. Test results showed that the water uptake and flexural strength retention of CFRP laminates were significantly affected by the adopted specimen thickness. For the same aging time, the water uptake of CFRP laminates decreased in the early stage of immersion and increased in the later stage of immersion with the increase of specimen thickness. Meanwhile, the flexural strength retention generally increased as specimen thickness increased. In addition, a new thickness-based accelerated method for hygrothermal aging test of CFRP laminates was proposed. The accelerated factors of the water uptake and flexural strength retention of CFRP laminates were theoretically deduced. The proposed analytical model of accelerated factors was verified with current test data, and then applied to predict long-term properties of CFRP laminates. Compared with the traditional temperature-based accelerated method, the new thickness-based accelerated method is much easier to apply to predict long-term properties of CFRP laminates with good accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the testing method for fracture toughness KIC has been implemented for decades, the strict specimen size requirements make it difficult to get the accurate KIC for the high‐toughness materials. In this study, different specimen sizes of high‐strength steels were adopted in fracture toughness testing. Through the observations on the fracture surfaces of the KIC specimen, it is shown that the fracture energy can be divided into 2 distinct parts: (1) the energy for flat fracture and (2) the energy for shear fracture. According to the energy criterion, the KIC values can be acquired by small‐size specimens through derivation. The results reveal that the estimated toughness value is consistent with the experimental data. The new method would be widely applied to predict the fracture toughness of metallic materials with small‐size specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In engineering design, a difficulty has always existed in those standard laboratory tests that cannot accurately predict the behavior of large structures like pipelines due to the different constraint levels. At present, extensive work has been done to characterize the constraint effects on fracture toughness by introducing a second parameter, while the systematic research on constrained transformation is inadequate. To address this issue, the ductile fracture process of X65 SENB specimen is simulated through the finite-element method coupled with the Gurson-Tvergaard-Needelman model. The parameters crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) and crack tip opening angle (CTOA) are chosen to characterize the fracture behaviors. The effects of specimen thickness on fracture toughness based on CTOD/CTOA and constraints ahead of crack tips in SENB specimen are studied. The results indicate that the critical values of CTOD/CTOA decrease with the increase of specimen thickness, but the constraint parameters are opposite. Furthermore, it finds that there is a near linear relationship between critical values of CTOD/CTOA and the stress constraint ahead of the crack tip. Thus, a constraint-corrected fracture failure criterion based on CTOD/CTOA is proposed, which can be used for the prediction and simulation of stable tearing crack growth in specimens and structures, made of this steel with any thickness value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The numerical simulation and a new theoretical approach were conducted to investigate the creep crack initiation (CCI) time and the effect of constraints induced by the specimen thickness of P92 steel. The theoretical enhanced C∗-Q∗ approach, which considered the load-independent constraint parameter Q∗, was proposed to predict the CCI time around a sharp crack tip. Moreover, finite element analysis was used to verify the load independence of parameter Q∗ as the value of C∗ varied. The larger thickness of the compact tension (CT) specimen contributed to a larger constraint parameter Q∗, and the highly constrained CT specimens with larger thicknesses observably showed lower CCI times. The variation of hydrostatic stresses, triaxiality and multiaxial strain factor considering the constraint was discussed. The suitability of the analytical approach was verified to predict CCI, and the comparison between analytical and simulated results demonstrated that the C∗-Q∗ two-parameter prediction approach under stress intensity factor and Riedel-Rice (K-RR) control (initially by K, then by transient creep stress or Riedel-Rice conditions) and Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren and Riedel-Rice (HRR-RR) control (initially by plastic HRR control, then by RR conditions) could conservatively and effectively characterize the CCI times. The K-RR solutions were more accurate when initial stress intensity factor K<6MPam1/2, and the HRR-RR solutions were more appropriate when K>6MPam1/2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatigue crack growth experiments are performed using A7075-T6 compact tension (CT) specimens with various thicknesses t (1–21 mm). The stress intensity factor at the crack opening level Kop is measured, and the effects of t and the stress intensity factor range ΔK on Kop are investigated. In addition, the change in Kop value due to specimen surface removal is investigated. Furthermore, we clarify that the radius of curvature of the leading edge of the fatigue crack decreases as t becomes thinner. Using the three-dimensional elastoplastic finite element method, the amount of plastic lateral contraction (depression depth d) at the crack tip after fatigue loading is calculated quantitatively. The following main experimental results are obtained: In the region where ΔK is 5 MPam1/2 or higher, the rate of fatigue crack growth da/dN at a constant ΔK value increases as t increases from 1 to 11 mm. The da/dN between t = 11 and 21 mm is the same. Meanwhile, in the region where ΔK is less than 5 MPam1/2, the effect of t on da/dN is not observed. The effects of t and ΔK on the da/dN–ΔK relationship are considered physically and quantitatively based on d.

In this study, the effect of the thickness of a silica-based ceramic core on its creep deformation, either in air or under vacuum, was studied. Specimens with different thicknesses after sintering were heated to 1550 °C and by maintaining the same temperature for 40, 70 or 100 min. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) was employed to observe the surface microstructures and fracture morphologies of the samples. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to characterize the phases that formed after creep deformation. The 3D distribution of micropores and the porosities of the specimens at different states were tested by X-ray computerized tomography (XCT). The experimental results show that the effect of the thickness of the specimen on the creep deformation was notably different under different atmospheres. The creep deformation of samples with the same thicknesses under vacuum atmosphere was clearly higher than the deformation in air. In air, the creep resistance was slightly affected by the thickness of the specimen. However, the creep deformation was significantly affected by the thickness of the specimen under vacuum. The creep resistance of the 4-mm-thick specimen is noticeably higher than that of the 0.5-mm-thick specimens. The creep rate of the 0.5-mm-thick specimen is linear with the porosity of the surface layer and higher compared to the 4-mm-thick specimen, which exhibited non-linear behaviour. Reactive micropores were formed on the surface layer of these specimens under vacuum. The volume fraction of the micropores increased with increasing creep time, which resulted in the different characterization of creep for specimens with different thicknesses under vacuum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, CFRP specimens were processed with the configuration of opening mode to which various fiber laminate angles have been applied. It is possible to observe that the displacements of detachment at the adhesive interface differ from each other in both the experiment and analysis results. In case of the lamination at the angle of 30°, the detachment of adhesive interface occurred at the reaction force of 224 N with the progression of 5.24 m. In case of laminations at the angles of 45° and 60°, the detachment of bonded interface occurred with the reaction forces of 1134 N and 1100 N with the progressions of 4 mm and 4.7 mm, respectively. On the basis of these results, it was possible to discern that the differences in the detachment displacement of adhesive interface and reaction force occur according to the laminate angle in the CFRP with same material properties. Through this study result, it is thought that, unlike the existing woven type CFRP to which the laminate angle was not applied, securing of the basic fiber design data for manufacturing CFRP customized to the user's environment will be able to make contributions towards the improvement of the strength and stability of the bonded CFRP structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effect of compact tension specimen thickness on the mechanical characteristics at the tip of stress corrosion cracking in Ni-based alloys, the stress, strain and stress triaxiality that can characterize the crack driving force at the crack tips were analyzed. The results show that the specimen middle layer is more prone to crack initiation than the surface layer, and its crack propagation rate is higher. Due to the influence of crack tip constraint, the thicker specimen has greater crack driving force and is more easily for crack initiation or propagation. The crack tip constraint is hardly in effect when the thickness and width ratio B/W is no less than 0.3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The phase and amplitude of the electron wavefunction that has passed through ultra-thin flakes of WSe 2 is measured from high-resolution off-axis electron holograms. Both the experimental measurements and corresponding computer simulations are used to show that, as a result of dynamical diffraction, the spatially averaged phase does not increase linearly with specimen thickness close to an [001] zone axis orientation even when the specimen has a thickness of only a few layers. It is then not possible to infer the local specimen thickness of the WSe 2 from either the phase or the amplitude alone. Instead, we show that the combined analysis of phase and amplitude from experimental measurements and simulations allows an accurate determination of the local specimen thickness. The relationship between phase and projected potential is shown to be approximately linear for extremely thin specimens that are tilted by several degrees in certain directions from the [001] zone axis. A knowledge of the specimen thickness then allows the electrostatic potential to be determined from the measured phase. By using this combined approach, we determine a value for the mean inner potential of WSe 2 of 18.9±0.8 V, which is 12% lower than the value calculated from neutral atom scattering factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the fracture property is investigated with the configuration of tapered double cantilever beam different from that of the existing double cantilever beam. Aluminum TDCB (Tapered Double Cantilever Beam) specimens of mode III-type are bonded by an adhesive. The specimens had thicknesses as a variable which were 35 mm, 45 mm, and 55 mm, respectively. In the case of the specimen with a thickness of 35 mm, the maximum reaction force was shown to be about 0.4 kN when the forced displacement had progressed by about 8 mm, while the maximum reaction force of about 0.45 kN occurred in case of the specimen with a thickness of 45 mm when the forced displacement proceeded by about 7 mm, and the maximum reaction force of about 0.54kN occurred in case of the specimen with a thickness of 55mm when the forced displacement proceeded by about 7 mm. In addition, the static fracture analysis was performed for its verification by using the finite element analysis of ANSYS program, where it was affirmed that the experimental results and the simulation analysis results were shown to be similar. Based on this observation, it is considered that the simulation analysis data could be applied to the bonded interfaces of actual porous materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the use of composite materials can cause breakage at the fastening part when bolts and nuts, rivets or welding are used with the existing metals, a surface adhesion method using chemical adhesives is being used as the measure against such risk. In this study, the analysis results of the stresses applied to the joining interface and deformation, deformation energy produced at this time when displacements occurred at the shear face in the structures using the joining method were calculated through the analytical method based on CAE. In the analysis model, mode 1 condition for DCB test specimen specification with incorporation of British industrial standard was applied. Thicknesses of specimens were divided into 4 cases of 25, 30, 35, 40 mm, and the stresses at the adhesive interface for each specimen were calculated to be 14.5, 7.8, 9.1, 6.8 MPa, respectively, at the point where the displacements caused the adhesive interface to drop out. As the time for such occurrence of the maximum change in stresses due to thickness can be seen to be similar to the time dropping out of the adhesive interface, it is considered that base data for safety design and breakage prediction of jointed structures can be provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• High-temperature small punch test has been carried out to obtain the strength properties of the material. • Data generated by small punch testing at room temperature can be used to high temperatures by some modification. • Finite element simulation shows the limitations of the traditional expressions in correlating the material properties. • The improved traditional expressions can accurately obtain the strength properties under different specimen thicknesses. The small punch test and uniaxial tensile test of P91 steel were conducted at 600 °C, and the reliability of finite element method with the Gurson-Tvergaard- Needleman (GTN) damage model was verified by comparing the simulation results with test findings. The effect of small-scale specimen thickness on material properties was investigated through seven different specimens of varying thickness from 0.1 mm to 0.7 mm, using the GTN damage model. Finally, the traditional empirical expression was improved to correlate the small punch test characteristic loads (F y and F m) and the material mechanical properties parameters (σ YS and σ UTS) at high temperatures. The results showed that the maximum loads of different specimens with varying thickness significantly differ from the 0.5-mm specimen thickness specified in the standard small punch test, and the results of different specimens with varying thickness can be correlated to a 0.5-mm specimen thickness with little modification. The material properties predicted by the improved equations are consistent with experimental results except for σ UTS with a 0.1-mm thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum foam with its excellent physical and mechanical characteristics is a lightweight metallic material used with good quality in vehicle bumpers, internal shock absorbers on planes, as materials for vessel joints etc. On the contrary, when aluminum foam is used without sufficient investigation, there is the likelihood of damage or destruction of the machine or mechanical structure, and in extreme case it may cause to human casualties. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of adhesive structures with aluminum foam for the closed-type aluminum foam used primarily as shock absorbers. The fatigue analyses of the DCB test specimens at mode III with aluminum foam are verified through a fatigue experiment. As the analysis results, test specimen models with the thicknesses (t) of 35 mm, 45 mm and 55 mm showed the peak load occurrence approximately after the progress from 0 to 50 cycles. And afterwards the load gradually decreased as the cycles increased. The peak loads for each DCB test specimens were ±0.80 kN for the specimen thickness(t) of 35 mm, ±0.98 kN for the specimen thickness(t) of 45 mm and ±1.18 kN for the specimen thickness(t) of 55 mm. It is also shown that the peak load occurring on the specimen increased as specimen thickness increased. These study results are compared with the specimen thickness of 35 mm model as the basis. When the specimen thickness is increased as much as 10 mm, the peak load is increased approximately 1.25 times. When the specimen thickness is also increased as much as 20 mm, the peak load is increased 1.5 times. The analysis data and the real experiment data showed similar results each other. Therefore, it can be thought that the analysis data is applicable in real field. And it is estimated that the mechanical characteristics of the DCB test specimen at mode III during the fatigue load conditions can be systematically and efficiently analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the mechanical behaviors under compression on the specimens of aluminum foam jointed with various thicknesses by using adhesive after being clipped to the height of 100 mm, the width of 100 mm, and the thickness of 25 mm. For the study, a simulation analysis was conducted by using the commercial finite element analysis program of ANSYS, and the process to verifying the result of simulation analyses in comparison with actual experiments was implemented. According to the results of experiments, reaction forces were risen rapidly to the yield point and this force maintained with a constant value was generally observed up to the rupture although there was the minute vibration due to the irregular arrangement of internal bubble structure as the characteristics of porous material. The simulation results could be seen to be reliable while all specimen models were different in view of the time to reach the yield point. This study identifies the mechanical characteristics of aluminum foams jointed by adhesive per thickness under compression and the result is thought to make a great contribution to the follow-up studies about the real structure jointed with aluminum foam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]