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Standards serve a valuable function that enable efficiencies, technological advancement, and commerce. To date, there is little examination of the problems with standards, their implementations, and methodologies that could be introduced to improve utility and utilization. This is contrasted against the large inventory of standards that exist, and proliferation of standards. More available literature exists on standards wars that focus on attempts at market dominance, persistence of 'legacy' standards in light of newer and 'better' solutions, cases for and against multiple standards, and even legal cases regarding anti-competitive behavior leveraging dominance in particular standards. This, however, focuses more on the politics as opposed to presenting a more fundamental examination of the cause for the existing friction. Through applied linguistics, it becomes more apparent that differences in language, using Communities of Practice as a guide, can provide a dimension to standards development and implementation. Friction in standards arises when standards are viewed as broad and universally applicable versus being the expression of a specific Community of Practice, and therefore should be specifically and formally scoped using linguistic methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on how balance requirements went from a feature of standards development organizations (SDOs) to an element of rule of reason analysis under U.S. antitrust law. It mentions SDO features to components of EU standardization policy and eventually factors in EU competition law analysis. It also explores the different notions of balance that have evolved and their application to antitrust analysis.

Recent cases such as Continental v. Avanci and FTC v. Qualcomm drew attention to the limits ofprotecting intellectual property rights (IPR) in the standardization ecosystem. While conflicting interests in standard setting abound, considerations regarding the inclusion and subsequent treatment ofproprietary elements in a technical standard hold the lion's share of concerns that Standards Development Organizations (SDOs) have to deal with. To balance the interests at stake, SDOs adopt patent policies that members must observe in order to participate in SDOs' activities. Like other rules governing the work of SDOs, patent policies may be modified following the prescribed procedures. However, any subsequent changes to an organization's operational framework, including its intellectual property (IP) rules, may distort prior expectations and "lock in" members to rules that they never intended to abide by. Against this backdrop, this Article seeks to explore how SDO members respond to IP-rule amendments by offering a taxonomy of strategies that are adopted by members opposing modifications. Drawing upon the example ofthe Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) revised Patent Policy of 2015, this Article studies how IEEE members responded to instances of organizational distress such as an update of IP policies within an SDO, by using stakeholders' willingness to commit to the new licensing rules and previous examples of strategies in other SDOs when misunderstandings around IP arose as proxies. At a normative level, this Article further discusses the effect that such changes may have on the nature and structure of a given industry and offers a novel classification ofreactions to tipping points in the standards development realm. In doing so, this Article contributes to the currently underdeveloped body of research on strategic behavior, institutional dynamics, and crisis management in technological standardization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In February 2015, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers-Standards Association (IEEE-SA)—one of the largest standards development organizations (SDOs)—adopted highly controversial changes to its intellectual property rights (IPR) policy. It introduced a specific definition of fair, reasonable and nondiscriminatory (FRAND) licensing terms. The aim of this article is to explore how the new patent policy has impacted different aspects of standards development within IEEE. Our analysis focuses on the IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee (IEEE 802 LMSC), whose Working Groups have been responsible for the design and development of widely used technologies such as Wi-Fi and Ethernet. The empirical findings suggest a decline in Letters of Assurance, with several patent holders reluctant to license under the new FRAND terms. We also find that the number of new projects initiated (or Project Authorization Requests; PARs) in the intellectual property(IP)-intensive IEEE standards (namely the 802 WGs) has recently decreased, suggesting a potential slowdown of the growth rate of innovation after the policy change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The application of the original ISO procedure can cause overestimation of the Rpq parameter. • Two methods of an error reduction are proposed and were found to be very useful. • Errors can be diminished by the modification of the lower plateau limit by dividing the γ angle twofold or threefold. • The other procedure consists of connecting plateau portions and calculation of the Rq parameter from obtained profile. Abstract The standard deviation of the plateau height Rpq is a very important tribological parameter. However, the serious errors of its determination are possible when original procedure included in the ISO 13565-3 standard is used, because details from the valley region can be included in the plateau profile portion. Due to this error, the standard deviation of the plateau height can be overestimated. Two ways to improve the Rpq parameter calculations are proposed. The first of them depends on a modification of the procedure from the standard, while the second one recognises the starting and the finishing point of each plateau portion in a two-process profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The initial version of the Arden Syntax for Medical Logic Systems was created to facilitate explicit representation of medical logic in a form that could be easily composed and interpreted by clinical experts in order to facilitate clinical decision support (CDS). Because of demand from knowledge engineers and programmers to improve functionality related to complex use cases, the Arden Syntax evolved to include features typical of general programming languages but that were specialized to meet the needs of the clinical decision support environment, including integration into a clinical information system architecture.Method: Review of the design history and evolution of the Arden Syntax by workers who participated in this evolution from the perspective of the standards development organization (SDO).Results: In order to meet user needs, a variety of features were successively incorporated in Arden Syntax. These can be grouped in several classes of change, including control flow, data structures, operators and external links. These changes included expansion of operators to manipulate lists and strings; a formalism for structured output; iteration constructs; user-defined objects and operators to manipulate them; features to support international use and output in different natural languages; additional control features; fuzzy logic formalisms; and mapping of the entire syntax to XML. The history and rationale of this evolution are summarized.Conclusion: In response to user demand and to reflect its growing role in clinical decision support, the Arden Syntax has evolved to include a number of powerful features. These depart somewhat from the original vision of the syntax as simple and easily understandable but from the SDO perspective increase the utility of this standard for implementation of CDS. Backwards compatibility has been maintained, allowing continued support of the earlier, simpler decision support models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standards establish specifications and procedures designed to ensure products, services and systems are safe, reliable and consistently perform as intended. Standards can be used in the accreditation of forensic laboratories or facilities and in the certification of products and services. In recent years there have been various international activities aiming at developing forensic science standards and guidelines. The most significant initiative currently underway within the global forensic community is the development of International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards. This paper reviews the main bodies working on standards for forensic science, the processes used and the implications for accreditation. This paper specifically discusses the work of ISO Technical Committee TC272, the future TC272 work program for the development of forensic science standards and associated timelines. Also discussed, are the lessons learnt to date in navigating the complex environment of multi-country stakeholder deliberations in standards development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the ISO 9001:2015 certification that could affect competitiveness and ability to bid for business opportunities. It mentions International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has created Annex SL to provide a uniform, and common terms and definitions for all management system standards. It mentions current standardization reduces documentation requirements.

Copyright of Signos is the property of Universidad Santo Tomas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on the issues surrounding the calculations of fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory royalties in disputes involving patents subject. Topics dicussed include role of standards-development organizations in offering the same; court cases Microsoft Corp. v. Motorola, Inc. and InterDigital v. Nokia on the same; and the history of statutory interpleaders.

Copyright of SDU Journal of Engineering Sciences & Design / Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi is the property of Journal of Engineering Sciences & Design and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Practitioners of ground investigation all aspire to obtain, carry out and deliver good quality investigations and also all understand the basic requirement that these investigations are to be carried out in accordance with current standards of best practice, which are laid down within the national and international Standards. There are, however, variable degrees of adherence to and knowledge of what these standards and Standards are and what these quality aspirations actually are in practice. This perhaps arises because there are many definitions of the terms 'standards' and 'quality' and this feeds directly into actual day-to-day practice. It is the intention of this paper to try and demonstrate that practitioners need to embrace the whole ethos of Standards and standards to achieve what should be their aspiration for quality. Investigators are required to work to published Standards, various forms of specification and professional practice requirements. There is continuing argument as to whether the achievement of quality is constrained or enhanced by following the Standards, and whether Standards are necessary to achieve the required quality level. The author will try to draw all these strands together and navigate a route to achieving a best practice outcome, drawing on some historical case histories from the author's experience. The question of what effect following the Standards has on innovation in design will also be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over time, a number of open standards have been developed and implemented in software for addressing a number of challenges, such as lock-in, interoperability and longevity of software systems and associated digital artefacts. An understanding of organisational involvement and collaboration in standardisation is important for informing any future policy and organisational decisions concerning involvement in standardisation. The overarching goal of the study is to establish how organisations contribute to open standards development through editorship. Specifically, the focus is on open standards development in the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Through an analysis of editorship for all W3C recommendations we contribute novel findings concerning organisational involvement and collaboration, and highlight contributions from different types of organisations and countries. We make five principal contributions. First, we establish an overall characterisation of organisational involvement in W3C standardisation. Second, we report on organisational involvement in W3C standardisation over time. Third, we establish how different organisations, organisation types, and countries are involved in W3C technologies. Fourth, we report on organisational involvement in relation to standard development time. Fifth, we establish how organisations collaborate in W3C standardisation through social network analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of software defined networking (SDN) has played a significant role in the development of next-generation networks (NGN). SDN as a programmable network having 'service provisioning on the fly' has induced a keen interest both in academic world and industry. In this article, a comprehensive survey is presented on SDN advancement over conventional network. The paper covers historical evolution in relation to SDN, functional architecture of the SDN and its related technologies, and OpenFlow standards/protocols, including the basic concept of interfacing of OpenFlow with network elements (NEs) such as optical switches. In addition a selective architecture survey has been conducted. Our proposed architecture on software defined heterogeneous network, points towards new technology enabling the opening of new vistas in the domain of network technology, which will facilitate in handling of huge internet traffic and helps infrastructure and service providers to customize their resources dynamically. Besides, current research projects and various activities as being carried out to standardize SDN as NGN by different standard development organizations (SODs) have been duly elaborated to judge how this technology moves towards standardization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the need for innovation in the development of standards and standardisation instruments. While standardisation activity overall is growing in terms of the number of standards being developed, exploration of new domains, organisations promoting standards development, etc.; the models and techniques to put forward new standards remain unchanged. This paper presents the third implementation of the Intelligenter Method, this time applied to the reinvention of the standards development model and standardisation practices in general. This new model is exemplified in this paper with a use case in the urban domain, the Cites Standards Institute (CSI 2.0). The CSI 2.0 is a pioneering format of standardisation group consisting of the partnership between a formal standards body, the British Standards Institution (BSI) and an urban innovation centre, Future Cities Catapult (FCC), both UK-based organisations. The CSI 2.0 uses the intelligenter principles to develop more user-driven and participatory-led standards development process. The Intelligenter Method principles consist of the creation of a collaboratory based on multi-stakeholder collaborations in an integrated multi-subsystems physical environment and have been successfully implemented so far in the intelligenter making of plans and projects (I) and in the drafting of policies and regulations (II). This paper presents how these collaboratories can help in the development of intelligenter standards and standardisation instruments (III). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social and environmental standards-development organizations (SDOs) have been collaborating together to construct "meta-standards." These exercises in standards-setting are part of a longer term process of transitioning innovative approaches to sustainable agriculture from diverse niches such as organic, fair trade, and environmental conservation into a regime of certified sustainability. Using participant observation during the development of an Assurance Code, we examine how actors construct the tools that enable them to influence the broader transition to sustainability. We do this by focusing on intermediation activities by "experts" during the development of a "metastandard" for assurance. The purpose of this chapter is twofold. First, we propose that in order to understand transitions in progress, we should be attentive to how these processes are accompanied by intermediation activities. Second, we argue that intermediate objects (or boundary objects) are important in these processes as they help actors to create actionable knowledge. These intermediation activities and the production of actionable knowledge contribute to the ability of actors to govern markets in the transition toward sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decision-making in many standardization committees is consensus-based, but this can be difficult to achieve if stakeholders have conflicting interests. This article develops an approach to consensusbuilding in standardization by applying the Harvard method of negotiation to standardization. The authors apply this method in a single case study using action research. The case concerns the first meeting of a national standardization committee aimed at preparing national input for a new ISO standard on sustainable wood. Some stakeholders were in favor of a new standard, others opposed it strongly. Consensus was achieved during the first meeting by adopting the Harvard method and by adding a role play exercise. This outcome is promising for similar standardization cases. Both topic and research method are new in standardization research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an overview of the patent disclosure provisions of two standards development organization patent policies and identifies issues those disclosure provisions raise for standards development organization participants and parties who own patent applications and issued patents that are subject to the patent policies. The article also presents an example to illustrate the possible consequences of failing to disclose the existence of relevant patent assets during the development of a standard. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this study, we investigate the interplay between motives for certification, audit orientations and firms' benefits and satisfaction with ISO 14001 certification. We demonstrate that firms' motive for certification is an important determinant in firms' satisfaction. Firms with internal motivations (such as improvements in their environmental performance) require audits that foster continuous improvement and tend to report greater benefits and satisfaction with the third party certification compared to those that are driven by external motives (such as to match competitors' actions). Our findings show that only an improvement orientation towards auditing would lead to clients' satisfaction with ISO 14001. In contrast, external motives for pursuing ISO 14001 certification make firms less focused on environmental improvement through the standard, and, thus, less satisfied with the certification. Our research demonstrates how different motives for seeking certification lead to different satisfaction levels with voluntary standards in an environmental management context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Biomedical Research Integrated Domain Group (BRIDG) model is a formal domain analysis model for protocol-driven biomedical research, and serves as a semantic foundation for application and message development in the standards developing organizations (SDOs). The increasing sophistication and complexity of the BRIDG model requires new approaches to the management and utilization of the underlying semantics to harmonize domain-specific standards. The objective of this study is to develop and evaluate a Semantic Web-based approach that integrates the BRIDG model with ISO 21090 data types to generate domain-specific templates to support clinical study metadata standards development. Methods: We developed a template generation and visualization system based on an open source Resource Description Framework (RDF) store backend, a SmartGWT-based web user interface, and a "mind map" based tool for the visualization of generated domain-specific templates. We also developed a RESTful Web Service informed by the Clinical Information Modeling Initiative (CIMI) reference model for access to the generated domain-specific templates. Results: A preliminary usability study is performed and all reviewers (n = 3) had very positive responses for the evaluation questions in terms of the usability and the capability of meeting the system requirements (with the average score of 4.6). Conclusions: Semantic Web technologies provide a scalable infrastructure and have great potential to enable computable semantic interoperability of models in the intersection of health care and clinical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standards development organizations (SDOs) exist to assure the development of consensus- based, quality standards. These formal standards are needed in the telecommunications market to achieve functional interoperability. The standardization process takes years, and then a vendor still needs to implement the resulting standard in a product. This prevents service providers (SPs) who are willing to venture into new domains from doing so at a fast pace. With the development of software-defined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV), opensource technology is emerging as a new option in the telecommunications market. In contrast to SDOs, open-source software (OSS) communities create a product that may implicitly define a de-facto standard based on market consensus. Therefore, SPs are drawn to OSS, but they face technical, procedural, legal, and cultural challenges due to their lack of experience with open software development. The question therefore arises, how the interaction between OSS communities, SDOs, and industry fora (IF) can be organized to tackle these challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem: Standards provide a substantive, internationally supported framework through which information can be managed, developed, reviewed, tested, maintained in a content-management system, and published in a variety of forms. Research question: Why are standards and standards development important for information development and management? Key concepts: (1) The International Organization for Standardization defines a standard as “a document that provides requirements, specifications, guidelines or characteristics that can be used consistently to ensure that materials, products, processes and services are fit for their purpose.” (2) Several types of standards exist, such as unit standards (which describe measures), private standards reached by consensus and that most participants in an industry agree to, and public, de jure, or legally mandated standards. Standards exist for authoring and publishing tools. (3) Using a standard managed and controlled by a standards organization means gaining the insights of experienced individuals working through an internationally recognized body. 4) Standards are developed by consensus under the auspices of a major organization, such as IEEE, ISO, or OASIS. (5) Major standards affecting information development include technical standards for authoring and publishing, including portable document format, eXtensible markup language, Hypertext Markup Language, and content standards, such as Darwin information typing architecture (DITA), DocBook, and S1000D. Key lessons: (1) Use standards to manage content development. (2) Use standards to acquire services to support the development of content. (3) Use standards to review and test information. (4) Use standards to manage agile information development. (5) Use standards to manage the development of documentation through the software-development life cycle. (6) Use standards to select and implement a content-management system. (7) Hire information developers who understand the importance of using standards. Implications to practice: Standards provide a means for information developers to ensure that they are managing and developing content effectively. Implementing standards in an organization helps to ensure that technology choices made today will not restrict future technology developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the ISO 9001:2015 international standard intended to be generic and applicable to all organizations, regardless of type or size, or product or service provided. The standard has additional quality management activities called "Big Q" other than what they called "little q," the activities related to ensuring the quality of products and services provided to customers. The engagement of top managers is the focus of the ISO 9001:2015 Big Q mentality.

The article offers information on Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB) and mentions its work in the field of broadcasting. Topics include establishing research and development (R&D) of radio systems, serving standards development organization (SDO), role of international unification of standards (STDs) in ARIB such as providing receivers for televisions, and its ultrahigh definition television (UHDTV) related standards such as STD-B56.

A semi-empirical model for prediction of oil retention and pressure drop in vertical suction lines of an air-conditioning system is presented. The model was developed using experimental data for R134a with polyol ester oil International Organization for Standardization 32 oil in a 10.2-mm-inside-diameter pipe and was supported by data for R410A with polyol ester oil 32 flows in 7.1- and 18.5-mm-inside-diameter pipes. The model predicts 90% of oil retention data within ±20% relative error and pressure drop data within ±30% relative error. A model was also developed for prediction of minimum refrigerant mass flux, which ensures oil returns as annular film in vertical suction lines. The oil return model was used to develop minimum cooling capacity tables versus vertical suction line diameter for R134a. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Virtual Observatory Registry is a distributed directory of information systems and other resources relevant to astronomy. To make it useful, facilities to query that directory must be provided to humans and machines alike. This article reviews the development and status of such facilities, also considering the lessons learnt from about a decade of experience with Registry interfaces. After a brief outline of the history of the standards development, it describes the use of Registry interfaces in some popular clients as well as dedicated UIs for interrogating the Registry. It continues with a thorough discussion of the design of the two most recent Registry interface standards, RegTAP on the one hand and a full-text-based interface on the other hand. The article finally lays out some of the less obvious conventions that emerged in the interaction between providers of registry records and Registry users as well as remaining challenges and current developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the historical aspects of the commitments that companies make to standards-development organizations (SDos) in terms of licensing patents that are fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory (FRAND) as of 2015, and it mentions the history of American antitrust laws, as well as several U.S. FRAND-related legal cases such as United States v. American Bosch Corp. and Shell Oil Co. v. United States. Antitrust enforcement and injunctive decrees in the U.S. are examined.

The standard setting organizations' decisions on licensing policy and standard's technological specification, and the ensuing implications for social welfare are analyzed. The author finds the conditions under which a licensing rule that grants monopoly power to the licensors whose technology is adopted in the standard can be employed by the members of the consortium (ex-post licensing). Moreover, it is shown that the adoption of ex-post licensing might lead to the inefficient exclusion of an efficient stand-alone licensor. Finally, the author discusses the conditions under which a policy of ex-ante licensing can be less efficient than ex-post licensing. ( JEL K21, L15, L24, L42) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adoption of the ISO 50001 energy management system standard by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) served to unite the previously separate national standards and provide a structured, globally accepted approach to the management of energy. While the standard has been implemented at over 1000 sites worldwide, recently ISO decided that all their management system standards should be revised by converting them to a uniform high-level structure. The new structure will yield improved results and harmonize different management system standards implemented by an organization. This article will examine the prominent features of an ISO management system, discuss the anticipated changes and present the expected effects of the revisions on implementing organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Sandia National Laboratories is working with stakeholders to develop scientific data for use by standards development organizations to create hydrogen codes and standards for the safe use of liquid hydrogen. Knowledge of the concentration field and flammability envelope for high-pressure hydrogen leaks is an issue of importance for the safe use of liquid hydrogen. Sandia National Laboratories is engaged in an experimental and analytical program to characterize and predict the behavior of liquid hydrogen releases. This paper presents a model for computing hydrogen dilution distances for cold hydrogen releases. Model validation is presented for leaks of room temperature and 80 K high-pressure hydrogen gas. The model accounts for a series of transitions that occurs from a stagnate location in the tank to a point in the leak jet where the concentration of hydrogen in air at the jet centerline has dropped to 4% by volume. The leaking hydrogen is assumed to be a simple compressible substance with thermodynamic equilibrium between hydrogen vapor, hydrogen liquid and air. For the multi-phase portions of the jet near the leak location the REFPROP equation of state models developed by NIST are used to account for the thermodynamics. Further downstream, the jet develops into an atmospheric gas jet where the thermodynamics are described as a mixture of ideal gases (hydrogen–air mixture). Simulations are presented for dilution distances in under-expanded high-pressure leaks from the saturated vapor and saturated liquid portions of a liquid hydrogen storage tank at 10.34 barg (150 PSIG). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Empirical studies concerning the impact of quality objectives on the performance of ISO 9001certified organizations have not yet emerged. Regression analyses were utilized to analyze data received from 143 surveys. The research question and its hypotheses were examined. The effect of implementing quality objectives on organizations certified to ISO 9001/AS9100 was determined, mainly, the impact on customer satisfaction. Empirical results indicate that implementing quality objectives indeed has an impact. Strategic objectives, quality objectives, time, communication and review of quality objectives, training, and organization size tended to affect organizational outcome in terms of customer satisfaction. Further research needs to address concerns such as generalizability, collection of objective data, longitudinal data, targeted studies, and financial performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ex ante disclosure of patent licensing terms has been proposed as one solution to the problem of holdup in standard setting. Critics of ex ante disclosure argue that requiring early disclosure of licensing terms will impede standards-development processes and create additional legal risks for participants. Yet, in a NIST-funded study that we conducted of three standards development organizations (SDOs), we found no evidence that ex ante disclosure policies resulted in measurable negative effects on the number of standards produced, staff time commitments or quality of standards, nor was there compelling evidence that ex ante policies caused the lengthening of time required for standardization or the depression of royalty rates. There was also evidence to suggest that the adoption of ex ante policies may have contributed to positive effects observed on some of these variables. In addition, a significant majority of participants at one SDO felt that the information elicited by the organization's ex ante policy was important and improved the overall openness and transparency of the standards-development process. We concluded, on the basis of the data reviewed, that the process-based criticisms of ex ante policies and the predicted negative effects flowing from the adoption of such polices, were not supported by the evidence reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

he paper examines the trajectory of the notion of "quality", adopted in public administration from the new public management model in order to contribute to enhancing knowledge about the scope and implications of quality initiatives, and in this regard its use of accumulated knowledge on the subject, the experiences of its implementation and the study of organizations that have promoted and implemented both quality certifications. It explores the role played by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in their promoting; said organization presented them as an axis of transformation to improve service delivery through changes in internal processes and adopting letters of service quality. It also reflects on the nature of other supranational organizations that have promoted private models and quality standards, most notably the International Organization for Standardization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet standards development requires consideration of security issues in the protocols. But what does “security” mean in this context? We often conflate several different aspects into the blanket term “security.” Here, the author looks at some of these aspects separately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses antitrust law and unilateral misconduct in standard-setting organizations (SSO) as of March 2012, focusing on patent hold-up issues and he uncertainty associated with reviews of SSO conduct by courts and agencies. Several antitrust law cases are examined, including In re NCAA I-A Walk-On Football Players Litigation which deals with allegations of collusion. The U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Act is also mentioned.

The article discusses standards development organizations (SDOs) in relation to patent and antitrust laws in the U.S. as of March 2012, focusing on the exclusionary capture of a standards development process as outlined in the 1988 U.S. Supreme Court case Allied Tube v. Indian Head Inc. Compliance certification and the impact of capture on patents are also addressed.

The article discusses the role of standard setting organizations (SSOs) in promoting industry-wide investments in technologies which may be patentable as of March 2012, focusing on the steps that SSOs can take to mitigate potential patent hold-up issues. The disclosure of patents and the negotiation of royalty rates prior to the selection of a standard are two of the reported solutions for patent hold-up problems.

Currently there are voluntary standards in place that outline the impact resistance of safety glasses. Although the standards set forth by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) outline testing that can be used to calculate a minimum level of energy which the lens should absorb, independent testing has shown that the performance of modern safety glasses exceed the minimum requirements of the absorbed energy. This paper will show the level of energy which a random sample of safety glasses can withstand and compare the results to the current standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In 2003, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) initiated a project to coordinate the development of a national template of hydrogen codes and standards for both vehicular and stationary applications. The process consisted of an initial evaluation to find any gaps in the existing hydrogen codes and standards, and to define the codes and standards required to fill these gaps. These codes and standards were to be developed by several standards development organizations (SDOs). This article describes the three levels of codes and standards that address hydrogen technologies for the built environment. [•] Level 1—Primary adopted building and fire codes. [•] Level 2—Hydrogen-specific codes and standards references in primary adopted code. [•] Level 3—Hydrogen-specific component standards referenced in hydrogen-specific codes. Also described is the progress to date in populating these three levels with the required hydrogen codes and standards. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents a study which analyzes the relationship of institutional and organizational factors which shape the vertical standards assimilation. The study made uses of data cluster analysis for the investigation of the relationship patterns between the 11 constructs based on concepts culled from innovations theory diffusion. The result of the study shows that slower vertical standards assimilation was contributed by low levels of anticipated benefits.

Increasingly, authors are submitting additional content along with their papers for publication. These supplemental materials can range in type from supporting narratives to datasets, to visualizations and executable programs. There is no consensus about how best to handle these materials: whether they should be reviewed, edited and marked-up by publishers; how to cite them; or how to preserve them. In partnership with the National Federation of Advanced Information Services (NFAIS), the National Information Standards Organization (NISO) has launched a project to develop a consensus-based recommended practice on how best to incorporate supplemental journal materials into the publication stream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The movement of personnel between firms has been shown to have important implications for firms, yet there has been little direct investigation of the underlying mechanisms. We propose that in addition to their human capital, mobile individuals carry social capital, affecting the outcomes of the firms they join and leave by altering the patterns of interaction between firms. In this study, we examine how job mobility affects firm influence in a technical standards setting committee for U.S. wireless telecommunications. We hypothesize and find that hiring individuals who are richer in social capital increases firm influence in technical standards setting committees by increasing the hiring firm's social capital. We also find the benefits of hiring social capital are attenuated when an interfirm relationship is maintained by multiple individuals. In contrast, we find that the loss of personnel does not affect a firm's social capital or influence over standards directly but that it does have an effect on firm social capital and influence contingent on changes in the firm's business strategy. In advancing these arguments, we address the broader question of individuals as carriers of social capital and the conditions under which interpersonal connections are appropriable by firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid growth of mobile communications, deployment and maintenance of cellular mobile networks are becoming more and more complex, time consuming, and expensive. In order to meet the requirements of network operators and service providers, the telecommunication industry and international standardization bodies have recently paid intensive attention to the research and development of self-organizing networks. In this article we first introduce both the market and technological perspectives for SONs. Then we focus on the self-configuration procedure and illustrate a self-booting mechanism for a newly added evolved NodeB without a dedicated backhaul interface. Finally, mobility load balancing as one of the most important selfoptimization issues for Long Term Evolution networks is discussed, and a distributed MLB algorithm with low handover cost is proposed and evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]