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3 results on '"STCO"'

1. Monolithic 3D Semiconductor Footprint Scaling Exploration Based on VFET Standard Cell Layout Methodology, Design Flow, and EDA Platform

Author

Chung-Kuan Cheng, Chia-Tung Ho, Daeyeal Lee, and Bill Lin

Subjects
3D integration, DTCO, pin-density wall, routing congestion, STCO, VFET, Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, TK1-9971
Abstract

Continued scaling in accordance with Moore’s law is becoming increasingly difficult. Pitch shrinkage and standard cell height reduction via design technology co-optimization with design rules have sustained this scaling until recently. However, we observe that standard cell device scaling is becoming saturated due to yield and cost. One way to continue device footprint reduction is by expanding in the third dimension via monolithic 3D integration, using for example stacked gate-all-around (GAA) devices, complementary FETs, vertical FETs, and 3D logic. However, using these footprint scaling approaches to increase device density creates new problems. Using vertical gate-all-around FET (VFET) technologies as a specific instance of 3D device scaling, we demonstrate that the key bottleneck to footprint scaling is the pin density wall. The footprint of a block is predominantly limited by the pin density as we increase the number of active device layers. While a full-blown paradigm shift on layout methodology, design flow, and electronic design automation (EDA) platform is not available now, we describe in this article three specific baby steps that can alleviate the pin density problem and demonstrate their potential benefits for footprint scaling: (1) allocating standard cell pin sideways and using block-level routing with the local interconnect layers; (2) using the backside of the substrate for the power distribution network; and (3) using the generation of more complex standard cells. We show via several core designs that a 42.6% reduction in the core area is achievable when a combination of these operations is employed.

Published
2022
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2. Analiza kratkotrajnih ispada baznih postaja u mobilnim mrežama druge i treće generacije

Author

Josipović, Irena

Subjects
2G, 3G, kratkotrajni ispad, ćelijska mreža, STCO, ćelija, sektor, bazna postaja, govorni promet, podatkovni promet
Abstract

U okviru ovog rada obavljena je analiza podataka o kratkotrajnim ispadima baznih postaja mobilnih mreža druge i treće generacije. Kratkotrajni ispadi su karakterizirani kao ispadi baznih postaja koji pojedinačno ili zajedno ne prelaze trajanje od 30 minuta čime ne narušavaju operativnost bazne postaje od 98% u danu. Rezultati analize pokazuju povezanost doba dana i dana u tjednu u kojem je došlo do kratkotrajnog ispada na način da u udarnim satima u danu i u radnim danima u tjednu dolazi do duljih ispada, većeg broja ispada i veće količine neprenesenog prometa. Količina kratkotrajnih ispada i njihovo prosječno trajanje proporcionalni su količini procijenjenog neprenesenog prometa. Nepreneseni promet se odnosi na procjenu prometa koji bi bio prenesen kada do kratkotrajnih ispada ne bi došlo. Također, rezultati pokazuju da kratkotrajni ispadi većinski zahvaćaju sve sektore bazne postaje koja je zahvaćena ispadom. Utvrđeno je da je 50% kratkotrajnih ispada u 2G mreži i 30% kratkotrajnih ispada u 3G mreži dulje od 5 minuta. Također, utvrđeno je da se u jednom 15 minutnom vremenskom intervalu za 90% slučajeva dogodi ispad do 10 pojedinačnih sektora i do 3 cjelokupne bazne postaje. Rezimiranjem dobivenih rezultata donesen je zaključak da kratkotrajni ispadi značajno narušavaju operativnost mobilnih mreža druge i treće generacije, uzrokuju korisničko nezadovoljstvo uslijed uskraćivanja usluge te uzrokuju novčane gubitke operateru. ABSTRACT: An analysis on short time cell outages (STCO) is performed on data gathered from 2G and 3G cellular networks. A short time cell outage is defined as an outage affecting all or some cells in a base station that lasts up to 30 minutes in a day and don't affect a 98% of daily operation in a cellular network. The results show an impact of the time of the day and the particular days in the week on the number and the duration of STCOs. During the peak hours in a day when the network is utilized at its most , more STCOs occur and they last longer in comparison with the night hours and the weekends when the network is less utilized. An analysis on the transferred traffic and the estimated non transferred traffic is performed. Results show that higher rates of non transferred traffic come with a higher number of STCOs and longer STCO duration. Additionally, it is shown that most STCOs occur on whole base stations as opposed to single sectors. Results show that 50% of 2G STCOs and 30% of 3G STCOs last longer than 5 minutes. Further analysis on the number of affected sectors during each 15 minute interval shows that in 90% of cases there are up to 10 sectors affected by STCOs and up to 3 whole base stations. Having the given results in mind, it is concluded that STCOs affect the overall operation of the network, are far from negligible as they affect the user satisfaction and the QoS for the operators. Also, STCOs cause a direct revenue loss to the operator.

Published
2016

3. Immobilization of Proteins with Controlled Load and Orientation.

Author

Bednar RM, Golbek TW, Kean KM, Brown WJ, Jana S, Baio JE, Karplus PA, and Mehl RA

Subjects
Carbonic Anhydrases chemistry, Carbonic Anhydrases metabolism, Cyclooctanes chemistry, Green Fluorescent Proteins metabolism, Humans, Models, Molecular, Immobilized Proteins metabolism
Abstract

Biomaterials based on immobilized proteins are key elements of many biomedical and industrial technologies. However, applications are limited by an inability to precisely construct materials of high homogeneity and defined content. We present here a general "protein-limited immobilization" strategy by combining the rapid, bioorthogonal, and biocompatible properties of a tetrazine-strained trans -cyclooctene reaction with genetic code expansion to site-specifically place the tetrazine into a protein. For the first time, we use this strategy to immobilize defined amounts of oriented proteins onto beads and flat surfaces in under 5 min at submicromolar concentrations without compromising activity. This approach opens the door to generating and studying diverse protein-based biomaterials that are much more precisely defined and characterized, providing a greater ability to engineer properties across a wide range of applications.

Published
2019
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