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How do queer Christians navigate the tensions between faith and sexuality? This article points to the spirituality of struggle as an answer. In the context of the Philippines, a society known for its religious and moral conservatism, we define this spirituality as an ongoing process in which queer Christians aspire to discover and fulfill God's will for their lives. We explain this spirituality in the form of three questions we gathered from our interlocutors: Who am I? Whom can I love? And why me? Taken together, these questions reflect the deepest concerns they have about faith and sexuality. Recognizing the spirituality of struggle offers significant contributions to studying religion and gender in the Philippines: by recognizing queer religious identities as dynamic, negotiated acts steeped in ambivalence and by serving as an empirical counterpoint to the militant Christianity in the country. These insights are drawn from semi-structured interviews with sixty-six young adults who self-identify as non-heterosexual men. They are also from different Christian denominations in the Greater Manila Area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Aim Methods & Procedures Outcomes & Results Conclusions & Implication WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS What is already known on this subject What this study adds to the existing knowledge What are the practical and clinical implications of this work? Secondary behaviours, which encompass reactions developed due to an individual's fear and stress about stuttering, have the potential to exacerbate the condition. Therefore, self‐evaluation of secondary behaviours is significant in the multidimensional approach for people who stutter (PWS).To determine the validity and reliability of the Revised Scale of Avoidance and Struggle Behaviours in Stuttering (r‐SASBS).The results of the item analysis and content validity of the Scale of Avoidance and Struggle Behaviours in Stuttering (SASBS), whose pilot study was completed, were reviewed and the number of items was reduced from 30 to 16. The r‐SASBS was administered to 440 participants (PWS = 365; people who did not stutter = 75). The content, construct, discriminant validity, internal consistency and test–retest reliability of the r‐SASBS were analysed.Content validity was analysed quantitatively based on expert opinions and was found to be high. The r‐SASBS had two factors based on exploratory factor analysis. The number of items was reduced to 14 using confirmatory factor analysis. With discriminant validity, it was found that the r‐SASBS could distinguish between the groups. The internal consistency and reliability of the test–retest scores were found to be high.These findings indicated that the r‐SASBS is a reliable and valid scale for the self‐evaluation of secondary behaviours in PWS. Thus, it can be used by speech–language pathologists for the multidimensional assessment of stuttering. The validity and reliability of the r‐SASBS should be investigated in school‐aged children who stutter. Assessment of secondary behaviours in stuttering can be performed using objective and subjective tools. In this regard, a preliminary study was conducted to evaluate these behaviours, using the SASBS, which was developed based on interviews with PWS and a literature review. This study established the content and structural validity of the assessment and found it to have high internal consistency. Although secondary behaviour assessments need to be comprehensive, it can be time‐consuming in busy clinical settings. Owing to the importance of self‐reported secondary behaviours in the assessment of stuttering and the reliability of information obtained from the client, there is a need for scales that can be administered quickly to assess the impact of secondary behaviours in PWS. This study examines the validity and reliability of the r‐SASBS. The SASBS was reviewed in this study and the number of items was reduced. The r‐SASBS was administered to 440 participants. The validity of the r‐SASBS was determined based on its content, discriminant, and construct validity. The reliability of the r‐SASBS was determined using internal consistency and test–retest reliability. The results indicate that the r‐SASBS is a reliable and valid tool for self‐evaluating secondary behaviours in PWS. This could be a valuable measure of secondary behaviours in stuttering, which could improve treatment outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the Second World War, in Germany, Turkey and a number of other European countries, the struggle to learn the positions and interests of both sides regarding the Cold War continued. One of the most urgent issues in this period was the struggle for freedom of the peoples invaded by the Soviet Union, former national minorities. One of the magazines published for this purpose was Kafkasya magazine, the press organ of the North Caucasus National Committee organized by Caucasian political emigrants in Munich. The article briefly talks about the history and importance of the Caucasian union, the joint struggle of the Caucasian peoples in the 50s of the 20th century. The Caucasus is a geographical space consisting of many ethnic groups and sub-ethnic groups. The importance of this place for Central Asia and Europe is immense. In order to be independent and to remain independent for a long time, political immigrants who knew the importance of forming a confederal institution by uniting in this area fought from time to time. Kafkasia magazine was one of the magazines that propagated the idea of confederation. This topic is comprehensively explored in the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Educational Science of Hunan Normal University is the property of Hunan Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to investigate the predicament of young widows residing in the tea estates of Bangladesh. The study used qualitative methods to understand how young widows perceive and interpret their experiences of widowhood. Nine young widows were chosen for the in-depth semi-structured interviews using referral sampling. Data were analysed thematically, which was then critically explored and contrasted with the previous literature. The results demonstrated that young widows in the tea gardens struggled to address the psychological, economic, health care, educational, and recreational demands of their children due to declining resource bases. Additionally, young widows face sexual harassment, emotional disturbances, financial insecurity, and gender-sensitive discriminatory cultural practices. The paper advocated for expanding the social safety net in the tea gardens and ensuring land ownership among the tea gardeners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to analyse and explore the historical struggle of Islam in the liberation of the ummah, especially the liberation of Bilal bin Rabbah. This article uses qualitative research with a phenomenological approach. The primary data source of this article was literature related to the story of Bilal bin Rabbah. At the same time, secondary data used comprised scientific articles, books of tafsir, and a range of books and reports related to the theme of the discussion. The results show that the story of Bilal bin Rabbah contains heroic liberation values in opposing the injustice of the Jahiliyah period. Liberation theology in Islam emphasises the values of social justice, freedom, and resistance to all forms of oppression. The life story of Bilal bin Rabah is a clear example of the application of these values, illustrating the firmness of faith, resistance to inequality, and struggle against oppression. In addition, Islam also provides indicators as a marker that the human being is free. The indicators are: Freedom of religion, Freedom of opinion and expression, Individual freedom, Economic freedom, Freedom from oppression and injustice and Freedom in education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper extends research investigating 'entrepreneuring as emancipation' by reimagining it as a broader struggle for a freer life. To do this, I draw upon Martin Hägglund's philosophy, particularly his view of freedom as having more time to pursue activities that matter to us, and by using two little narratives as illustrative examples. This view of freedom challenges neoliberal and liberal conceptions of a freer life and advances our understanding in two areas. First, the paper illustrates 'entrepreneuring as emancipation' as a broader struggle, and as a question of degrees, since it both holds the potential to increase the realm of freedom, thus enabling women to lead freer and more meaningful lives in specific contexts, and the danger of bolstering the realm of necessity, leading women to spend their time on activities where they only endure present ways of living or endorse neoliberal lifestyles. Second, the paper illustrates 'entrepreneuring as emancipation' as a broader struggle since it sparks women's spiritual freedom as they start questioning and transforming taken-for-granted ideas of who they should be and what they should do with their time. Finally, the paper contributes methodologically to research focusing on marginalized voices beyond the lead entrepreneur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Business school faculty are frequently faced with management practices they find objectionable. Reactions vary, but compliance and hidden resistance are common responses. In this paper, we seek to understand compliance and hidden resistance as responses to objectionable management practices in business schools. To explore this problem, we present a case study of a business school where a new dean brought about aggressive and abrupt managerialist changes toward which faculty were broadly hostile. Faculty eventually failed to resist these changes and ended up resorting to exits and workplace disengagement while complying with management expectations regarding work outputs. To make sense of compliance and hidden resistance as responses to objectionable management practices in business schools, we propose the following concepts: "mercenary mentality" and "resipliance" (a combination of expressing resistance attitudes to peers—and to self—and complying with management demands for work outputs). The presence of a mercenary mentality and the related tendency to resipliance—which we argue are both common in business schools—undermines the capacity for resistance against objectionable management practices at the workplace, reminding us that resistance is fragile and elusive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

purpose: In today's world, every society is struggling with the challenges of crime and its control. Committing a crime represents one of the most significant social harms, necessitating the involvement of police and judicial institutions for effective management. Assessing, evaluating, and identifying crime patterns, as well as detecting and preventing criminal activities, have been the focal points of judicial and law enforcement agencies since ancient times. Consequently, crime prevention is consistently prioritized over crime detection after it occurs. Various methods have been introduced for crime detection, including a wide range of innovative computer techniques. Data mining is regarded as one of the most effective tools for data and information analysis in the field of crime detection. Many effective parameters are available for analyzing crime through data mining methods. Data mining serves as a valuable tool for examining crime data warehouses, helping to extract hidden knowledge within them. The application of data mining techniques, along with various machine learning methods, can yield significant benefits in identifying, predicting, and preventing crime in any society. Diagnosing, predicting, and preventing crime through data mining represents a progressive approach supported by statistical methods, psychology, artificial intelligence, criminology, machine learning, and database technologies. Consequently, the primary objective of this research is to establish a framework for analyzing digital network data in the battle against social anomalies, particularly the crime of theft. In this research, materials related to the crime of theft have been categorized into three areas: crime identification, prediction, and prevention. Additionally, the application of data mining methods has been explored within these domains.Methodology: This research is applied in terms of its purpose and was conducted using documentary methods, content analysis, and data mining. The statistical population for this study consists of information related to theft crimes recorded by law enforcement and police organizations in 2019. Initially, the relevant data were collected in the form of documents and subsequently selected using the content analysis method to facilitate further analysis. Patterns of theft crimes were identified based on various factors, including the type of crime (such as home and car theft), entry location, entry method, search techniques, and residential area. This study utilized digital network data analysis tools and methods, specifically data mining, for classification and validation purposes. Additionally, clustering techniques, such as k-means, were employed to identify different forms of theft crimes. Classification algorithms, including neural networks, Bayesian rules, Bayesian navigation, and support vector machines, were used to predict theft crimes. The primary data analysis tool utilized in this research was Excel software.Findings: The findings indicate that the season in which a theft occurs positively correlates with the month of the crime. Additionally, the method used to enter the crime scene shows a positive correlation with the method used to exit the scene. Furthermore, the accuracy of the Bayesian model in predicting and detecting the type of crime is 0.412. The model demonstrates the highest prediction accuracy for home thefts at 73%, while the lowest prediction accuracy for thefts from private locations is 27%. The results are expressed as a percentage. Additionally, the accuracy of each technique employed has been compared. The ROC findings indicate that the accuracy of the Bayesian methods and the Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) neural network, as well as the support vector machine, in predicting theft from public places is higher than for other types of theft. Conversely, in predicting home theft, these methods demonstrate lower accuracy compared to other thefts. Furthermore, the prediction accuracy of the support vector machine method, at approximately 91%, surpasses that of Bayesian methods (around 73%) and neural networks (about 90%) in predicting theft from public places. Moreover, the ROC chart for the support vector machine indicates that it is 7% less accurate in predicting pickpocketing compared to other thefts.Conclusion: The results indicated that the Bayesian rules method is the most effective for detecting and predicting patterns of theft crimes. It demonstrates higher accuracy compared to other methods. Specifically, for predicting thefts from public places, the support vector method is recommended. As a result of the findings from data mining techniques, it is recommended that police and judicial organizations utilize a combination of data mining and artificial intelligence methods to enhance the detection and identification of thieves, particularly those with varying criminal histories related to theft. This approach aims to improve the accuracy of the information obtained about these individuals. Furthermore, based on the data mining techniques discussed in this research, an expert intelligent system can be developed to predict the likelihood of future criminal attempts by offenders.

The Basmachi movement was the struggle of Turkestan indigenous population against the Soviet power, and it remains one of the least studied aspects of the Civil War. Soviet historians explained the reasons behind the movement and its mass character as follows: the local tribal aristocracy, young bourgeoisie, and imams strove to maintain their status, wealth, and privileges. When the former Soviet Central Asian republics became independent, the Basmachi movement and its causes were reconsidered by local historians and, to some extent, by Russian scientists. Now Basmachism is most often viewed as a form of national liberation movement by indigenous peoples of Turkestan. Presumably, it was a reaction to the attempts of the Soviet government to break local traditions, economy, and spiritual life. However, the post-Soviet assessments of the Basmachi movement can hardly claim any novelty. As early as during the Basmachi conflict, some high-ranking party figures and Red Army commanders openly stated that the Soviet government was mistaken in its aggressive internal regional policy and failed to understand the religious foundations that resulted in the Basmachi movement and its mass support. The article relies on some newly-found archival sources, monographs, and memoirs.

This study explores how caregiver–child scientific conversation during storybook reading focusing on the challenges or achievements of famous female scientists impacts preschoolers' mindset, beliefs about success, and persistence. Caregiver–child dyads (N = 202, 100 female, 35% non‐White, aged 4–5, ƒ =.15) were assigned to one of three storybook conditions, highlighting the female scientist's achievements, effort, or, in a baseline condition, neither. Children were asked about their mindset, presented with a persistence task, and asked about their understanding of effort and success. Findings demonstrate that storybooks highlighting effort are associated with growth mindset, attribution of success to hard work, and increased persistence. Caregiver language echoed language from the assigned storybook, showing the importance of reading storybooks emphasizing hard work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focused on the subject of the African liberation struggle and its impact on the Chadian Arabic poetry by three Chadian poets, namely: Abbas, Muhammad Abdel Wahid, Muhammad Omar Al-Fal and Issa Abdullah between 2010 and 1960 AD., a period full of revolutions and liberation movements The research was divided into four axes: the first axis included the liberation struggle within the Chadian national environment, the second axis included the liberation struggle within the regional environment, the third axis included the mechanisms and means of struggle used for liberation. The fourth axis included the study of the form of the poem, in which I approached the study of meters, rhymes, poetic images, some creative improvements and the structure of the poem. The study demonstrated that the topic of human liberation in general and African liberation in particular is abundantly present in Chadian poetry The research results were summarized as follows: Chadian poets have followed several paths and means to raise the question of liberation and its treatment The liberation poets composed three vowels: the simple, the light and the rajaz, in addition to ta'feela poetry. The most used of these vowels was Muhammad Omar al-Fal, then Abbas Muhammad Abd al-Wahid, then Issa Abdullah They use fewer similar images; As they used more metaphor, metaphor and metonymy. They decorated their poetry with marvelous embellishments, the most striking of which were alliteration and then counterpoint. They opened their poems on the same subject and ended them with it or with something closest to it They paid great attention to the construction of their poems, making the verse an independent unit, but this in no way dispensed with the rest of the other verses. While studying the subject, I followed the descriptive and analytical method during the study, as it is the most reliable approach for such a study, committed to objectivity and complete neutrality when explaining, analysis, criticism and judgment [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In today's world, every society is struggling with the challenges of crime and its control. Committing a crime represents one of the most significant social harms, necessitating the involvement of police and judicial institutions for effective management. Assessing, evaluating, and identifying crime patterns, as well as detecting and preventing criminal activities, have been the focal points of judicial and law enforcement agencies since ancient times. Consequently, crime prevention is consistently prioritized over crime detection after it occurs. Various methods have been introduced for crime detection, including a wide range of innovative computer techniques. Data mining is regarded as one of the most effective tools for data and information analysis in the field of crime detection. Many effective parameters are available for analyzing crime through data mining methods. Data mining serves as a valuable tool for examining crime data warehouses, helping to extract hidden knowledge within them. The application of data mining techniques, along with various machine learning methods, can yield significant benefits in identifying, predicting, and preventing crime in any society. Diagnosing, predicting, and preventing crime through data mining represents a progressive approach supported by statistical methods, psychology, artificial intelligence, criminology, machine learning, and database technologies. Consequently, the primary objective of this research is to establish a framework for analyzing digital network data in the battle against social anomalies, particularly the crime of theft. In this research, materials related to the crime of theft have been categorized into three areas: crime identification, prediction, and prevention. Additionally, the application of data mining methods has been explored within these domains. Methodology: This research is applied in terms of its purpose and was conducted using documentary methods, content analysis, and data mining. The statistical population for this study consists of information related to theft crimes recorded by law enforcement and police organizations in 2019. Initially, the relevant data were collected in the form of documents and subsequently selected using the content analysis method to facilitate further analysis. Patterns of theft crimes were identified based on various factors, including the type of crime (such as home and car theft), entry location, entry method, search techniques, and residential area. This study utilized digital network data analysis tools and methods, specifically data mining, for classification and validation purposes. Additionally, clustering techniques, such as k-means, were employed to identify different forms of theft crimes. Classification algorithms, including neural networks, Bayesian rules, Bayesian navigation, and support vector machines, were used to predict theft crimes. The primary data analysis tool utilized in this research was Excel software. Findings: The findings indicate that the season in which a theft occurs positively correlates with the month of the crime. Additionally, the method used to enter the crime scene shows a positive correlation with the method used to exit the scene. Furthermore, the accuracy of the Bayesian model in predicting and detecting the type of crime is 0.412. The model demonstrates the highest prediction accuracy for home thefts at 73%, while the lowest prediction accuracy for thefts from private locations is 27%. The results are expressed as a percentage. Additionally, the accuracy of each technique employed has been compared. The ROC findings indicate that the accuracy of the Bayesian methods and the Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) neural network, as well as the support vector machine, in predicting theft from public places is higher than for other types of theft. Conversely, in predicting home theft, these methods demonstrate lower accuracy compared to other thefts. Furthermore, the prediction accuracy of the support vector machine method, at approximately 91%, surpasses that of Bayesian methods (around 73%) and neural networks (about 90%) in predicting theft from public places. Moreover, the ROC chart for the support vector machine indicates that it is 7% less accurate in predicting pickpocketing compared to other thefts. Conclusion: The results indicated that the Bayesian rules method is the most effective for detecting and predicting patterns of theft crimes. It demonstrates higher accuracy compared to other methods. Specifically, for predicting thefts from public places, the support vector method is recommended. As a result of the findings from data mining techniques, it is recommended that police and judicial organizations utilize a combination of data mining and artificial intelligence methods to enhance the detection and identification of thieves, particularly those with varying criminal histories related to theft. This approach aims to improve the accuracy of the information obtained about these individuals. Furthermore, based on the data mining techniques discussed in this research, an expert intelligent system can be developed to predict the likelihood of future criminal attempts by offenders [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Right now, Ukraine is in an aspect for different areas of the legal environment. Therefore, it is appropriate to find different directions of models for fighting corruption in its history. Redirecting to the legal historical period in Ukraine and the former USSR, it is appropriate to allocate just a few such fundamental directions. This model of combating corruption is addressed on the border of the state by the behavior of individuals and response to deviations from the legal regulation that they provide. This particular model is aimed at the era of «Stalinism». It is precisely to overcome the fight against the direction of corruption during the study of the educational normative discipline «Civil Process» that the rights of the individual are greatly violated, because the totalitarianism addressed is incompatible with their emergence. Therefore, such an expediency of addressing also has positive directions: it is addressed to the study of the educational normative discipline «Civil Process», the appropriate interaction between the degree of authority of a person and the degree of aspectism. The expediency of being brought to administrative responsibility and incurring - increases for individuals who are closest to the top of power during the study of the educational normative discipline «Civil Process» - the closer to the top, the greater the risk. That is, addressing the principle of implementation of superficial responsibility: «top-down», which is a very necessary means of implementing social justice in general. The study of the educational regulatory discipline «Civil Process» also expediently provides a model of combating corruption - the implementation of strong personal responsibility, according to the directions of the «leading person». At this time, the expediency of such persons was foreseen by the party elites. This model provided a basis during the times of Khrushchev and Brezhnev. It is also necessary to mention two more features when studying the educational regulatory discipline «Civil Process», inherent in the model: firstly, the addressing of the individual to the appropriate level of his authority involves a normative and legal aspect, secondly, money in this model has a secondary role or do not have a conceptual apparatus. The study of the educational regulatory discipline «Civil Process» has a model of combating corruption, ensures the desire to force people into power structures on the basis of personal safety and irresponsibility; therefore, it contains the main aspects of public authority and its addressed bribery of the person as a whole. The educational normative discipline «Civil process» in the conditions of the military model of fighting corruption has complete impunity and impossibility. Such aspects are foreseen in periods of rich revolutionary legal aspects, when the newly created state has not yet received the functions of leadership management or consciously foresees destructive directions. Normativeness of the existence of this model is precisely the time of the administration of the Provisional Government, it is also expedient to refrain from reforms in education as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates how well E. F. Schumacher's ideas travel beyond his own time and place. To do so, I contrast the environmental critique offered by Schumacher in Small is Beautiful with contemporary forms of everyday environmentalism provided by Indigenous communities in Latin America that form part of a response to processes of ongoing territorial dispossession. In exploring how well Schumacher's ideas travel to Latin America, I argue that there are seemingly a significant number of similarities between these forms of environmental politics. However, they can be understood in two different registers. I submit that Schumacher's environmental critique and political project remains at the level of idealism and contains a variety of elements that remain contradictory for a progressive praxis. By contrast, Indigenous environmentalism in Latin America offers a materially-grounded, structural critique of colonialism that concomitantly offers a new notion of a community-based revolutionary subject. It therefore provides a stronger basis for realising many of the goals Schumacher had in mind. Nevertheless, I conclude that whilst important and necessary, this mode of resistance remains insufficient on its own to achieve an alternative political economy where people and planet matter. For this to be realised, a more encompassing counter movement remains vital. The mantra of 'small is beautiful', therefore, still needs to grasp the scale of the ecological crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anita Nair's Ladies Coupe is a powerful story that examines the conventional roles of women within Indian society. Nair delves into the ways in which transgression is a critical strategy for women to resist patriarchal control and reclaim their agency through the lives of her female characters. This paper investigates the diverse methods of subversion employed by the women in Ladies Coupe and the extent to which these actions challenge deeply ingrained gender norms. The study demonstrates that subversive actions are both personal and collective responses to the subjugation women experience in a patriarchal society by emphasizing themes of autonomy, self-identity, and empowerment. This paper looks at Margaret Shanti's self-discovery and empowerment in Anita Nair's "Ladies Coupe." It investigates Margaret's return to identity and independence, from obedient wife to empowered woman. The novel compares this transformation with the diverse experiences of other women, emphasizing Indian women's adaptability and resilience. Nair's work not only challenges patriarchal ideals, but also encourages women's autonomy and empowerment. Subversion is a term used by Indian women writers to call into question gender norms, patriarchy, and societal standards. Subversion in feminist literature refers to actively undermining old narratives and rewriting women's roles, identities, and experiences. This research looks at subversion through the eyes of Akhila and one of the visitors in Anita Nair's Ladies Coupe, and how Nair utilizes it to demonstrate their inner strength and resilience in the face of societal restraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Up from Slavery" (1901) is an autobiography of the American freedom fighter and educator Booker T. Washington and stretches over forty years of his life, from slave to schoolmaster to the face of southern race relations. This paper looks at Washington's emphasis on moral integrity, economic self-sufficiency, and vocational education as essential elements in African Americans' identity development and uplift in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. One of the major themes that this autobiography highlights is "the feeling of becoming your own person." Such a feeling can be denoted as "locating the self in oneself." Washington's life as a slave illustrates how the black body, which has always been utilized as an object for white people's advantage, suppresses the individual self. The slaves were in continuous battle to find out their identity and to recognize themselves among the citizens of America. The childhood of Washington describes the thoughts of a young boy who does not even know about his ancestry and family records. But he has come under heavy fire for his accommodationist views, which were best expressed in the Atlanta Exposition Address and may have reinforced racial subordination while postponing the fight for civil rights. This analysis delves into the complexities of Washington's public and private personas, highlighting the strategic nature of his leadership and the on-going debate surrounding his legacy. While Washington's contributions to education and economic empowerment are undeniable, the limitations of his philosophy underscore the need for a holistic approach that includes political advocacy and systemic change. "Up from Slavery" serves as both a personal testament and a historical document, capturing the resilience and aspirations of African Americans in their on-going quest for identity, respect, and equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, Ecuador has become a major drug shipper. It is currently suffering great social and economic instability due to the high level of violence, especially in coastal cities such as Guayaquil. To mitigate this situation, the Ecuadorian presidency has carried out a series of activities in conjunction with the security forces. In addition, some countries and international institutions have collaborated with this country to help it recover its calm sovereignty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

John Milton's Paradise Lost is shaped by an implicit theory of life. In Milton's view, the mark of the living is the capacity to endeavor, the ability to strive in phenomenally available and self-exceeding ways. This essay examines how Milton reworks ancient and early modern ideas about life in order both to develop a concept of endeavor and to represent the activity of endeavoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Istorija 20. Veka is the property of Institute for Contemporary History and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this article, the author writes from her perspective as an actor, in particular about her performance of the title character in Eugene O'Neill's "Anna Christie" (1921) with the Eugene O'Neill Foundation in Danville in 2023. She speaks in conversation with Pauline Lord, the first actor to portray Anna Christopherson, and specifically explores the question of what it means to love a character. She argues that to love requires a commitment to feeling (living with the character) the struggle (the anger, pain, and shame) of what there could be to hate in the character and therefore ourselves. She argues that such a commitment begins necessarily when the character is (when we are) brave enough to declare herself and have her say. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research aims: This research assessed the struggles of the village-owned enterprise of Raknamo Village in Kupang Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province, to enhance performance. Design/Methodology/Approach: This research used a qualitative approach consisting of stages, such as data collection, data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. It collected data through in-depth interviews, non-participant observation, and document review. It analyzed data on performance indicators: resource provision, task implementation, outputs, and goal attainment that the village-owned enterprise struggles to accomplish. Research findings: This research uncovered that the village-owned enterprise of Raknamo Village faces difficulties even now, thus generally performing low in its efforts to provide resources needed, such as personnel, finances, and facilities, implement tasks, produce outputs/products, and attain goals. Specifically, it performed relatively well in renting tents and chairs, increasing little profit; however, it performed poorly in the savings and loan business and traditional weaving home industry, thus experiencing financial loss. The primary factors affecting such performance were the core managers' low managerial and entrepreneurial skills, financial inability and low cooperative attitude of the village society to repay loans, inability of village society to do profitable business, and low income. Theoretical contribution/Originality: This research evaluated the struggles of the village-owned enterprise of Raknamo Village in Kupang Regency to boost performance, which prior studies have not widely investigated. Theoretically, this research is expected to add specified academic or analytical insight into the village-owned enterprises struggling as small business organizations to improve performance. Practitioner implication: The finding has profound implications that eliminating difficulties that hinder the village-owned enterprise’s performance and building its ability to perform better hereafter are both necessary. To reach this expectation, the government should create a capacity-building program for the village-owned enterprise.

Given that many of the worker-recuperated enterprises were in bankruptcy procedures, the worker-recuperated co-operatives were in a legal gray zone and thus relied on the courts' discretion or political support to continue operating. Book Review: Co-operative Struggles: Work Conflicts in Argentina's New Worker Co-operatives, by Denise Kasparian Co-operative Struggles: Work Conflicts in Argentina's New Worker Co-operatives. [Extracted from the article]

The negritude movement emerged from the Black intellectual milieu of Paris in the 1930s and became one of the defining anticolonial modes of the postwar years. It stands as an exemplary case of primitivism beyond its canonical European forms, performing a striking détournement of primitivism in the unlikely direction of anticolonial liberation. This article places the work of leading writers of negritude, including Aimé Césaire, Suzanne Césaire, and Léopold Senghor, into dialogue with their friend and critic René Ménil to unfold the political stakes of anticolonial primitivism. Ménil, a Martinican Communist who moved in the same Parisian milieu as the negritude writers, developed a sustained critique of negritude in the postwar years. This critique allows us to see that, in making primitivism a basis for liberation, negritude reconfigures many of the common assumptions of leftist thought at the time, including the rejection of a stagist account of history and the development of a revolutionary subject defined not by its oppressed position within the structures of modernity but by its location outside of them. By imagining the divide between modern and nonmodern as a fault line along which the anticolonial struggle will be fought, these thinkers develop an alternate vision of liberation whose legacy resonates in contemporary political debates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through a case study of an immigrant dense working-class neighborhood in Berlin, this article asks how racial and territorial stigmatization figure into state-enabled financialized gentrification and resistance against it. While there is a discussion on territorial stigmatization in the gentrification literature, this debate remains understated in the emerging financialized gentrification literature and rarely connects to race. Debates on resistance to financialization, in turn, while being attuned to the detrimental effects of stigmatization on struggle, pay little attention to the role of the local state as a producer of stigma. In this article I draw together debates on financialization, state-enabled gentrification and racial and territorial stigma to suggest that the local state, through its oppressive classifications and racialized representations of urban space, contributes to preparing the symbolic and material structures on which finance capital is able to flourish, not only by normalizing displacement, but by hampering resistance and demobilizing local working-class communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the coverage in the Kazakh mass media of the issues of countering terrorism and extremism at the national and international levels. The topic is relevant, since the acts of terrorism taking place in the modern world cause a public resonance and affect the security of States. Terrorism has recently been seriously disturbing the public consciousness of almost all states, and in the early 90s, after the collapse of the USSR, terrorism spread its roots to the newly formed CIS countries. Unfavorable trends began to manifest themselves in Kazakhstan. Having gained independence, the young state also found itself under the threat of extremism, and the fight against manifestations of terrorism has become a priority in ensuring the national security of the country. Therefore, they begin to actively cooperate with international organizations, becoming a member of many associations in the world and Eurasian space, whose goals include countering terrorism and extremism in the territory of the participating countries. The latest information technologies and the development of social networks contribute to the intensification of the impact of terrorism on public consciousness. This is due to the scale and nature of the recent terrorist attacks. The authors consider the issues of coverage of the manifestation of modern terrorism and, based on the conclusions and conclusions, formulate recommendations for journalists writing on the topic under consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feminist scholarship regards the Western scientific revolution and twentiethcentury agricultural modernization as patriarchal endeavors and technoscientific regimes as entangled in societal interests and politics. In this article, I engage with these perspectives by focusing on women scientists working in Brazil’s leading agricultural sciences organization, Embrapa. My analysis draws on life history interviews with three women, juxtaposing their personal and career trajectories with the history of the organization, which is a symbol of the triumph of science over nature. Besides filling the gaps in a male-dominated history, these women’s accounts reveal what I argue to be feminist struggles for more equitable and pluralistic agricultural sciences and practices. I refer to them as “fringe heroines” as they adopt research agendas that are at odds with the prevailing technoscientific paradigm and often find themselves subject to condescending attitudes and discrimination. These fringe heroines experienced a short-lived moment in the limelight during a period of progressive politics in Brazil. However, confronted by a less favorable context during the Bolsonaro era, they have taken a step back but have maintained their resolve to swim against the tide in their unyielding quest for justice and diversity with respect to agricultural knowledge production. The time is ripe for reflecting on the place of their situated struggles and knowledges in the past, present, and future of Brazilian agricultural sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'How the Steel Was Tempered' by Nikolai Ostrovsky is a seminal Soviet novel that follows Pavel Korchagin, a young man from a Ukrainian village, as he becomes a hero of the Russian Civil War and a symbol of Communist ideals. Translated by R. Prokofieva, the story charts Pavel's journey from a rebellious youth to a dedicated Communist fighter and, finally, a paralyzed writer. The novel explores themes of sacrifice, resilience, and ideological commitment, portraying Pavel's personal suffering and steadfast beliefs. Set against the early 20th-century Russian Revolution and Civil War, it serves as both a historical account and Communist propaganda. Celebrated in the Soviet Union for its inspirational portrayal of Communist ideals, the novel's impact on Soviet and post-Soviet culture is significant. Despite its propagandistic elements, its universal themes of perseverance and dedication resonate with readers. This review aims to highlight the novel's enduring impact and significance in Soviet and post-Soviet culture, emphasizing its blend of historical narrative and ideological commitment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pedagogical realm expands and goes beyond the four walls of a classroom. It becomes omnipresent. However, there are spheres where it displays overtly its political character such as in the functioning of political organisations. In these organisations the relationship of the leader and cadre or the institutional form of politics and the masses that it seeks to include is constituted through a prolonged pedagogical process. This process is defined through a relationship that revolves around exclusion, inclusion and framing of an institutional structure visà- vis the masses. Rosa Luxemburg and Paulo Freire in their own ways reflected on these relationships either directly or their writings can be read to understand the making of political pedagogy in South Asian context, more specifically India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Larq Journal for Philosophy, Linguistics & Social Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Many products and services are designed to make caregiving easier, from premade meals for feeding families to robo-cribs that automatically rock babies to sleep. Yet, using these products may come with a cost: consumers may feel they have not exerted enough effort. Nine experiments show that consumers feel like better caregivers when they put more effort into caregiving tasks than when they use effort-reducing products to perform such tasks. The beneficial effect of effort on caregivers' self-perceptions is driven by the symbolic meaning of caregiving (i.e. the task's ability to show love) independent of the quality of care provided (i.e. the task's ability to meet needs) and is most pronounced when expressing symbolic meaning is most important: when caregivers are providing emotional support rather than physical support, when they are caring for another person with whom they have a close relationship, and when there is a relationship norm that investing effort shows love. Finally, this work demonstrates that marketers can make effort-reducing products more appealing by acknowledging caregivers' efforts rather than emphasizing how these products make caregiving less effortful. Together, these findings expand our current understanding of effort, caregiving, and consumer choice in close relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychology and Philosophy are intertwined. Psychology deals with belief and feelings, which cannot be separated. Considering psychology, many writers adapted the idea of Sigmund Freud who explained about conscious and unconscious mind. The combination of Id, ego and super ego were accepted and this was blended in literature to describe various characters in their writings. Female and male writers tried to bring out various aspects of mind, emotions and feelings in their works. They tried to analyze the characters in depth and bring out the psychological aspects, which affects them. Various female writers in British Literature such as George Eliot, Agatha Christie, Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte were all brought out in their works the inner struggle and turmoil of their characters especially female characters. Zadie Smith, a contemporary writer, born to a Jamaican mother and an English father, has joined the list. She is a novelist and an essayist. Her debut novel ‘White Teeth’ won James Tait Black Memorial Prize and Betty Trask Award. She writes about the social controversies and her treatment of race and culture is well known. Zadie satirically shows the psychological struggle, suppression and oppression of the characters and multicultural aspects. She even depicts the inner turmoil of each character in her work. In all her novels, the reader can find many themes especially, cultural discrepancies, which has been rooted in their blood with an attitude, which is blended in their society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to determine the situational self-criticism levels of struggle athletes. The research was designed in cross-sectional survey model, one of the quantitative research methods. The population of the study consists of individuals who do combat sports in Yalova province. The sample consisted of a total of 202 athletes, 97 females and 105 males, who voluntarily accepted to participate in the study among the athletes constituting the universe. Athlete Situational Self-Criticism Scale consisting of 7 items was used as a data collection tool in the study. Statistical analyses in the study were performed using SPSS package programme. A significant difference was found between the participants according to nationality, age, sport age, education and branch variables p<0,05. As a result, it was determined that there was no difference between the situational self-criticism levels of the athletes in terms of gender and parental marital status variables. It was determined that there was a significant difference between the situational self-criticism levels of the athletes in terms of nationality, sports age, age, education and branch variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jayanta Mahapatra's conception of poetry is the record of an evolving consciousness with different traces of distress, guilts, frustrations, contradictions and false starts. He puts emphasis on memory as a source of writing poems simultaneously identifying himself with other Indian English poets in quest for roots in his writings. He views poetry as an expression of inner world and problems about the relationship between self and reality. His poetry depicts what he observes around him. He is more focussed on ensuring the continued existence of man and his unrelenting struggles for survival in society. Mahapatra's poems create layers of meaning through irony and empathy, and carry a rich repertoire of memories, myths and metaphors from especially his own State, Odisha creating the poetic artefacts as they capture the lived experience in revelatory terms. He has richly used suggestive and startling imagery with the sole intention of exploring social realities and projecting Indian sensibility by all means in his poetic realm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incident of the five-days and five-nights war, that took place in Palembang on 1-5 January 1947, was a struggle for the people of Palembang, South Sumatra, to maintain Indonesian independence from the Dutch who wanted to occupy the Palembang region. This has received criticism in history related to the struggle of the people of Palembang. They had put efforts not only to maintain the independence. but also to maintain the source power nature. The objective of this study is to analyze the events of five days and five nights of struggle to maintain Indonesian independence in 1945. This study uses the method history with technique data collection using heuristics, data verification, and techniques of data analysis using interpretation history and past historiography. Research results explain that the events of five days and five nights in Palembang which occurred in 1947 were battle among the people of Palembang, South Sumatra, who faced Dutch soldiers in the fierce war in the center of the city of Palembang. Point battles included fort Kuto Besak, Caritas, and the region’s old airport or area Tulung betutu. This paper is relevant to the struggle of people for Indonesia’s independence, which reflects a sense of kinship and comradeship in liberating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contemporary times, the debate about the original peoples is essential, seeking to understand and highlight the pressures and discriminatory processes suffered by the Tenetehara Tembé, from the Itaduquirá village, established near the Gurupi River, in western Maranhão, more precisely in the Alto Turiaçu Indigenous Land. Recognizing their different strategies of struggle and resistance with which they aim at their survival and maintenance of their way of life in the face of strong threats arising from the action of different invaders of their lands. En la contemporaneidad, el debate sobre los pueblos originarios es fundamental, buscando comprender y evidenciar las presiones y los procesos discriminatorios sufridos por los Tenetehara Tembé, de la aldea Itaduquirá, establecidos cerca del río Gurupi, en el oeste de Maranhão, más precisamente n la Tierra Indígena Alto Turiaçu. Reconociendo sus diferentes estrategias de lucha y resistencia con las que pretenden su supervivencia y mantenimiento de su forma de vida frente a fuertes amenazas derivadas de la acción de diferentes invasores de sus tierras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we, a group of graduate students in mathematics education, discuss some of the metacognitive benefits of the non-traditional teaching methods we observed employed by one of our professors. This professor's methods challenge the common belief that well-managed class time is key for positive learning outcomes. Instead, he orients his teaching to share the exploration and sense-making phases of doing mathematics. The goal of his teaching is to share the idea that learning mathematics is a process of "refining our mathematical thinking". We argue that this approach to teaching helps students see that mathematics is a human endeavor, appreciate the cycles of learning mathematics and the importance of struggle throughout the process, and gain some insight on what it means to be an expert in mathematics. We encourage teachers and professors to move away from obsessing about structured, well-organized class time, and to instead move towards having flexible and risk-oriented class time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bharati Mukherjee is a popular India born American writer. Her major works are brilliantly based on the diaspora theme and filled with the feeling of alienation, isolation, and duality. The protagonists are from South Asian background especially from India and struggling hard to incorporate into American society unlike Mukherjee herself. The Tree Bride is such a prolific work of the writer in which the protagonist Tara Chatterjee has fixed her feet in American soil but crazy after a mysterious expedition to unearth her ancestor's death mystery. A nostalgic craving for her traditional home in East Bengal of India and her anxiety about a fairytale ancestor aunt who married a tree; brings her back to India. The theme of soul and death ritual add mysticism and spirituality to the story. As Tara is mad about the death mystery of Tara Lata, the great grand aunt or namesake Tree Bride also restless for her soul's release from the bondage of mundane world and return to the home of Super soul. Besides, the freedom struggle of British India adds the historical authenticity of the novel and a philosophical prospective, that nothing in the world is lost and everything in the world is somehow connected with each other is highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to correct the misconceptions of jihad that some people have misunderstood as being the actual only meaning. In the Indonesian context, Jihad is often understood as a call to arms. Ironically, Jihad has become a scapegoat for terrorism cases in various parts of the world. Ideally, the Qur'an sets the word 'Jihad' differently from the word 'vital' so that the meaning of Jihad can be interpreted multi-dimensionally. The urgency of this article is to reconstruct the ideal meaning of Jihad according to the desired level of the Qur'an. This article uses qualitative research with data collection techniques of literature observation and interviews with interpreters. The data collected was analyzed using content analysis techniques. The results showed that the context of jihad contained in the Qur'an does not only discuss war but has additional important connotations. There is the concept of Jihad of wealth (al-Amwaal) and Jihad of body or soul (al-Nafs). This concept is often overlooked because the level of jihad in society, especially in the West, is always related to war. The actualization of Jihad in its true essence in the modern era is urgently in need of application, especially in Indonesia. Jihad of wealth and jihad of body and soul is a profound concept that aims to improve the social order and create a harmonious balance through the values contained in the Qur'an. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Algerian Historical Journal is the property of Algerian Historical Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)