Search

To investigate bilateral macular features on optical coherence tomography in patients with unilateral peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy (PEHCR).In this cross-sectional study, optical coherence tomography features of affected eyes (PEHCR group, n = 30) and unaffected contralateral eyes (contralateral group, n = 30) were investigated. Age-matched and sex-matched patients with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV group, n = 51) and healthy controls (normal group, n = 50) were included to compare choroidal thickness, measured at six points apart from the fovea, with the PEHCR group.Subretinal drusenoid deposits were the most common feature in the PEHCR (20%) and contralateral (23%) groups, followed by soft drusen. Although the macular choroid was comparably thin in both the PEHCR and contralateral groups, pachyvessels were also observed. The choroids of the PEHCR group were significantly thinner than those of the normal group at the subfovea and 1-mm temporal to the fovea and considerably thinner than those of the polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy group from 3-mm nasal to 3-mm temporal to the fovea.In patients with unilateral PEHCR, bilateral choroidal thinning and drusenoid deposit accumulation were noted in the macula. The pathophysiology of PEHCR may be a rare peripheral complication of age-related macular degeneration with pathologic choroid.

To determine potential factors associated with the long-term visual prognoses in patients with choroidal osteoma undergoing anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment.Retrospective case series.Patients diagnosed at tertiary high-volume hospitals between January 2000 and December 2020 were evaluated. The primary outcome measure was visual acuity at 5-year follow-up. The secondary outcome measures included factors associated with favorable vision, defined as loss of1 line and20/200 vision.Of 38 eyes from 36 patients (22 female, 61%; mean age 38 years) with choroidal osteoma, 23 eyes (61%) received anti-VEGF treatment (bevacizumab 1.25mg/0.05 cc, monthly or treat-and-extend) and 65% completed the 5 years of follow-up. All treated eyes had associated chorioretinal comorbidities (subretinal fluid 91%; choroidal neovascularization 74%; subretinal hemorrhage 30%). Although there was significant vision loss by 5 years (P = .002), 12 eyes (44%) had favorable outcomes. Only tumor thickness was significantly associated with unfavorable visual outcomes (OR 917.1, 95% CI 1.0-5687.7; P = .049). The optimal cut-off point predictive of visual outcomes was 1.4 mm, and tumor thickness ≥ 1.4 mm was associated with unfavorable vision (OR 27.0, 95% CI 2.0-368.4; P = .013).Among patients with choroidal osteoma undergoing anti-VEGF therapy, a particular patient subset presented with divergent outcomes with very poor vision. Tumor thickness appeared to be the differentiating factor and is thus a potential prognostic indicator for long-term visual prognoses.

To assess the clinical features, treatment factors, and long-term visual and anatomical outcomes of optic disc pit maculopathy (ODPM) in Korean patients.Consecutive patients diagnosed between January 2000 and September 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. The primary outcome was best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and anatomical changes (determined by macular thickness reduction and fluid resorption). Secondary outcomes included factors associated with poor visual outcomes ( 3-line decrease or 20/200 vision).Of the 24 eyes (24 patients, mean age, 42.8 years) in this study, two peak incidence groups were noted: children younger than 14 years (six patients; mean age, 9.7 years) and middle-aged adults (18 patients; 53.8 years). There were no significant differences between groups in terms of clinical features, treatment, and outcomes (P 0.05). The primary treatment involved immediate (7 eyes) or delayed (9) vitrectomy, laser only (2), or observation only (6). Good (50%) or partial (33%) anatomical response was noted in most cases at the final follow-up (P 0.05). However, regression analyses showed that poor visual outcomes were associated with low preoperative BCVA (OR, 8.73; 95%CI, 1.34-56.85; P = 0.023) and delayed vitrectomy (OR, 13.00; 95%CI, 1.70-99.38; P = 0.013), while presence of intraretinal fluid in the inner and outer layers reduced the risk (OR, 0.086; 95%CI, 0.01-0.88; P = 0.039).Patients with ODPM may have two peak incidence groups with similar clinical features and treatment outcomes, supporting the idea of heterogeneous mechanisms triggering fluid accumulation. Although the primary treatment choice may not impact long-term anatomical outcomes, delayed vitrectomy may be associated with poorer visual outcomes.

Purpose To evaluate the treatment response and long-term prognosis of foveal serous retinal detachment (SRD) associated with inferior staphyloma to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Methods Nineteen treatment-naïve patients who underwent > 24 months follow-up were included. We analyzed the inter-visit changes in the foveal subretinal fluid (SRF) height after anti-VEGF treatment or PDT compared to no treatment and long-term prognosis of best-corrected visual acuity. Results At the last visit of patients who received the treatment, complete resolution was more significantly achieved in the CNV (choroidal neovascularization) group than in the CNV-free group (P = 0.028). In the CNV-free patients, visual acuity improved when complete resolution was achieved; otherwise, it generally decreased and after adjusting for confounding factors, analyses showed no statistically significant differences in inter-visit changes of foveal SRF height between the anti-VEGF treatment and no treatment cases (Absolute value, Rate, Subgroup categorized as ± 20% of change; P = 0.733, P = 0.916, P = 0.277; respectively). All three patients who underwent PDT did not show complete resolution or maintained improvement of the SRF. Conclusion Treatment with anti-VEGF and PDT do not seem to be effective for foveal SRD of CNV-free inferior staphyloma.

To compare the clinical features and long-term treatment outcomes of patients undergoing secondary intraocular lens (IOL) surgery with scleral-fixated (SFIOL) versus retropupillary iris-claw IOL (RPICIOL).Consecutive patients treated between June 2014 and December 2019 at two tertiary centres were retrospectively reviewed. The primary outcome was the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). Secondary outcomes included factors associated with significant corneal endothelial injury and postoperative redislocation.This study included 395 eyes undergoing surgery with SFIOL (237 eyes, 60%) or RPICIOL (158 eyes, 40%), with no differences in baseline BCVA (p = 0.76) or endothelial cell density (ECD) (p = 0.39). Compared with the SFIOL group, the RPICIOL group had faster visual recovery (postoperative month 1, 20/37 vs. 20/46, p = 0.005) sustained to over 36 months (p = 0.034), favourable absolute prediction errors (within 0.5D, 67.3% vs. 54.9%, p = 0.027), and shorter operation times (52.7 vs. 60.9 min, p = 0.015). There was no difference in ECD after 12 months (P = 0.282). Over a mean follow-up duration of 33 months (152 cases3 years, 38.5%), the SFIOL group experienced more cases of tilted/decentred IOLs (14 vs. 1, p = 0.006), suture exposure (7 vs. 0, p = 0.045), and redislocation (17.7% vs. 10.1%, p 0.001). Multivariable regression showed that a final BCVA below 20/40 was associated with SFIOL (P = 0.007), older age (p = 0.001), intraoperative complications (p = 0.002), past history of vitrectomy/glaucoma surgery or uveitis (p = 0.046), and surgically induced astigmatism1D (p = 0.029).RPICIOL appears to be a safe and effective surgical option for secondary IOL surgery over a long-term follow-up, comparing favourably against conventional SFIOL.

Purpose To describe the clinical features and prognosis of patients with uveal metastasis in Korea. Design Retrospective, observational case series. Participants Patients diagnosed at 2 tertiary high-volume centers between November 2005 and November 2019. Methods Evaluation of multimodal imaging and electronic medical records. Main Outcome Measures The clinical features and outcomes were assessed based on the primary cancer site. Results A total of 134 uveal metastases (128 choroidal, 3 iris, and 3 ciliary body tumors) were diagnosed in 95 eyes of 80 patients. Mean age at diagnosis was 56 years (median, 55 years; range, 24–86 years), with a minor preponderance of women (61%). Tumors were bilateral in 15 patients (19%) and the primary origin was established in 49 patients (61%) before ocular detection. The primary tumor originated in the lung (48%), breast (24%), gastrointestinal tract (10%), liver (3%), pancreas (3%), kidney (1%), cervix (1%), and nasopharynx (1%), with some remaining unknown (10%). The overall 5-year survival rate was 21%. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the worst survival was found in pancreatic cancers (mean survival, 5.9 months; P = 0.045), and the best survival was found in gastrointestinal tract cancers (mean survival, 44.5 months). Conclusions The primary tumor origins in Korean patients with uveal metastases differed from those reported in primarily population-based studies of White patients, with a higher prevalence of lung and gastrointestinal tract cancers.

Autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy (ARB) is a rare subtype of bestrophinopathy caused by biallelic mutations of the BEST1 gene. ARB is characterized by multifocal subretinal deposits accompanied by macular edema or subretinal fluid, hyperopia, co-existing narrow angle, and a marked decrease in electrooculogram. However, little is known about the genetic variants and specific clinical features of ARB. This is an observational case series of patients with a clinical and genetic diagnosis of ARB who underwent multimodal imaging. We describe ten patients from nine unrelated families with six known variants and three novel missense variants: c.236C→T, p.(Ser79Phe); C.452C→T, p.(Leu151Pro); and c.650C→T, p.(Trp217Met). The most common variant was c.584C→T, p.(Ala195Val), observed in six patients, without correlation to the severity of the phenotype. All patients manifested bilateral multifocal subretinal deposits and subretinal fluid throughout the follow-up period, while intraretinal fluid was found in approximately half of the eyes. The extent or chronicity of the fluid collection did not correlate with visual acuity. Angle-closure glaucoma was present in five eyes. Three patients had a genetically confirmed family history of ARB, and one patient had a clinically suspected family history. This study reveals novel mutations in the BEST1 gene and adds to the spectrum of clinical presentations of ARB.

To investigate the relationship between pachydrusen and features of choroidal vascular hyperpermeability (CVH) and punctate hyperfluorescent spots (PHS) on serial imaging in patients with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) or pachychoroid neovasculopathy (PNV). Patients diagnosed between January 2007 and June 2016 at 2 high-volume, tertiary hospitals were retrospectively reviewed with serial multimodal imaging assessment. The primary outcome was the association between drusen subtypes (hard/soft drusen, subretinal drusenoid droplets, or pachydrusen) with CVH and PHS, previously described in central serous chorioretinopathy. Among the 105 eyes (105 patients; mean age, 67.0 years), 87 (82.9%) were diagnosed with PCV and 18 (17.1%) with PNV. Pachydrusen was the most frequently identified subtype (54 eyes, 51.4%). CVH (72.2% vs 41.4%, P = 0.021) and PHS (72.2% vs 44.8%, P = 0.041) were observed with greater frequency in PNV eyes. Significant correlations were found between CVH and PHS (phi coefficient φ 0.30, P = 0.003), and PHS with pachydrusen (φ 0.20, P = 0.040). Over a mean follow-up of 74.8 months, new drusen co-localizing to PHS were noted in 22 (21.0%) eyes (φ 0.54, P

To evaluate the therapeutic effects and safety of oral spironolactone (SPRL) in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC).The medical records and imaging data of patients diagnosed with CSC and treated with SPRL were retrospectively reviewed. Central macular thickness (CMT), subretinal fluid (SRF) height, subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at baseline, at 1, 3, and 6 months, and at the last visit after the treatment were analyzed.In total, 103 patients with 107 eyes were included. The mean age of the patients was 51.5±9.3 years, and 77 (72.0%) were male. The mean follow-up duration was 48.6±40.2 weeks. The mean duration of oral SPRL therapy was 15.5±13.4 weeks. CMT, SRF height, and SFCT improved significantly at 1, 3, and 6 months after SPRL therapy and at the last follow-up. BCVA, however, showed no significant change at any time point. The rate of complete resolution of SRF at 1 month was higher in those with chronic CSC than in those with acute CSC (21.1% vs. 6.0%, respectively). Recurrence occurred in 14 (13.1%) eyes after the complete resolution of SRF. Older age (Oral SPRL showed therapeutic benefits in patients with CSC in terms of SRF resolution, but relatively frequent recurrence was observed, especially in older patients.

This study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics of Korean patients with retinal dystrophy associated with pathogenic variants of cone rod homeobox-containing gene (CRX). We retrospectively enrolled Korean patients with CRX-associated retinal dystrophy (CRX-RD) who visited two tertiary referral hospitals. Pathogenic variants were identified using targeted panel sequencing or whole-exome sequencing. We analyzed clinical features and phenotypic spectra according to genotype. Eleven patients with CRX-RD were included in this study. Six patients with cone-rod dystrophy (CORD), two with macular dystrophy (MD), two with Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), and one with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) were included. One patient (9.1%) had autosomal recessive inheritance, and the other ten patients (90.9%) had autosomal dominant inheritance. Six patients (54.5%) were male, and the mean age of symptom onset was 27.0 ± 17.9 years. At the first presentation, the mean age was 39.4 ± 20.6 years, and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) (logMAR) was 0.76 ± 0.90 in the better eye. Negative electroretinography (ERG) was observed in seven (63.6%) patients. Nine pathogenic variants were identified, including two novel variants, c.101-1G>A and c.898T>C:p.(*300Glnext*118). Taken together with the variants reported in prior studies, all variants within the homeodomain are missense variants, whereas most variants downstream of the homeodomain are truncating variants (88%). The clinical features of pathogenic variants within the homeodomain are either CORD or MD with bull’s eye maculopathy, whereas variants downstream of the homeodomain cause more diverse phenotypes, with CORD and MD in 36%, LCA in 40%, and RP in 24%. This is the first case series in Korea to investigate the CRX-RD genotype–phenotype correlation. Pathogenic variants downstream of the homeodomain of the CRX gene are present as RP, LCA, and CORD, whereas pathogenic variants within the homeodomain are mainly present as CORD or MD with bull’s eye maculopathy. This trend was similar to previous genotype–phenotype analyses of CRX-RD. Further molecular biologic research on this correlation is required.

Biomarker tests of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are invasive and expensive. Recent developments in optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) have enabled noninvasive, cost-effective characterization of retinal layer vasculature and thickness. Using OCTA and OCT, we characterized retinal microvascular changes in the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) stage of AD and assessed their correlation with structural changes in each retinal neuronal layer. We also evaluated the effect of the APOE-ε4 genotype on retinal microvasculature and layer thickness. Retinal layer thickness did not differ between MCI patients (40 eyes) and controls (37 eyes, all p > 0.05). MCI patients had lower vessel density (VD) (p = 0.003) of the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and larger foveal avascular zone area (p = 0.01) of the deep capillary plexus (DCP) than those of controls. VD of the SCP correlated with the ganglion cell layer (r = 0.358, p = 0.03) and inner plexiform layer thickness (r = 0.437, p = 0.007) in MCI patients. APOE-ε4-carrying MCI patients had a lower VD of the DCP than non-carriers (p = 0.03). In conclusion, retinal microvasculature was reduced in patients with AD-associated MCI, but retinal thickness was not changed; these changes might be affected by the APOE genotype. OCTA of the retinal microvasculature may be useful to detect vascular changes in AD.

Ocular adverse events (OAEs) including vision-threatening intraocular inflammation after immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment have been increasingly reported; however, the risk factors associated with OAEs remain elusive. Here, we determined the factors associated with OAEs after ICI treatment. We analyzed 40 consecutive patients who experienced OAEs after ICI treatments. The OAEs included anterior uveitis, chorioretinitis, papillitis, foveal interdigitation zone thickening/serous retinal detachment (IZT/SRD), retinal vascular occlusion, and strabismus and ptosis. Of 40 patients, 18 (45%) were treated with atezolizumab, 13 (33%) with pembrolizumab, 7 (18%) with nivolumab, 1 (3%) with ipilimumab/nivolumab, and the other 1 (3%) with durvalumab/tremelimumab. BRAF/MEK inhibitors were concurrently used in 19 (48%) patients. Occurrence of intraocular inflammation was significantly associated with previous ocular surgery and trauma history (P = 0.015) and pembrolizumab use (P = 0.031). Neuro-ophthalmic complications and IZT/SRD were associated with brain metastasis (P = 0.005) and treatment with BRAF/MEK inhibitor (P

PURPOSE To investigate the tomographic structural changes in the retinal layers after internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling for idiopathic epiretinal membrane (ERM). METHODS Sixty-nine eyes treated with vitrectomy and ILM peeling for idiopathic ERM were analyzed. Parafoveal retinal thickness was measured at baseline and 6 months after surgery. RESULTS Total retinal thickness decreased significantly in the nasal and temporal subfields after surgery (p < 0.001), whereas the inner nuclear layer and outer nuclear layer showed nasal thickening (all, p < 0.001). The postoperative temporal/nasal subfield thickness ratio of each layer was significantly lower than that of fellow eyes. Eyes with larger ILM peeling showed a significantly lower temporal/nasal subfield thickness ratio (p = 0.033) than those with smaller sizes. CONCLUSIONS The retinal thickness of each layer showed anatomical changes from ILM peeling and ERM removal. Nasal parafoveal thickening and temporal thinning occurred in the inner retinal architecture, which might be affected by ILM peeling size.

To compare the clinical features, treatments, and outcomes between bullous and chronic variants of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC).Retrospective, observational case series.Sixty-two eyes of 44 patients with bullous-variant CSC (bvCSC) and 97 eyes of 85 patients with nonbullous CSC.We conducted a national survey between September 1, 2020, and March 31, 2021, of members of the Korean Retina Society and obtained data of patients with bvCSC from 11 retinal centers. A comparator group comprised consecutive chronic CSC patients without bullous detachment.Baseline demographics and patient characteristics were compared between groups. Secondary outcomes included factors associated with visual prognosis within the bvCSC group.Compared with the nonbullous CSC group, the bvCSC group presented at a younger age (49 vs. 52 years; P = 0.047) and with more bilateral involvement (41% vs. 14%; P0.001). Systemic corticosteroid use was more prevalent in the bvCSC group, both in terms of any exposure (50% vs. 20%; P = 0.001) and long-term exposure (36% vs. 9%; P 0.001). The bvCSC group had distinct imaging features (all P0.05): retinal folding (64% vs. 1%), subretinal fibrin (75% vs. 13%), multiple retinal pigment epithelium tears (24% vs. 2%), and multifocal fluorescein leakages with terminal telangiectasia (36% vs. 1%). Although bvCSC patients had worse vision at diagnosis (20/80 vs. 20/44; P = 0.003), treatment response was more robust (fluid resolution by final follow-up, 84% vs. 68%; P = 0.034) even with conservative management, resulting in similar final vision (20/52 vs. 20/45; P = 0.52). History of kidney-related (odds ratio [OR] 5.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3-18.5; P = 0.045) and autoimmune/rheumatoid diseases (OR 25.4, 95% CI 2.8-195.0; P = 0.004) showed associations with the bvCSC group. Apart from vision at diagnosis (OR 0.1, 95% CI 0.05-0.36; P 0.001), a history of renal transplantation was most predictive of visual prognoses for bvCSC eyes (OR 0.2, 95% CI 0.04-0.75; P = 0.020).Bullous-variant CSC may be associated with pathogenic risk factors based on underlying medical conditions and systemic corticosteroid use. Poor vision at diagnosis and history of renal transplantation were associated with poor visual outcome.

To investigate the association between intermittent fasting and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in the general older adult population.A cross-sectional study using a population-based, government-led survey data, Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES).A total of 4504 individuals aged ≥55 years with comprehensive data including meal frequency and fundus photography were selected using the KNHANES 2015-2018 database. Participants were divided into 2 groups based on breakfast frequency per week; intermittent fasting (nearly 0 time/week) and nonfasting (5-7 times/week) groups. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the risk factors for AMD identified by fundus photography.AMD was identified in 25.1% of total participants. The intermittent fasting group had a decreased risk of AMD compared with the nonfasting group (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.413, 95% CI 0.203-0.841), especially in individuals with a younger age (70 years, aOR 0.357, 95% CI 0.153-0.833), obesity (aOR 0.663, 95% CI 0.424-1.037), and urban residence (aOR 0.437, 95% CI 0.248-0.769). Increased age (aOR 1.058, 95% CI 1.041-1.076) and serum high-density lipoprotein levels (aOR 1.011, 95% CI 1.002-1.021) were also independent risk factors for AMD.Using the population-based survey data, we demonstrated that intermittent fasting by skipping breakfast was significantly associated with a reduced risk of AMD in a representative older adult population, especially in individuals with age70 years, obesity, and urban residence.

Purpose To investigate keratin 8 (KRT8) level in the aqueous humor (AH) of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and elucidate its association with intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) treatment outcomes. Methods This prospective study involved 58 eyes of treatment-naïve nAMD patients treated with three IVR doses monthly and whose AH samples were collected at baseline and two months after the initial treatment. KRT8 level was determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and compared with that of the control group, which comprised patients who underwent cataract surgery during the same period. The nAMD-affected eyes were classified into responder (dry) and poor responder (persistent fluid) groups, according to optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings at month three. Additionally, associations between the KRT8 level and IVR treatment outcomes were analyzed. Results The baseline KRT8 level was significantly higher in the AMD group than in the control group. In the AMD group, responders demonstrated significant differences between the KRT8 level at the baseline and month two, whereas poor responders exhibited no significant change. Regression analysis revealed that a higher KRT8 level at month two was significantly associated with persistent fluid upon OCT at months three and six. Conclusions Monitoring aqueous KRT8 level may facilitate early determination of the therapeutic effects of IVR in nAMD patients and reflect the conditions of retinal pigment epithelium during the disease course. Translational Relevance Monitoring aqueous KRT8 may aid early determination of therapeutic effects of IVR in neovascular AMD patients and reflect the health conditions of retinal pigment epithelium.

To assess multimodal imaging findings of focal scleral nodule (FSN) to evaluate its origin and natural course.This was a retrospective observational case series and included 14 patients with FSN who underwent multimodal imaging. Clinical information was gathered from patients' medical records. Primary outcome measures were standardized grading of imaging features.The mean follow-up duration was 68.8 ± 43.6 months (range, 6-139 months). Most lesions were solitary (92.6%), but one patient had two adjacent lesions (7.1%). Optical coherence tomography revealed that all lesions were confined to the sclera. Lesions showed mostly outer retinal abnormality, with external limiting membrane thinning or absence in 41.6% of lesions and ellipsoid layer absence in 84.6% of lesions. Most lesions showed an absence (69.2%) or thinning (23.1%) of the choroid above the lesion, and the mean choroidal thickness above the lesion for choroids with measurable thickness was 36 ± 75 μm (median, 0; range, 0-265 μm). Of 13 lesions with available follow-up data, only three lesions showed minimal growth over time.This study demonstrates for the first time that bifocal lesions of FSN in the same eye are possible and reaffirms the relative stability of this entity.

To report retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD)-related submacular hemorrhage developing after administration of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, a single-center, retrospective observational case series was conducted. Clinical data including fundus photographs and optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans were reviewed. Twenty-three eyes of 21 patients were included with the median age at symptom presentation being 77 years (range: 51–85 years). Twelve eyes (52.2%) had submacular hemorrhage and 11 (47.8%) had RVO. Twelve patients (60.9%) had been vaccinated with the Pfizer vaccine (BNT162b2) and 8 with the AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1) vaccine. Sixteen patients (76.2%) experienced ocular disease exacerbation after the first vaccination and 4 (19.0%) after the second vaccination. The median visual acuity (logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution; logMAR) before symptom development was 0.76 (interquartile range: 0.27–1.23); the median logMAR at symptom presentation was 1.40 (interquartile range 0.52–1.70). The median time between vaccination and symptom exacerbation was 2.0 days (interquartile range: 1.0–3.0 days). Five patients (23.8%) underwent tests for hematological abnormalities, including the presence of anti-PF4 antibodies; all were negative. Further studies with larger patient group for evaluation of effect of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination on retinal hemorrhage are necessary.

This study aimed to investigate the clinical features and risk factors for poor visual outcomes in patients with endogenous Klebsiella pneumoniae endophthalmitis (EKE).This retrospective interventional case series reviewed the medical records of 17 patients (21 eyes) with EKE from January 2007 to December 2019. Clinical findings, treatments, visual outcomes, and potential prognostic factors were evaluated.The mean age of the patients was 55.9 years and 13 patients (76.5%) were males. Diabetes (23.5%) was the most commonly associated systemic disease and liver abscess (70.6%) was the major infection source. Poor initial visual acuity worse than counting fingers was significantly associated with poor final visual outcome (p = 0.003). In this study, adjunctive intravitreal dexamethasone injection and primary vitrectomy were not associated with final visual outcome. Secondary enucleation/evisceration was performed in 14.3%.EKE usually has a poor visual prognosis, and early diagnosis with fair initial visual acuity would be crucial in saving vision.

BACKGROUND Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) is a fulminant necrotizing vaso-occlusive retinitis associated with a high incidence of vision loss. Prognostic factors associated with the treatment of ARN have not been comprehensively identified. This study aimed to determine therapeutic prognostic factors associated with long-term clinical outcomes in eyes with ARN. METHODS This retrospective cohort study included patients with ARN who were treated between 2005 and 2019 in two tertiary ophthalmology departments in Seoul, Korea. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate prognostic factors associated with late-onset retinal detachment (RD) and vision loss (

PURPOSE This study aims to report complications, treatments, and visual prognosis of choroidal osteoma. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed electronic medical records and multimodal images of 41 patients with choroidal osteoma. RESULTS Visually significant complications included choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in 21 (47.7%) eyes and subretinal fluid (SRF) without CNV in 14 (31.8%) eyes. The most common treatment was intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injection: 13 (61.9%) eyes with CNV received an average of 6.3 injections, and 6 (42.9%) eyes with SRF but without CNV received 1.8 injections. As the first-line treatment, intravitreal anti-VEGF injection induced complete or partial remission in 93.4% of eyes with CNV and 57.1% of eyes with SRF. The probability of legally low vision estimated at 3 and at 5 years was 29.1% and 34.2%, respectively. The presence of CNV and outer retinal tubulation (ORT) was independent risk factors for vision loss (adjusted odds ratio, 8.08 and 6.94, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The development of CNV and ORT was strong risk factors for visual impairment. Due to the frequent recurrence of complications and poor visual prognosis, regular check-ups and appropriate treatment choices are warranted.

To evaluate the expression of multiple chemokine receptors in peripheral blood T cells from patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD).Peripheral blood mononuclear cells and/or aqueous humor were obtained from 24 AMD patients and 24 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Chemokine receptor expression on T cells from peripheral blood was determined by multicolor flow cytometry. The levels of chemokines and cytokines in the aqueous humor from 12 AMD patients and six healthy controls were assessed.AMD patients had increased expressions of CCR4 in CD4The chemokine receptor profiles of T cells are altered in AMD patients compared to healthy controls without noticeable associations with chemokine levels in the aqueous humor. Further evaluation is needed to clarify the role of these alterations in AMD pathogenesis.