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Parliamentary questions are a direct form of parliamentary scrutiny of other EU institutions and bodies, traditionally being an important tool for the opposition. This study examines how parliamentary questions are used in the European Parliament. We ascertain whether political groups representing opposition differ in their use of parliamentary questions from those who are represented in the European Commission. The article presents two main findings. First, such a difference does exist in all types of questions at the aggregated level. Groups not represented in the European Commission pose more questions than those who are represented. Secondly, it appears that the type of parliamentary question determines the groups’ behaviour. The article thus contributes to our understanding of how opposition functions in the European Parliament.

В статье рассматриваются управленческие функции территориальных органов юстиции в динамике развития общественных отношений на современном этапе. Показана реализация контрольных полномочий этих органов на объект регулирования в деятельности некоммерческих организаций, нотариата, адвокатуры и субъектов регионального нормотворчества. Обозначены ограничения, создающие препятствия в принятии властных решений территориальными органами юстиции., The article considers the administrative functions of the territorial bodies of justice in the dynamics of the development of social relations at the present stage. The implementation of the supervisory powers of these bodies on the object of regulation in the activities of non-profit organizations, notaries, advocacy and subjects of regional rule-making is shown. The limitations are designated that create obstacles in taking power decisions by the territorial bodies of justice., №1(33) (2019)

The object of study of this article is the normative-legal consolidation of provisions on the parliamentary control in the Russian Federation as an effective means of combating corruption. The article states that one of the most important areas of combating corruption is the improvement of the quality of activities of the legislative branch in Russia. The main line of fighting corruption is to improve the supervisory powers of the Russian parliament and all representative bodies of the executive power. In the process of writing this article, the general scientific research methods (logical analysis and synthesis, functional and historical and legal methods) as well as special methods were used. The research methodology was primarily normative legal acts of the Russian Federation and the works of Russian scientists, the international experience on the issue was studied. As a result of studying the authors come to the conclusion that currently, the mechanism of parliamentary control has a stable legal basis, all the necessary tools, and can fully answer to its purpose on the whole and perform a serious means of countering corruption in particular, however, this mechanism should be improved at every turn.

Although keeping bank supervision independent from macroprudential supervision may ensure more checks and balances, placing bank supervision in the central bank could exploit synergies with macroprudential supervision. This paper studies whether placing microprudential supervision of banks, typically the systemic part of the financial system, under the same roof as financial stability policy, typically entrusted to the central bank, can improve financial stability. Specifically, the paper analyzes whether having bank supervision in the central bank mitigated the likelihood of banking crises during 2007–12. The analysis conditions on crisis indicators commonly found in the early-warning models of banking crises, the quality of microprudential supervision, and the quality of macroprudential supervision. The authors find that countries with deeper financial markets and those undergoing rapid financial deepening can better foster financial stability when they put bank supervision in the central bank.

Although Moldova has made some important advances since the 2008 FSAP update, risks to banking sector stability have become severe. There is an urgent need, therefore, to improve transparency and governance in the banking system. Although the banking sector appears to be well capitalized and liquid, important pockets of weakness remain and vulnerabilities may be masked by fraud or misreporting. The two securities settlement systems are in need of updating, though plans to take this reform forward are not finalized. Weaknesses in the insolvency and creditor or debtor regime create uncertainty and may deter some stakeholders from engaging in financial transactions. Especially in light of the weaknesses described above and recent geopolitical uncertainties, urgent action is needed to address these and mitigate the risks to which the financial system appears to be exposed.

The bank insolvency framework in Poland should be modernized to ensure financial stability, maintain the continuity of critical functions in the banking system, and protect depositors and creditors, while assigning losses according to a pre-established creditor hierarchy. Several country experiences in Europe and elsewhere have demonstrated the effectiveness of new bank resolution measures by the European commission. A key aspect of the resolution process is for the authorities to swiftly assess and revalue the balance sheet of the intervened bank. Other particularities of modern resolution procedures relate to maintaining the integrity of secured financial contracts to prevent disruptions in financial market transactions including in payments and settlements systems. The treatment of systemically important institutions should rely on extraordinary resolution tools which are necessary if a bank is too large to be purchased or for its liabilities to be readily assumed. The purpose of this paper is thus to describe and recommend new features that can be added to strengthen the Polish legislation for handling commercial bank insolvencies. The paper focuses on the legal issues related to insolvency of banks (including commercial banks and cooperative banks). The banking sector's share in the total assets of the credit sector amounts to 89 percent while cooperative banks control 6 percent. The only wholly-owned state bank is the development bank Bank Gospodarstwa Krajowego (BGK) which is subject to supervision by the Polish Financial Supervisory Authority (KNF).

This assessment of the Basel Core Principles (BCP) was conducted as part of the financial sector assessment program (FSAP) update evaluation of the El Salvador financial system from April 22 to May 10, 2010. The supervisory framework was assessed against the BCP methodology issued in October 2006. The assessment of compliance with each principle is made on a qualitative basis. A four-part assessment system is used: compliant; largely compliant; materially noncompliant; and noncompliant. A largely compliant assessment is given if only minor shortcomings are observed, and these are not seen as sufficient to raise serious doubts about the authority's ability to achieve the objective of that principle. A materially noncompliant assessment is given when the shortcomings are sufficient to raise doubts about the authority's ability to achieve compliance, but substantive progress has been made. A noncompliant assessment is given when no substantive progress toward compliance has been achieved. The ratings assigned during this assessment are not comparable to the ones assigned in the 2000 FSAP, as the bar to measure the effectiveness of a supervisory framework has been raised in the new methodology. This paper is structures as follows: introduction; information and methodology used for assessment; institutional and macroeconomic setting and market structure- overview; preconditions for effective bank supervision; main findings; and recommended action plan and authorities' response.

This paper attempts to use network theory, drawn from recent work in sociology, engineering, and biological systems, to suggest that the current crisis should be viewed as a network crisis. The author surveys the concepts of networks, their defining characteristics, applications to financial markets, and the need for supervision and implications for national and global governance. Then, author briefly examines the current financial crisis in the light of the network analysis and surveys the recent reforms in financial regulation and architecture. The paper concludes with an analysis of the policy implications of network analysis.

Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Políticas na especialidade de Ciência Política apresentada à Universidade Aberta Esta dissertação — A Fiscalização Parlamentar do Sistema de Justiça — é, sobretudo, um guia para ajudar na consolidação de um sistema global de acompanhamento, monitorização e fiscalização do sistema de justiça em Portugal, que é cada vez mais complexo. O forte aumento das diferentes estruturas e agentes da justiça, o mercado e a livre concorrência entre as diferentes economias, secundada pela globalização, aumentaram a necessidade da redobrada atenção parlamentar sobre o desempenho do sistema de justiça português. A actualidade e a complexidade do tema obrigam a um tratamento alargado e a uma análise macro formulada em termos de teoria geral. A presente dissertação de Doutoramento em Ciências Políticas, na vertente de Ciência Política, é um contributo inovador e útil para o estudo científico de uma das múltiplas áreas da função parlamentar de fiscalização que incide sobre o sistema de justiça. Fica, assim, delimitada a amplitude do objecto de investigação: uma das faces da ligação entre o poder parlamentar e o poder judicial. O estudo da instituição parlamentar portuguesa, da sua organização, da sua actividade, das funções que lhe estão atribuídas constitucionalmente, começa a ganhar relevo entre nós e com isso a investigação científica, neste campo, veio a desenvolver-se nos últimos anos, o que se entende pela exposição pública e mediática a que tem estado sujeita a Assembleia da República. Estamos perante uma teoria geral não só normativa mas essencialmente politológica da relação de fiscalização que se estabelece entre o poder parlamentar e o poder jurisdicional do Estado, designadamente, em defesa da Constituição, das leis e, por consequência, dos direitos, liberdades e garantias dos cidadãos. O esquema organizatório global de fiscalização da actividade do sistema de justiça passa, em grande medida, no que diz respeito a decisões concretas dos tribunais, como despachos, sentenças ou acórdãos, pela via dos recursos legalmente previstos e apreciados por tribunais de categoria superior. Por outro lado, existem amplas inspecções a realizar pelos competentes serviços dos Conselhos gestores das magistraturas e pela própria inspecção-geral administrativa em domínios todos eles legalmente especificados. A tese apresentada realça uma importante parcela de um sistema integrado e global de fiscalização do sistema de justiça, assegurando e garantindo a fiscalização parlamentar um reforço da democraticidade do exercício da função, da sua eficácia e operacionalidade. This thesis — The Parliamentary supervision of the Justice System — is above all a guide to assist in the consolidation of a global system of accompaniment, monitoring and supervision of the justice system in Portugal, which is becoming more complex. The strong increase of different justice structures and agents, the market and the free competition between different economies — in line with the globalisation phenomenon — extended the need of redoubled focus by Parliament on the performance of the Portuguese justice system. Both this theme’s actuality and complexity require an enlarged study and a general theory macro analysis. The present PhD thesis in Political Science is a useful and innovative contribution for the scientific study of Parliament’s role in the supervision of the justice system. The scope of this investigation is therefore shortened to the liaison between the legislative and judicial powers. The study of the Portuguese parliamentary institution, its organisation, activity and roles invested by the Constitution, is increasingly common, spurring a scientific investigation in this field which has been highlighted by the Parliament’s media cover. This thesis is not only a legal general theory but essentially a political one regarding the supervision relationship established between the parliamentary and jurisdictional powers of the State, aiming at the protection of the Constitution, laws and, as a result, of citizen’s rights, liberties and guarantees. As far as court rulings are concerned, the overall organisation of the judicial supervision system essentially evolves on appeals to higher courts. On the other hand there are various inspections to be carried out by the competent administrative and judicial inspection authorities. This thesis enhances an important section of an integrated and global supervision of the judicial system, ensuring and securing Parliament’s control, a reinforcement of the democratic principles inherent to such role, its effectiveness and operational performance.