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The aim of this study was to determine the physiological, hematological parameters and ANAE positivity of donkeys in Kyrgyzstan. Animals (n=24) were clinically examined and blood samples were taken. The average pulsation and respiration rates of male and female donkeys were measured as 52.25±9.27; 49.16±4.80 beats/minute and 18.41±4.21; 18.58±3.30 breaths/minute, respectively. HGB, MCV, MCH and MCHC values did not different in the groups. RBC and WBC values were higher in females. Mean ANAE-positive PBL ratio of donkeys was found as 42.90±1.18%. Consequently, some physiological, hematological values and ANAE-profile were determined and advised as reference values of donkeys in Kyrgyzstan.

Chia seed, known as Salvia hispanica L., is an oval-shaped, one-year herbaceous plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family with small seeds of white, gray or black (mostly) color. It is used as a popular functional food for its health effects associated with its rich nutrient content. Studies have shown that the essential oils of chia seed oil have an antimicrobial effect on chia and the product it is added to. It has been determined that this antimicrobial effect generally exerts an inhibitory and bacteriostatic effect on microorganisms such as Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In addition, studies have found that the flavonoids and tocopherol found in Chia are the basic structures responsible for the antioxidant capacity of the seed. Studies on the antioxidant capacity of chia seeds and extract have been found to inhibit lipid peroxidation and protect the cell against oxidative stress. In this review study, it was aimed to compile the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of chia seeds, whose area of use is gradually expanding, and to evaluate its contribution to functional food production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subclinical mastitis is one of the most common mastitis forms of dairy herds. Besides its economic importance, it has a serious zoonotic potential due to the spread of bacteria and toxins through milk. Among the many bacterial pathogens that may cause mastitis, Staphylococcus aureus is probably the most important contagious agent in the mammary gland as it causes chronic and profound infections. This microorganism produces a virulence factor and various toxins that facilitate its pathogenicity. The aim of this study was to investigate some important toxins (Panton-Valentine leucocidin, toxic shock syndrome toxin 1, exfoliative toxin), genes (luk-PV, tst-1, eta, atb, etd) and antibiotic resistance in S. aureus isolates from cows' milk with subclinical mastitis in Western Turkey. Materials for the study consisted of 31 S. aureus isolates obtained from 200 subclinical mastitis milk samples. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to confirm bacterial identification and to determine toxin genes. Antimicrobial resistance to eight antibiotics belonging to eight antimicrobial families was determined by the disc diffusion method. Fifteen (48.4%) isolates were found to harbor one or more toxin genes. None of the investigated isolates harbored etb gene, while eleven (73.3%), five (33.3%), four (26.6%) and two (13.3%) isolates had etd, luk-PV, tst-1, eta genes, respectively. A total of five toxin gene profiles were obtained. While all isolates were resistant to penicillin G, sixteen (51.6%) of them were found to be multidrug resistant. A total of 10 antibiotic resistance phenotypes were determined. The results show that there was a wide variety of S. aureus isolates that can lead to mastitis due to the toxin gene diversity. In addition, the high number of multi-resistant isolates to antibiotics show that there is a serious problem of antimicrobial resistance in the farms where these materials were obtained. It is thought that the presence of S. aureus isolates with the toxin gene in raw milk may be a potential threat to public health if they are consumed without adequate heat treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detrimental effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on the embryonic development of broiler tibia and its proximal growth plate were determined by means of histological, histometric and immunohistochemical methods. For this, 420 fertile eggs from parent stocks of Ross 308 broiler chickens were divided into five groups according to the proposed treatment: a control untreated group, a group injected with 30% ethanol and three further groups to be injected with 5, 15 or 40 ng AFB1. The eggs were injected into the air space prior to incubation. Five eggs from each group were opened at 9, 11, 13, 17, 19 and 21 days of incubation and tibial tissue samples were removed, dissected of muscle and connective tissues, and processed by means of routine histological techniques. The cell proliferation rate of the epiphyseal growth plate cells was determined by immunohistochemical assay of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression. The results showed that both proliferative and hypertrophic zones narrowed significantly (P<0.05), when compared with the controls, in all of the AFB1-treated groups whereas the transitional zone thickened, especially in the group given 40 ng AFB1 group. The PCNA positivity indices of 15 and 40 ng AFB1-treated groups were significantly higher (P<0.05) on days 11, 13, 17, 19 and 21 of incubation. It was concluded that in ovo-administered AFB1 adversely affected embryonic development of the tibial growth plate, and that affected hatched broilers might also be more susceptible to skeletal disorders during growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study which investigated the detrimental effects of in ovo administered aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on the immune system of chickens in the post-hatching period. Haemagglutination-Inhibition Test and Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to assay the serum antibody titres at the 1st and 28th days, respectively. The study found that the AFB1-treatment caused decreases in the alpha-napthtyl acetate esterase (ANAE) or acid phosphatase (ACP-ase) positive lymphocytes/PBL ratios during the hatching period.

Evaluates the effects of aflatoxin B[sub 1] on the embryonic development of the bursa of Fabricius in fertilized chicken eggs. Increase in the mortality rate of the eggs; Impairment and retardation of bursal development; Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.

1. The embryotoxicity of mixed aflatoxins (AF) and aflatoxin B[sub 1] (AFB[sub 1]) were evaluated by a modified chick embryotoxicity screening test (CHEST). Adverse effects on the early embryonic development of thymus and bursa of Fabricius were also investigated by light microscopy. AF consisted of 83·06% AFB[sub 1], 12·98% AFB[sub 2], 2·84% AFG[sub 1] and 1·12% AFG[sub 2]. 2. A total of 448 fertilised laying hens' eggs were used. AF and AFB[sub 1] were injected into the eggs at doses of 10, 100 and 1000 ng/egg. Embryonic developmental stages were evaluated according to the Hamburger-Hamilton scale (HH-scale). 3. The results showed that AFB[sub 1] given at 10 ng/egg had a significantly (P < 0·05) greater embryotoxic effect than AF given at a similar dose. The higher doses of both AF and AFB[sub 1] caused higher embryonic mortality and also an increase in early deaths. 4. In the groups receiving 100 ng/egg AF and AFB[sub 1] an abnormal development was seen, with a protruded central region, corresponding to the area pellucida of the blastoderm. No other developmental abnormality attributable to AF or AFB[sub 1] was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is well-known that oral surgical procedures pose a high risk for medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients taking bisphosphonates. Although some position papers and guidelines have been published with regard to its treatment, few studies have investigated prevention methods. This study investigates the effectiveness of methenolone enanthate, an anabolic steroid, for the prevention of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw., Methods: Thirty-six Wistar rats were divided into three groups. Two experimental groups, Z and ZM, took zoledronic acid for 6 weeks prior to extraction of the left maxillary first molar. The Group ZM also was given methenolone enanthate continuously for 1 week before and 4 weeks after the extraction. The control group was not given any medication. The rats were euthanized 5 weeks after extraction. The extraction socket was evaluated clinically for bone exposure and histologically for inflammation, hyperemia, collagen fibers, epithelialization, number of osteoclasts, and empty lacunae., Results: Six rats died during the experimental research. The bone exposure rate, mean numbers of attached osteoclasts (in 40× magnification), and empty lacunae (in 100× magnification) were 0%, 4%, and 0.8% in Group C; 75%, 1%, and 8% in Group Z; and 10%, 2.1%, and 3% in Group ZM, respectively. Significant differences exist between all groups regarding the number of empty lacunae. There were significant differences between Group C/ZM and Group Z in terms of bone exposure rate, inflammation, hyperemia, collagen fiber organization, and epithelialization., Conclusion: In our tested preclinical model, methenolone enanthate has shown potential for preventing medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background/aim: This study aims to determine the possible embryotoxic effects of propofol on the cerebellum and spinal cord using fertile chicken eggs., Materials and Methods: A total of 430 fertile eggs were divided into 5 groups: control, saline, 2.5 mg.kg -1 , 12.5 mg.kg -1 , and 37.5 mg.kg -1 propofol. Injections were made immediately before incubation via the air chamber. On the 15th, 18th, and 21st day of incubation, 6 embryos from each group were evaluated. Serial paraffin sections taken from the cerebellum and spinal cord were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Kluver-Barrera, toluidine blue, and periodic acid-Schiff's reaction. The outer granular layer and total cortex thickness were measured, and the linear density of the Purkinje cells was determined. The ratios of the substantia grisea surface area to the total surface area of the spinal cord were calculated. The transverse and longitudinal diameters of the canalis centralis were also assessed., Results: No structural malformation was observed in any embryos examined macroscopically. No significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of development and histologic organization of the cerebellum and spinal cord. However, on the 15th, 18th, and 21st day, the outer granular layer (p < 0.001 for all days) and the total cortex thickness (p < 0.01, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively) decreased significantly in different propofol dose groups in varying degrees in the cerebellum. Similarly, in the spinal cord, there were significant changes in the ratios of the substantia grisea surface area to the total surface area (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively)., Conclusion: It was concluded that the in-ovo-administered propofol given immediately before incubation has adverse effects on the developing cerebellum and spinal cord. Therefore, it is important for anesthesiologists always to remain vigilant when treating female patients of childbearing age., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: No conflict of interest occurred., (© TÜBİTAK.)

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the possible embryotoxic effects of propofol, a general anaesthetic agent that is commonly used in clinical practice, on peripheral blood lymphocytes using enzyme histochemical techniques., Methods: For this purpose, 430 laying hen fertile eggs were used for this study. The eggs were divided into 5 groups as control, solvent-control (saline), 2.5 mg kg-1 propofol, 12.5 mg kg-1 propofol, and 37.5 mg kg-1 propofol, and injections were performed via the air sac just before the incubation. The peripheral blood alpha naphthyl acetate esterase and acid phosphatase-positive lymphocyte ratios were determined on the hatching day., Results: No statistically significant difference was found between both alpha naphthyl acetate esterase and acid phosphatase-positive lymphocyte ratios of the control and solvent-control groups. However, when compared with the control and solvent-control groups, statistically significant decreases were observed in the peripheral blood alpha naphthyl acetate esterase and acid phosphatase-positive lymphocyte ratios of the chicks from the propofol-injected groups. Besides, the difference between 2.5 mg kg-1 and 12.5 mg kg-1 propofol groups is not significant, whereas the difference between these 2 groups and the 37.5 mg kg-1 propofol group was statistically significant (P < .05)., Conclusions: It was concluded that propofol given to fertilised chicken eggs just before incubation caused significant decreases in both the peripheral blood alpha naphthyl acetate esterase and acid phosphatase-positive lymphocyte ratios.

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the effects of a mixture of encapsulated essential oils (EOs) addition on nutrient digestion, serum biochemical parameters, peripheral blood alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE), and acid phosphatase (ACP-ase) positive lymphocyte ratios and intestinal morphology in laying hens., Methods: A total of 320 laying hens of 48-wk-old were randomly allotted into 4 treatment groups with 10 replicates of 8 birds in each replicate. The birds were fed a basal diet (control) or the diet added with mixture of EOs (which consist of eugenol, nerolidol, piperine, thymol, linalool, and geraniol) at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg for period of 84 days., Results: The addition of EOs at 100 or 200 mg/kg increased the dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein digestion as compared to control. The addition of all doses of EOs did not affect serum gamma glutamyl transferase, alanine aminotransferase, and P but increased serum asparate aminotransferase (AST) concentration. The addition of 200 mg/kg EOs increased serum creatinine, while 100 mg/kg decreased Ca concentration. The addition of 100 and 200 mg/kg EOs generally improved ANAE and ACP-ase positive peripheral blood lymphocyte ratios and intestinal morphology., Conclusion: It can be concluded that, the addition of 100 or 200 mg/kg encapsulated EOs generally increased apparent nutrient digestion and serum AST concentration, improved ANAE and ACP-ase positive peripheral blood lymphocytes and intestinal morphology in laying hens.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine of the effects of in ovo administered BPA on embryonic development of the tibial growth plate using histological methods in chickens., Methods: Three hundred and ten fertile eggs of Isa Brown laying parent stock were divided into five groups as untreated control, vehicle-injected control, 50, 100, and 250 μg/egg BPA. At the 13th, 18th, and 21st days of incubation, eggs were randomly opened from each group until 10 live embryos were obtained. Embryos were weighed and crown-rump length was measured. Tibial tissue samples were taken from embryos. Tibia weight, relative tibia weight and tibia length were determined. Tissue samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin solution. Sections were stained with Safranin O staining methods and zones in the growth plate were measured. Also, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was stained immunohistochemically., Results: The mortality in the BPA treated groups was higher than untreated control group. The results have revealed that mean relative embryo weights, crown-rump length, mean tibia weight, relative tibia weight, and tibia length of BPA treated groups were significantly lower when compared to the untreated control and vehicle-injected control groups. Also, proliferative zone get significantly narrowed, whereas the transitional and hypertrophic zone thickened and PCNA positive chondrocytes increased in growth plate of BPA treated groups., Conclusion: These results have suggested that developmental exposure to BPA adversely affected development of the tibial growth plate., (© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

The effects of bisphenol A on the some plasma cytokine levels and distribution of CD8 + and CD4 + T lymphocytes in spleen, ilealPeyer's patch and bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue in rats were investigated. A total of fourty male Wistar Albino rats were divided into five groups including 8 rats in each one: control, vehicle, BPA 5, BPA 50 and BPA 500 groups. Doses of 5, 50 and 500 μg/kg BPA were dissolved in ethanol, then mixed with corn oil. The control group received no treatment. The vehicle group was given the ethanol-corn oil mixture. BPA 5, BPA 50 and BPA 500 groups were given, respectively, 5, 50, and 500 μg/kg/day orally. In blood samples, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α plasma levels were determined with ELISA. Tissue samples (spleen, ileal Peyer's patches and lung) were processed by means of routine histological techniques. CD4 and CD8 were stained immunohistochemically. Data obtained from this study showed that, BPA causes the alteration on immune parameters including cytokine profile, distribution of CD8 + and CD4 + T lymhpocytes in spleen and ileal Peyer's patches. Present study indicated that BPA may affect immune systems even at lower doses.Disruption of immun system cells and cytokine levels can result in harmful outcomes triggering autoimmune diseases and immunodeficiencies., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Study Objectives: Morphine is the reference treatment for severe acute pain in an emergency department. The purpose of this study was to describe and analyse opioid-related ADRs (adverse drug reactions) in a large cohort of emergency department patients, and to identify predictive factors for those ADRs., Methods: In this prospective, observational, pharmaco-epidemiological international cohort study, all patients aged 18years or older who were treated with morphine were enrolled. The study was done in 23 emergency departments in the US and France. Baseline numerical rating scale score and initial and total doses of morphine titration were recorded. Logistic regression analysis was used to study the effects of demographic, clinical and medical history covariates on the occurrence of opioid-induced ADRs within 6h after treatment., Results: A total of 1128 patients were included over 10months. Median baseline initial pain scores were 8/10 (7-10) versus 3/10 (1-4) after morphine administration. Median titration duration was 10min (IQR, 1-30). The occurrence of opioid-induced ADRs was 25% and 2% were serious. Patients experienced mainly nausea and drowsiness. Medical history of travel sickness (odds ratio [OR], 1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-2.86) and history of nausea or vomiting post morphine (OR, 3.86; 95% CI, 2.29-6.51) were independent predictors of morphine related ADRs., Conclusion: Serious morphine related ADRs are rare and unpredictable. Prophylactic antiemetic therapy could be proposed to patients with history of travel sickness and history of nausea or vomiting in a postoperative setting or after morphine administration., (Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

The aim of the present study was to investigate immunohistochemical distribution of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the mouse placenta at different gestational stages. For this purpose a total of 18 Swiss albino female mice at 12-14 weeks of age were used. Females were sacrificed on days 3 (early), 10 (mid-), and 17 (late) of pregnancy and the implantation sites of the pregnant uterus were sampled. The sections were made transversely through the central region of the implantation site and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histological examination. PCNA and Hsp70 was stained immunohistochemically. Since the definitive placenta was not still formed on day 3 of pregnancy, Hsp70 and PCNA positivity were evaluated in only luminal epithelium and decidual-stromal cells. On days 10 and 17 of pregnancy, Hsp70 and PCNA positivity were evaluated in labyrinth zone, junctional zone and decidual layer of placenta. Hsp70 expression was observed trophoblast cells and decidual cells and was relatively constant throughout the pregnancy. This protein was strongly labeled in the trophoblast cells; while decidual cells were displayed moderate staining. In early pregnant mouse uteri, PCNA was mainly localized in decidual-stromal cells. The trophoblast cells and decidual cells displayed highly proliferative activity at the midgestational period. However there was a significant decrease in the percentage of PCNA positive cells in late gestation., (© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)