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The article explores the metabolism of dinosaurs, particularly when running at maximum speed, by connecting their metabolism with kinetic energy. The methodology developed allows students to determine the maximum metabolism of dinosaurs, such as the Velociraptor, running at their fastest. The study provides insights into the lives of dinosaurs and engages students in understanding the complex relationship between metabolism, body mass, and locomotion speed. The research highlights the importance of considering the metabolic rates of animals when studying their locomotion and energy expenditure. [Extracted from the article]

Fingerprint patterns (or epidermal ridges) are by far one of the most reliable techniques for individual identification. Fingerprint patterns get deposited on all kinds of solid surfaces due to human transudation or exudation process. Bodily fluids through sweat glands contain moisture, natural oils and proteins. Since latent fingerprint patterns are not readily recognizable they are collected from a crime scene and are further processed physically or chemically. Fingerprints obtained using conventional black and white powders face severe drawbacks including low sensitivity, high background interference from the substrates, involvement of toxic materials, and poor stability. To overcome the above-listed issues, especially for coloured and transparent substrates, luminescent materials have emerged as potential agents for rapid visualization of high-contrast latent fingerprints. This review covers the recent advancements in luminescent nanomaterials of both kinds (up and down conversion) and persistent nanophosphors for developing latent fingerprints. Special emphasis has been given to an unusual class of luminescent materials known as persistent nanophosphors, which do not require a constant excitation, thereby completely eradicating background noise. The review also covers different approaches to gathering fingerprints such as powder dusting, cyanoacrylate fuming, ninhydrin fuming and vacuum metal deposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ca2+ tunneling requires both store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) and Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Tunneling expands the SOCE microdomain through Ca2+ uptake by SERCA into the ER lumen where it diffuses and is released via IP3 receptors. In this study, using high-resolution imaging, we outline the spatial remodeling of the tunneling machinery (IP3R1; SERCA; PMCA; and Ano1 as an effector) relative to STIM1 in response to store depletion. We show that these modulators redistribute to distinct subdomains laterally at the plasma membrane (PM) and axially within the cortical ER. To functionally define the role of Ca2+ tunneling, we engineered a Ca2+ tunneling attenuator (CaTAr) that blocks tunneling without affecting Ca2+ release or SOCE. CaTAr inhibits Cl- secretion in sweat gland cells and reduces sweating in vivo in mice, showing that Ca2+ tunneling is important physiologically. Collectively our findings argue that Ca2+ tunneling is a fundamental Ca2+ signaling modality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the pattern of skin diseases among patients visiting the Pediatric outpatient department of tertiary care hospital. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Department of Pediatric Outpatient, Combined Military Hospital, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Period: August 2023 to February 2024. Methods: Children up to age of 12 years, attending the outpatient department for skin disorders were included in the study. Consultants with Postgraduate qualifications in Pediatrics made the diagnosis & consultations from Dermatology department were also obtained. Results: A total of 300 patients were included in the study, consisting of 60% males and 40% females, with a mean age of 2.29 years (± 1.19 years). The age group distribution indicated that 34% of participants (n=102) were under 1 year of age, while 27.3% (n=82) were between the ages of 6 to 10 years. Infectious diseases and infestations were the most prevalent skin conditions, affecting 66.36% of participants. This was followed by eczema (n=46,15.33%), hypersensitivity (n=22,7.33%), and disorders of sweat and sebaceous glands (n=23,7.66). Among the infections, bacterial infections were the most common (23%), followed by fungal infections (18.33%) and viral infections (6.3%). Conclusion: Infections and infestations together constituted 66.36% of the cases. Bacterial infections, along with scabies and fungal infections were the most common disorders observed followed by eczematous disorders. Education regarding good hygiene and proper care can eventually help. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Factors explaining individual variations in whole body sweat sodium ion concentration ([Na+]) during exercise are not fully understood. Galvanic skin conductance (GSC) reflects the electrical properties of the skin influenced by sweat rate (SR) and the presence of ions. Initiation of increases in this response to elevating sweating may reflect exceeding the maximal capacity of sweat ion reabsorption in sweat glands. We investigated whether the SR threshold for increasing GSC, an indirect measure of maximum ion reabsorption rates of sweat glands, explains the variations in whole body sweat [Na+]. Thirty young healthy males cycled for 90 min at incremental exercise intensities of 30, 45, and 60% peak oxygen uptake (30 min each) in the heat (32°C, 50% relative humidity). Whole body sweat [Na+] was measured using a whole body washdown technique. The SR threshold for increasing GSC was determined from the relationship between the local SR (ventilated capsule) and GSC on the forearm and chest. The average whole body sweat [Na+] was 42.8 ± 18.9 (range: 14.4–81.0) mmol L−1, and the SR threshold for increasing GSC was 0.29 ± 0.20 (range: 0.02–0.62) and 0.35 ± 0.30 (range: 0.01–1.40) mg cm−2 min−1 for the forearm and chest, respectively. Whole body sweat [Na+] was not correlated with the SR threshold for increasing GSC in the forearm or chest (r2 ≤ 0.001, P ≥ 0.921). We conclude that the SR threshold for increasing GSC at the forearm and chest does not explain the individual variation in whole body sweat [Na+] during exercise in the heat. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: Galvanic skin conductance is influenced by sweat rate and sweat ions, and the sweat rate at which this response begins to increase may reflect the exceeding capacity of sweat ion reabsorption in sweat glands. However, we show that this indirect measure of the sweat gland's capacity of ion regulation on the forearm and chest does not correlate with whole body sweat sodium concentration during exercise, excluding its role as a determinant of systemic sweat sodium loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Acquired idiopathic generalized anhidrosis (AIGA) is a rare disorder primarily observed in Asian populations, particularly in Japan. Although pulse methylprednisolone therapy is an effective treatment for AIGA, predictors of therapeutic response remain poorly defined. Objectives To identify factors that predict the efficacy of pulse methylprednisolone therapy in patients with AIGA. Methods Data obtained from 32 patients with AIGA were assessed based on clinical, histopathological and serological examinations. Statistical analyses were conducted to explore predictors of response to pulse methylprednisolone therapy. Results The average age of participants was 32.1 years (SD 12.3); 66% were male and 34% female. The response to pulse methylprednisolone therapy was closely associated with the time from the onset to start of therapy (Wilcoxson's rank sum test, P = 0.02, n = 27), with earlier intervention resulting in a better outcome. Notably, male patients and patients presenting with severe symptoms at diagnosis responded better to treatment. High serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels and histological evidence of inflammation around sweat glands also correlated with a positive therapeutic response. Conclusions Earlier intervention, elevated serum CEA levels and inflammation around sweat glands are potential indicators of a successful response to pulse methylprednisolone therapy in patients with AIGA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the updated 5th edition of the WHO Classification of Skin Tumors, primary cutaneous cribriform carcinoma has been renamed cribriform tumor. This entity is a rare sweat gland neoplasm with undetermined malignant potential, with only 46 cases reported to date. Herein, we present a case of a 30‐year‐old female with a solitary nodule in the left thigh subcutaneous tissue. Histopathological examination revealed a well‐defined dermal nodule composed of monomorphic, deeply staining cells arranged in solid nests, tubular, and cribriform patterns, with no recurrence or distant metastasis observed during a 1‐year follow‐up. Summarizing all 47 cases, they exhibited consistent, reproducible histological morphology and similar immunohistochemistry. Although the tumor nests lacked myoepithelial cells peripherally, all cleanly excised cases showed no recurrence or distant metastasis, suggesting a benign biological behavior. We argue against overtreatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress is a condition of tension that affects emotions, thought processes, and the physical or psychological state of humans due to pressure from within or from outside a person, which can interfere with activities that can cause various diseases. Therefore, a tool is made to detect stress levels so that a person can monitor their condition and prevent stress from getting more severe and detrimental to the health of the body and mind. The stress level detection tool is designed using a galvanic skin response (GSR) sensor to detect skin response through a person's sweat glands and a heart rate sensor to detect heart rate. Furthermore, the reading results will be processed by microcontroller and then the stress level decision will be made using the fuzzy logic method and will be classified into Relax, Anxiety, Calm, and Stress. Based on the test results, the GSR parameter has the highest accuracy of 99.78%, and the heart rate parameter has the highest accuracy of 99.63%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Semi-natural pastures provide the primary food source for sheep, whose grazing activity contributes to preserving grassland biodiversity. However, summer drought stress reduces the nutritional value of pastures, with negative consequences on the morpho-functional characteristics of the digestive system and other sheep systems. Understanding the molecules linked to energy metabolism is important for identifying suitable markers of tissue functionality and ensuring animal well-being, a key factor in sustainable livestock production. Ghrelin plays a role in food intake and is involved in tissue regeneration, repair and diseases at the skin level, even if information about this organ is very scarce. This study aims to analyze the ghrelin system in the skin of sheep grazing on seminatural pasture during the spring–summer season and compare differently fed animals. The results indicate that ghrelin and its receptor are localized in sheep skin appendices, with greater expression in animals fed with diet supplementation. This finding suggests that diet may influence the proliferative activity of the hair follicle through variations in the ghrelin system expression. These insights could be a useful tool for the breeders to counteract the negative effects of increasing summer aridity. Ghrelin (GhRL) is an orexigenic hormone influenced by nutritional state. It plays a role in skin repair and diseases, though little information exists regarding its function in this organ. GhRL and its receptor were investigated in the skin of sheep under different feeding conditions to explore GhRL system presence and possible modifications due to diet. Three-year-old female sheep were free to graze from June to the pasture maximum flowering (MxF group) and from this period to maximum dryness addicted (Exp group) or not (MxD group) with 600 gr/die/head of barley and corn. Skin samples were processed for immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR. The immunostaining showed the presence of the GhRL system in skin appendages. Indeed, the ligand was localized in the hair follicles whereas the receptor was also observed in sweat glands and smooth muscle cells. The expression of both genes was significantly higher in the Exp group (3.6 and 2.9 folds respectively, p < 0.05) compared with the MxF group. These results suggest that the GhRL system is involved in the regulation of hair follicles and sweat glands. In addition, diet supplementation may positively modulate the expression of GhRL and its receptor in the skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to quantify the time course of changes in maximum skin wettedness (ωmax)—that is, the proportion of skin surface area covered in sweat at the point of uncompensable heat stress, throughout seven consecutive days of heat acclimation. Nine adults (6 M, 3 F) completed a humidity-ramp protocol (RAMP) on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 of seven consecutive days of heat acclimation. In each RAMP trial, participants cycled continuously at 275 W·m−2 for 120 min at 37°C: 60 min at a vapor pressure of 2.05 kPa followed by 60 min with vapor pressure increased by 0.045 kPa·min−1. An upward inflection in esophageal temperature (Teso) signaled a transition to uncompensable heat stress with the critical water vapor pressure at that point used to calculate ωmax. In days between RAMP assessments, participants cycled for 90 min at 75% HRmax at 37°C, 60% RH. Teso, whole body sweat rate (WBSR), local sweat rates on the back and forearm (LSRback and LSRarm, respectively), and activated sweat gland density (ASGD) were measured throughout. ωmax was progressively and significantly greater from day 1 (0.68 ± 0.10) to day 3 (0.75 ± 0.10; P = 0.002), to day 5 (0.79 ± 0.10; P = 0.004), and to day 7 (0.87 ± 0.06; P = 0.009). WBSR was higher on days 5 (1.11 ± 0.30 L·h−1; P = 0.01) and 7 (1.12 ± 0.19 L·h−1; P < 0.001) compared with day 1 (0.94 ± 0.21 L·h−1). ASGD was higher on day 5 (78 ± 15 glands·cm−2; P < 0.001) and day 7 (81 ± 17 glands·cm−2; P = 0.001) compared with day 1 (65 ± 12 glands·cm−2). There were no observed differences in sweat gland output (P = 0.21). In conclusion, ωmax significantly increased throughout 7 days of heat acclimation. These progressive increases in ωmax were predominantly mediated by an increase in the number of active sweat glands, not the output per gland. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: Significant increases in ωmax were observed as early as 3 days into a 7-day heat acclimation protocol. These data are the first to report dynamic changes in ωmax with progressive heat acclimation and provide new information about ωmax levels between the standard "unacclimated" and "acclimated" states in existing heat stress models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regeneration of sweat glands (SwGs) plays a pivotal role in the functional recovery of extensive skin wounds. Recent research has illuminated the possibility of reprogramming human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKs) into induced SwG cells through the ectopic expression of ectodysplasin A. However, the clinical application of this genetic manipulation approach is inherently limited. In this study, we present findings demonstrating that a combination of six compounds can effectively and speedily reprogram HEKs in culture into fully functional SwG cells. These chemically induced SwG-like cells (ciSGCs) closely resemble the morphology, phenotypes, and functional properties of human primary SwG ductal cells. Furthermore, ciSGCs can be stimulated to differentiate into mature SwG cell types in vitro. In a 3D culture system, they can also generate SwG organoids that exhibit structural and biological features akin to native SwGs. Upon transplantation into scalded mouse paw skin, ciSGCs significantly expedited cutaneous wound healing and completely restored the structural and functional aspects of the SwGs. In conclusion, the small molecule cocktail-directed SwG reprogramming offers a non-transgenic and controllable strategy for producing high-quality, clinical-grade SwG cells, showing immense potential for the treatment of burn patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Breast is a modified sweat gland and its development and function are initiated by a variety of hormonal stimuli. Majority of the breast diseases are benign and are common in younger population but malignant diseases are common in the older age groups. But recent data shows rise in malignant diseases in younger population especially in the developing countries and this variation in incidence may be due to multiple factors. Purpose of the study was to study the clinico-pathological nature of breast lumps and its prevalence among the local geographical area. Methods This is a record based retrospective study of the patients presenting to the surgery department with the complaints of the breast diseases. Records of female patients presenting with diseases of breast in the age group of 15 to 85 years were included in the study and records of male patients with complaints of breast diseases were excluded. This study was done to know the age distribution, side and quadrant distribution, different types of breast diseases, pathology and various modes of management. Results A total of 246 case records were included in the study. 80% of the conditions were benign and the rest 20 % were malignant. Age group of 35-44yrs (30.08%) followed by 15-24 yrs (28.04%) age group were commonly affected. Among the benign conditions 45.52% of cases were fibro adenoma and among malignant conditions 24.44% of cases were below 40 yrs of age. Upper outer quadrant was affected more with 35.77%. Histopathological correlation showed majority of the cases to be fibro adenoma (33.83%) followed by infiltrative ductal carcinoma (32.33%). Conclusion Even though majority of the breast lumps were benign certainly there is increase in the incidence of the malignant conditions especially among the younger population with no typical risk factors and further large local institutional studies are required to study the new trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using sweat instead of blood for monitoring chemical biomarker concentrations of hospitalised patients offers several advantages for both the patients and healthcare workers. Unlike blood, sweat can be noninvasively and continuously sampled without direct involvement of a professional, and sweat contains a rich composition of biomarkers. However, patients in resting state have extremely low sweat rates and they produce correspondingly small sweat volumes, which makes sweat sensing of hospitalised patients highly challenging. We propose a unique solution that enables the use of sweat as a viable biofluid for noninvasive health monitoring, by actively transporting the sweat in a discretised manner. Our device uses electrowetting-on-dielectrics (EWOD) to create and move sweat droplets with a volume of around 1 nanolitre from a sweat gland to sensors integrated in the device. We present the first wearable device with integrated EWOD, and we show that it can collect and transport sweat on-body, while measuring sweat rate, under conditions typical for individuals at rest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy (SLNB) aims at the early detection of lymph node metastases. In the field of skin cancer, it is a standard staging procedure for patients with T1b to T4 primary cutaneous melanoma. When considering Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer (NMSC), the SNLB should be rationally considered in tumors with a typical lymphatic spread, including Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Merkel Cell Carcinoma, and Porocarcinoma. However, the SLNB-NMSC criteria, thresholds, and guidelines are currently missing. Hereby, the role of SNLB in NMSC is reviewed. Background/Objectives: Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy (SLNB) aims at identifying clinically occult nodal metastases. It is the standard staging procedure for patients with T1b to T4 primary cutaneous melanoma. Moreover, it is recommended whenever the risk of a positive SLNB is >5%, according to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Melanoma guidelines. When considering Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer (NMSC), the SLNB could play a role in tumors that mainly spreads via lymphatics, but strong evidence is missing. In this paper, the hot topics and controversies are reviewed; Methods: A PRISMA systematic review was carried out on the PubMed (MEDLINE) library from 2004–2024, searching for studies on SLNB in NMSC; Results: Seventy articles and 6379 patients undergoing SLNB for Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC), Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC), and Porocarcinoma were included. Overall, the SLNB positivity rate in these NMSCs was 24.4%, with an SNLB detection rate of 97.6%. Specifically, the SLNB positivity rate was 12.3% for high-risk cutaneous SCC, 24.4% for anogenital SCC, 29.3% for MCC, and 30.6% for Porocarcinoma. Most papers concluded that SLNB is safe, feasible, and significant in these malignancies; Conclusions: SLNB should be discussed and offered to every patient with MCC, and it should be discussed and considered in "high risk" SCC and Porocarcinoma for staging and prognostic purposes, aiming to identify a subgroup of patients who may benefit the most from early treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: A seven-year-old dog developed several small, oval-shaped masses on its abdominal skin. These masses were surgically removed, and further examination under a microscope revealed characteristics similar to certain rare types of cancers, including sweat gland and mammary gland cancers. This study aimed to determine whether the tumor was a sweat gland carcinoma (SGC) or a mammary gland carcinoma (MGC) using specific markers. The tumor tested positive for markers typically found in neuroendocrine cells but negative for the estrogen receptor, which helped confirm that it was a rare type of sweat gland cancer called endocrine mucin-producing sweat gland carcinoma (EMPSGC). This is the first detailed report of this rare tumor in dogs, providing valuable information for veterinarians and researchers who may encounter similar cases. A seven-year-old spayed female dog presented with multiple, small oval-shaped masses on the abdominal skin. The excised tissue was submitted for histopathological evaluation. Routine histology revealed basaloid nodules with stippled chromatin and pleomorphic nuclei. Morphologically, the tumor resembled a solid papillary carcinoma of the breast or an endocrine mucin-producing sweat gland carcinoma (EMPSGC). EMPSGC is a rare neuroendocrine-differentiated neoplasm. This study aimed to compare different immunohistochemical markers for distinguishing between canine sweat gland carcinoma (SGC) and mammary gland carcinoma (MGC). CK19 and Sox9 were useful in identifying SGC. Additionally, the tumor was positive for CK5, AE1/AE3+CK8/18, p63, vimentin, E-cadherin, and synaptophysin, while estrogen receptor staining was negative. The final diagnosis of canine EMPSGC was based on the tumor's morphological and neuroendocrine immunohistopathological features. Our report provides the first detailed description of a canine EMPSGC, an exceedingly rare tumor in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sjogren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease that affects exocrine glands like sweat glands, salivary glands, and lacrimal glands. Dentists frequently encounter these patients and have an important role in establishing the diagnosis. It is mainly diagnosed by clinical features like xerostomia and xerophthalmia, along with anti-Sjögren's syndrome-related antigen A (anti-SSA/also called Ro antigen) and anti-Sjögren's syndrome-related antigen B (anti-SSB/ also called La antigen) antibodies in the patients. However, there is a subset of the population where autonuclear antibodies cannot be detected but are still present with all clinical features of Sjogren's syndrome. Such patients usually remain undiagnosed, and only symptomatic treatment is given in spite of repeated consultation with various medical specialists. Only after establishing a proper diagnosis can we initiate definitive treatment. Case presentation: Here, we report a case of seronegative Sjogren's syndrome in a patient with severe xerostomia without anti-SSA and anti-SSB antibodies. The focus score from the labial biopsy, co-relating with clinical presentation, helped us in establishing the diagnosis. After a definitive diagnosis, our patient is put on cholinergic therapy, which greatly reduced the symptoms of xerostomia. Conclusions: Physicians and dentists should refer such patients to an oral and maxillofacial surgeon for a labial biopsy to consider "seronegative Sjogren's syndrome." The "focus score" evaluation by the pathologist helps in establishing the diagnosis of "seronegative Sjogren's syndrome". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that affects hair follicles in areas with apocrine sweat glands, such as the underarms, groin, and buttocks. The pathogenesis of HS is not fully understood, but considering the key role played by the biological clock in the control of immune/inflammatory processes the derangement of circadian and ultradian pathways could be hypothesized. Methods: We analyzed genome-wide DNA methylation patterns in peripheral blood from 24 HS cases and 24 controls using the Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip array (Illumina), followed by bioinformatics and statistical analyses. Results: We found that several circadian and ultradian genes were differentially methylated in HS patients, predominantly exhibiting hypomethylation. These genes were enriched in pathways such as MAPK and WNT cascades, acute phase response, cytokine release, inflammation, innate immune response, xenobiotic detoxification, and oxidative stress response. Conclusion: Altered DNA methylation patterns of genes related to circadian and ultradian pathways could contribute to immune system derangement and inflammatory processes chronicization in addition to other comorbidities hallmarking HS onset and progression, at the same time representing possible druggable targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endocrine mucin-producing sweat gland carcinoma is a rare neoplasm of the skin appendages. The tumor typically exhibits slow growth and rarely metastasizes to distant sites. Herein, we report a case of a 77-year-old male who presented with a skin lesion on the right anterior chest wall 23 years ago. Fifteen years later, surgical excision was performed, and the pathological diagnosis was endocrine mucin-producing sweat gland carcinomas. However, the histopathological examination revealed a coexistence of endocrine mucin-producing sweat gland carcinomas and mucinous carcinoma components. Over the past 2 years, the patient developed lymph node metastasis in the right axilla, local recurrence on the right chest wall, and distant skin metastasis. The histopathological type of the lymph node metastasis was consistent with the primary tumor, while the recurrent and skin metastatic lesions exhibited mucinous carcinoma. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of endocrine mucin-producing sweat gland carcinoma with distant skin metastasis, characterized by two distinct carcinoma components in the histopathological morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eccrine spiradenoma is a rare tumor arising from the sweat glands. It usually presents itself in the head and neck region, with only a few reported cases in the literature of hand eccrine spiradenomas. It is usually seen in the age group of 15–35 years. Here, we report a case of a patient in her 50s presenting a mass over the dorsum of the hand and clinically closely mimicking tendon sheath giant cell tumor (GCT). Investigations supported the clinical diagnosis and provided extra information on possible malignant transformation. A surgical excision was performed and sent for histopathological examination which confirmed the diagnosis. It is also interesting to notice from our case that the need for histopathological evidence should not be neglected despite ultrasonography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) being very useful as diagnostic investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dogs, unlike humans, are equipped with a reduced number of sweat glands, which makes it difficult for them to dissipate heat, especially in conditions of intense activity that lead to a significant increase in body temperature. The study aims to investigate the metabolic differences between canine and human red blood cells (RBCs) and the hemoglobin (Hb) functionality focusing on their roles in heat dissipation. In detail, we evaluated the Band 3 protein (AE1) kinetic flux by observing that in canine red blood cells the anion exchange rate is higher than in humans (Rate Constant: 0.0438 min−1 and 0.012 min−1, respectively). Furthermore, we investigated the rate of ATP production and release to evaluate the possible variation of nucleotide concentration in the two species, observing a lower intracellular ATP concentration (101.80 μM and 297.90 μM) but a higher ATP release (3 μM and 2.65 μM) in canine RBCs compared to humans respectively. Subsequently, we evaluated the involvement of canine hemoglobin in heat dispersion; in detail, the ΔH= −5.15 Kcal/mol recorded in dog hemolysate at pH 7.5 shows an exothermic Hb-O2 bond that may be useful for further dispersing heat from the lungs. The peculiar oxygen-binding properties of dog Hb may also promote oxygen release in hyperventilation characterized by alkaline pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary cutaneous mucinous carcinoma (PCMC) is a rare malignant neoplasm that originates from the deepest part of the eccrine sweat glands. Characterized by slow growth, PCMC often appears on the head and neck of older patients. Although it rarely metastasizes, its high recurrence rate leads to significant morbidity. Clinically differentiating PCMC from benign tumors is challenging due to its slow growth and asymptomatic nature, and a biopsy is often required for a definitive diagnosis. A 77-year-old man presented with a non-tender lesion on his left lower eyelid that had been gradually progressing over a decade. The lesion was excised, and histological examination confirmed it as PCMC. A positron emission tomography-computed tomography scan conducted to differentiate between primary and metastatic cancer showed no abnormal findings. Computed tomography was then performed to assess the remaining primary site, followed by a wide excision. The frozen biopsy revealed no cancer in the margins from five directions; however, the permanent biopsy confirmed the presence of cancer in the base margin. After consultation with the hematology-oncology department, the patient underwent additional radiation therapy. One year post-surgery, there were no signs of recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PRAME (PReferentially expressed Antigen in MElanoma) is a tumor-associated antigen first identified in tumor-reactive T-cell clones derived from a patient with metastatic melanoma. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for PRAME is useful for diagnostic purposes to support a suspected diagnosis of melanoma. Anecdotally, PRAME has been observed to stain sebaceous units in glands in background skin. We examined the expression of PRAME in adnexal lesions and common skin cancers to determine whether it is of potential diagnostic utility in supporting the differentiation between sebaceous and non-sebaceous lesions. IRB approval from Mount Sinai Medical Center (MSMC) was obtained. This is a single-center retrospective cohort analysis over a ten-year period (1 January 2012, and 31 December 2023). We used the pathological database of skin lesions, including sebaceous, sweat gland, and follicular lesions, in addition to basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), from 81 patients who underwent shave/punch biopsies or surgical excisions. We evaluated the IHC staining percentage positivity and intensity for PRAME. Staining intensity was subcategorized into negative, weak, moderate, and strong, whereas expression percentage positivity was subcategorized into 0%, 1–25%, 26–50%, 51–75%, and 76–100%. Most sebaceous versus non-sebaceous lesions exhibited cytoplasmic staining of moderate to strong intensity in >75% of cells. PRAME has a sensitivity and specificity of 100.0% and 86.7%, respectively, to support distinguishing between sebaceous and non-sebaceous adnexal lesions (regardless of whether they are benign or malignant). BCCs and SCCs showed weak to moderate nuclear staining for PRAME in >75% of cells. None of the 13 lesions of hair follicle origin showed any staining. A total of 26 of the 32 lesions of sweat gland origin were negative while 6 (18.75%) showed positive staining. In conclusion, we confirm the potential utility of PRAME for supporting the distinction between sebaceous and non-sebaceous adnexal lesions on one hand, and on the other, distinguishing BCC and SCC that may show nuclear staining from sebaceous carcinoma that shows cytoplasmic staining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital papillary adenocarcinoma (DPAC) is a rare, low-grade sweat gland carcinoma primarily found on the hands, fingers, or toes and predominantly affecting males. Distinguishing DPAC from benign sweat gland tumors can be challenging. We present the case of a 52-year-old patient with a progressive tumor on the finger initially misdiagnosed as a viral wart. Histological examination revealed a cytologically basophilic sweat gland tumor with tubular structures, papillary protrusions, and a characteristic immunohistochemical staining pattern for CK 7 and Actin. HPV-42 positivity and molecular analysis confirmed the diagnosis of DPAC. HPV-42 has been strongly associated with DPAC. Additionally, p16 positivity and BRAFV600E negativity were observed. These findings aid in the differential diagnosis of acral sweat gland tumors and guide clinical management, including with respect to the potential for recurrence and metastasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TRPS1 (Tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome 1) is a GATA transcriptional activator gene encoding for a protein used as a sensitive immunohistochemical marker of breast carcinomas. In dermatopathology, TRPS1 is used as a marker of mammary and extramammary Paget's disease and is also expressed by a variety of primary cutaneous tumors, mostly of adnexal origin. So far, very limited data exist on the expression of TRPS1 in metastatic skin tumors. We studied the immunohistochemical expression of TRPS1 in 72 cutaneous metastatic tumors from the breast (n: 19) and other origins (n: 53) in order to assess its diagnostic usefulness. The intensity of TRPS1 immunostaining was expressed as a histoscore: the product of the percentage of positive cells (scored semi-quantitatively 0–4) and the staining intensity (scored 0–3). In normal skin, nuclear TRPS1 expression was predominantly observed in cells of adnexal structures (pilosebaceous follicles and sweat glands). Eighteen (18/19, 94.7%) metastatic breast carcinomas showed diffuse and strong TRPS1 positivity (histoscore 12). Lower reactivity was found in some other metastases, including from the lung (11/22), the female genital tract (3/4), and the kidney (2/4), whereas most (20/22) metastases from the digestive system and peritoneum, along with a case of metastatic prostate carcinoma, were negative. These results suggest that a high histoscore for TRPS1 is in favor of the mammary origin of metastatic cutaneous carcinoma. Although TRPS1 is not absolutely specific or sensitive to a particular primary, we consider that it can be added to a panel of other markers when investigating the origin of a cutaneous metastasis, namely when this is the first manifestation of the neoplastic disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital papillary adenocarcinoma (DPAc) is a rare and aggressive cutaneous malignancy of sweat gland derivation. We conducted a retrospective study of 213 patients with DPAc using the 17 registries of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. We estimated the incidence of DPAc to be 0.11 per million persons per year, with the incidence rising over the past two decades. Our study shows DPAc to most commonly affect White men, typically in their forties to sixties. We noted a 5-year disease-specific survival of 98.3% and 5-year overall survival of 95.7%. We also showed advanced age to be associated with more aggressive disease and identified tumour size as an independent risk factor affecting disease-specific survival. Our results also suggest that patients with DPAc have an elevated risk of developing subsequent primary malignancies, with men being at increased risk of developing lung/bronchial neoplasms and women being at increased risk of developing breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 50-year-old man with a history of kidney transplantation presented with a painless enlarging eyelid lesion, diagnosed as endocrine mucin-producing sweat gland carcinoma (EMPSGC). EMPSGC is a rare, low-grade primary cutaneous adnexal carcinoma, more common in women, typically presenting as a slow-growing nodule. Treatment involves surgical excision, with Mohs micrographic surgery recommended for lesions in challenging locations. The patient underwent successful surgery and had an uneventful recovery. [Extracted from the article]

Background/Objectives: Hidrocystomas, eccrine and apocrine, are rare cystic lesions that form benign tumors of the sweat glands. This study aimed to describe the clinical features of hidrocystomas and evaluate the role of non-invasive imaging techniques, including dermoscopy, Line-field Confocal Optical Coherence Tomography (LC-OCT), Reflectance Confocal Microscopy (RCM), and Ultra-High-Frequency Ultrasound (UHFUS), in their diagnosis. Methods: In total, seven cases of hidrocystomas were collected from the Dermatologic Clinic of the University of Siena, Italy. Predefined dermoscopic, LC-OCT, RCM, and UHFUS features were retrospectively described. Results: Overall, hidrocystomas were located on the face, mainly presenting as blue/purple-bluish translucent papules (71%). Dermoscopic examination revealed a homogeneous purple-bluish color (71%), white pale halo (71%), and shiny globules at the periphery (57%). LC-OCT identified a hyporeflective cupoliform round structure in the dermis with a bright and thick contour, while UHFUS showed a round structure in the dermis filled with hypoechoic content. Conclusions: Non-invasive imaging techniques could significantly enhance the diagnostic accuracy of hidrocystomas, aid in differentiation from other lesions, and minimize unnecessary biopsies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for non-invasive, real-time health monitoring has driven advancements in wearable sensors for tracking biomarkers in sweat. Ammonium ions (NH4+) in sweat serve as indicators of metabolic function, muscle fatigue, and kidney health. Although current ion-selective all-solid-state printed sensors based on nanocomposites typically exhibit good sensitivity (~50 mV/log [NH4+]), low detection limits (LOD ranging from 10−6 to 10−7 M), and wide linearity ranges (from 10−5 to 10−1 M), few have reported the stability test results necessary for their integration into commercial products for future practical applications. This study presents a highly stable, wearable electrochemical sensor based on a composite of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) for monitoring NH4+ in sweat. The synergistic properties of Ni-based MOFs and rGO enhance the sensor's electrochemical performance by improving charge transfer rates and expanding the electroactive surface area. The MOF/rGO sensor demonstrates high sensitivity, with a Nernstian response of 59.2 ± 1.5 mV/log [NH4+], an LOD of 10−6.37 M, and a linearity range of 10−6 to 10−1 M. Additionally, the hydrophobic nature of the MOF/rGO composite prevents water layer formation at the sensing interface, thereby enhancing long-term stability, while its high double-layer capacitance minimizes potential drift (7.2 µV/s (i = ±1 nA)) in short-term measurements. Extensive testing verified the sensor's exceptional stability, maintaining consistent performance and stable responses across varying NH4+ concentrations over 7 days under ambient conditions. On-body tests further confirmed the sensor's suitability for the continuous monitoring of NH4+ levels during physical activities. Further investigations are required to fully elucidate the impact of interference from other sweat components (such as K+, Na+, Ca2+, etc.) and the influence of environmental factors (including the subject's physical activity, posture, etc.). With a clearer understanding of these factors, the sensor has the potential to emerge as a promising tool for wearable health monitoring applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Digital papillary adenocarcinoma (DPA) is a very rare malignant tumor of the sweat glands originally described by Helwig in 1979.It often presents as a solitary painless mass, commonly found on the volar surface of the fingers and toes and the adjacent skin of the palms and soles. Materials and Methods: Two rare cases of DPA in 43- and 48-year-old male patients who presented with swelling finger were included over period of one year study in a tertiary care hospital. Results: Our study had two cases with male patient of age 48 year and 43 year old. Both presented with swelling and a mass lesion left middle finger, past 8 years and nodule in proximal phalangeal region of left index finger for 15 years respectively. On histomorphology and immunohistochemistry both were diagnosed as DPA. Conclusion: DPA is a rare adnexal tumor which generally present for months to years before the patient seeks medical attention. Careful evaluation with early surgical removal and accurate histological diagnosis is must when managing patients with DPA as these can be aggressive and even result in metastasis.

Sweat is a biomarker-rich fluid with potential for continuous patient monitoring via wearable devices. However, biomarker concentrations vary with the sweat rate per gland, posing a challenge for sweat sensing. To address this, we propose an algorithm to compute both the number of active sweat glands and their individual sweat rates. We developed models of sweat glands and a discrete sweat-sensing device to sense sweat volume. Our algorithm estimates the number of active glands by decomposing the signal into patterns generated by the individual sweat glands, allowing for the calculation of individual sweat rates. We assessed the algorithm's accuracy using synthetic datasets for varying physiological parameters (sweat rate and number of active sweat glands) and device layouts. The results show that device layout significantly affects accuracy, with error rates below 0.2% for low and medium sweat rates (below 0.2 nL min−1 per gland). However, the method is not suitable for high sweat rates. The suitable sweat rate range can be adapted to different needs through the choice of device. Based on our findings, we provide recommendations for optimal device layouts to improve accuracy in estimating active sweat glands. This is the first study to focus on estimating the sweat rate per gland, which essential for accurate biomarker concentration estimation and advancing sweat sensing towards clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human body has two main types of sweat glands: apocrine and eccrine. Eccrine glands are widely distributed across the skin, including areas with hair. While the eccrine glands on palms and soles help improve grip, those on the rest of the body primarily aid in thermoregulation. Sudomotor function, which controls sweating, is regulated by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system through cholinergic and adrenergic pathways. The activation of eccrine glands involves intricate processes, including neurotransmitter binding, ion channel modulation, and voltage generation. Sudoscan technology utilizes electrochemical skin conductance (ESC) to non-invasively measure sudomotor function. This method, which has been standardized for accuracy, has established normative benchmarks and has proven reliable across diverse populations. Sudoscan's diagnostic performance is comparable to invasive methods such as intraepidermal nerve fiber density testing, making it a valuable tool for diagnosing small fiber neuropathy. Moreover, it has been shown to correlate with corneal nerve fiber length, providing insights into various neuropathic conditions. Compared to traditional sudomotor function tests, Sudoscan proves superior in terms of its accessibility, simplicity, and reliability, with the potential to replace or complement existing diagnostic methods. It is important to differentiate ESC, as measured by Sudoscan, from other skin conductance measures, such as galvanic skin response (GSR) or electrodermal activity (EDA). Although these methods share a common physiological principle, ESC is specifically designed for diagnosing sudomotor function, unlike GSR/EDA, which is typically used for continuous monitoring. Sudoscan's success has led to its integration into consumer health devices, such as the BodyScan from Withings, showcasing its versatility beyond clinical settings. Future research may explore ESC applications in diverse medical fields, leveraging real-world data from integrated consumer devices. Collaborative efforts between researchers and engineers promise to offer new insights into sudomotor function and its implications for broader health monitoring. This study provides a comprehensive overview of ESC, including topics such as eccrine gland physiology, sudomotor function, Sudoscan technology, normative benchmarks, diagnostic comparisons, and potential future applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Sweat chloride concentration (SCC) is an inverse log function of CFTR activity. • The log function steepness increases as CFTR activity → zero (log 0 is undefined). • Mean CFTR activity on ETI for F508del/F508del is 2-fold that of F508del/MFM. • SCCs of CF subjects on ETI with one or two F508del mutations were compared. • This supported a log function where 60 mmol/l SCC predicted 10 % CFTR activity. It is difficult to determine CFTR activity following highly effective CFTR modulator therapies (HEMT). The sweat gland provides two biomarkers of CFTR activity: a linear readout via the β-sweat rate and a logarithmic readout via sweat chloride concentration (SCC). In prior work, different logarithmic functions were generated to calibrate SCC with the percent of healthy control CFTR activity (HC CFTR). Two functions, A and B, were fit to SCC means from healthy controls set = 100 % and CF carriers measured as 50 % HC CFTR. A and B differ in the % HC CFTR activity assigned to SCC for minimal function mutations = 0.01 % for A and 1 % for B. Here, the functions are evaluated based on retrospective analysis of three multi-center studies of CF subjects with one or two F508del mutations treated with Elexacaftor/Tezacaftor/Ivacaftor (ETI). Predictions of the percent HC CFTR activity for one vs two mutations were compared for the two functions. The expectation is that after ETI treatment, subjects with two responsive mutations will have 2-fold higher HC CFTR activity than subjects with only one. The hypothesis is that the SCC HC CFTR function that most closely fits that expectation provides the more accurate prediction of CFTR activity. In two separate comparisons, function B most accurately predicted a 2-fold (1.9, 2.3-fold) higher level of HC CFTR activity in subjects on ETI with two vs. one responsive mutation. Function A predicted a 4, 5.5-fold higher level. Function B predicts that 60 mmol/L SCC, the cutoff for a CF diagnosis, is associated with 10 % HC CFTR activity. Comparing HEMT effects on subjects with one or two mutations provides an additional tool for calibrating SCC to CFTR activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel primary culturing technique for eccrine sweat glands (ESG) established. • ESG culture allows for functional ion transport measurement to inform therapy. • ESG culture allows for study of tissue-specific genotype-phenotype heterogeneity. • First scRNA-seq dataset of microdissected ESGs. Sweat chloride concentration is used both for CF diagnosis and for tracking CFTR modulator efficacy over time, but the relationship between sweat chloride and lung health is heterogeneous and informed by CFTR genotype. Here, we endeavored to characterize ion transport in eccrine sweat glands (ESGs). First, ESGs were microdissected from a non-CF skin donor to analyze individual glands. We established primary cultures of ESG cells via conditional reprogramming for functional testing of ion transport by short circuit current measurement and examined cell composition by single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) comparing with whole dissociated ESGs. Secondly, we cultured nasal epithelial (NE) cells and ESGs from two people with CF (pwCF) to assess modulator efficacy. Finally, NEs and ESGs were grown from one person with the CFTR genotype F312del/F508del to explore genotype-phenotype heterogeneity. ESG primary cells from individuals without CF demonstrated robust ENaC and CFTR function. scRNA-seq demonstrated both secretory and ductal ESG markers in cultured ESG cells. In both NEs and ESGs from pwCF homozygous for F508del, minimal baseline CFTR function was observed, and treatment with CFTR modulators significantly enhanced function. Notably, NEs from an individual bearing F312del/F508del exhibited significant baseline CFTR function, whereas ESGs from the same person displayed minimal CFTR function, consistent with observed phenotype. This study has established a novel primary culture technique for ESGs that allows for functional ion transport measurement to assess modulator efficacy and evaluate genotype-phenoytpe heterogeneity. To our knowledge, this is the first reported application of conditional reprogramming and scRNA-seq of microdissected ESGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: With global warming, heat stress has become an increasingly serious problem for poultry because of their abundant feathers, limited sweat glands, and fast metabolism. To alleviate the losses caused by poultry heat stress, it is important to investigate the mechanisms and control strategies for poultry heat stress. When heat stress occurs, the neuroendocrine system in poultry will be disrupted, while several organs in the body will be damaged, affecting the poultry's production performance and health. Adding nutrients to feed is a mild and effective means of heat stress management and holds significant implications for the poultry farming industry. Heat stress (HS) due to high temperatures has adverse effects on poultry, including decreased feed intake, lower feed efficiency, decreased body weight, and higher mortality. There are complex mechanisms behind heat stress in poultry involving the neuroendocrine system, organ damage, and other physiological systems. HS activates endocrine glands, such as the pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, and gonadal, by the action of the hypothalamus and sympathetic nerves, ultimately causing changes in hormone levels: HS leads to increased corticosterone levels, changes in triiodothyronine and thyroxine levels, decreased gonadotropin levels, reduced ovarian function, and the promotion of catecholamine release, which ultimately affects the normal productive performance of poultry. Meanwhile, heat stress also causes damage to the liver, lungs, intestines, and various immune organs, severely impairing organ function in poultry. Nutrient additives to feed are important measures of prevention and treatment, including natural plants and extracts, probiotics, amino acids, and other nutrients, which are effective in alleviating heat stress in poultry. Future studies need to explore the specific mechanisms through which heat stress impacts the neuroendocrine system in poultry and the interrelationships between the axes and organ damage so as to provide an effective theoretical basis for the development of preventive and treatment measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main genetic risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD) are presently represented by variants in GBA1 gene encoding for the β‐glucocerebrosidase (GCase). Searching for a peripheral biomarker that can be used for selecting and monitoring patients in clinical trials targeting GBA1‐associated PD (GBA1‐PD) is a current challenge. We previously demonstrated that α‐synuclein oligomers expressed as proximity ligation assay (PLA) score in synaptic terminals of skin biopsy are a reliable biomarker for distinguishing idiopathic PD (iPD) from healthy controls (HC). This cross‐sectional study investigates an unexplored cohort of GBA1‐PD (n = 27) compared to 28 HC, and 36 iPD cases to (i) analyze α‐synuclein oligomers and quantify them throughout PLA score, (ii) investigate GCase expression in brain and synaptic terminals targeting the sweat gland, (iii) unravel indicators that could differentiate patients with specific GBA1 mutations. PLA score discriminates GBA1‐PD from HC with sensitivity = 88.9% (95% CI 70.84–97.65), specificity = 88.5% (95% CI 69.85–97.55), and PPV = 88.9% (95% CI 73.24–95.90), AUC value = 0.927 (95% CI 0.859–0.996). No difference was found between GBA1‐PD patients and iPD, suggesting a common pathological pathway based on α‐synuclein oligomers. GCase score did not differ in GBA1‐PD, iPD, and HC in the synaptic terminals, whereas a positive correlation was found between PLA score and GCase score. Moreover, a significant increase in synaptic density was observed in GBA1‐PD compared to iPD and HC (P < 0.0001). Employing ROC curve to discriminate GBA1‐PD from iPD, we found an AUC value for synaptic density = 0.855 (95% CI 0.749–0.961) with sensitivity = 85.2% (95% CI 66.27%–95.81%), specificity = 77.1% (95% CI 59.86%–89.58%), and PPV = 74.19% (60.53%–84.35%). The highest synaptic density values were observed in p.N409S patients. This work points out to the value of both PLA score and synaptic density in distinguishing GBA1‐PD from iPD and to their potential to stratify and monitor patients in the context of new pathway‐specific therapeutic options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we conducted a literature review to deepen our understanding of the sweating response of the thermoregulatory system, focusing on the influence of individual characteristics and local body functions. Among the factors related to individual characteristics, improvement in aerobic fitness had a positive effect on the sweating response, whereas aging exerted an inhibitory effect. Short-term artificial acclimation and seasonal heat acclimatization promoted sweating, whereas long-term geographical acclimatization suppressed sweating. Male exhibited higher sweat rates than female when the metabolic heat production was high. Individuals with smaller surface area-to-mass ratios tended to have higher sweat rates than those with larger ratios. Regarding local body functions, sweat distribution in the resting state showed high regional sweat rates in the lower limbs and torso, with higher values in the lower limbs when in the supine position and higher values in the torso when in the seated position. During exercise, the regional sweat rates was high in the torso, whereas the limbs exhibited relatively low sweat rates. These differences in sweat distribution stem from the thermoregulatory potential of each body region, which aims to efficiently regulate body temperature. Local effects have only been examined in the thigh and forearm, with temperature coefficient Q10 ranging from 2 to 5. Only the forehead showed significantly high thermosensitivity among all body regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Digital papillary adenocarcinoma (DPA), formerly known as aggressive DPA, is a rare adnexal cancer of sweat gland differentiation with metastatic potential. DPA epidemiology and patient outcome data are prerequisites for developing diagnostic and therapeutic guidance, which are lacking for this rare cancer. Objectives To report the incidence, patient demographics and treatment of patients with DPA in England from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2020 using national cancer registry data. Methods DPA diagnoses in England during 2013–2020 were identified from the National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service dataset using morphology and behaviour codes. These were registered from routinely collected pathology reports, along with cancer outcomes and services datasets. The 2013 European age-standardized incidence rates (EASRs) were calculated. Results In total, 36 cases of DPA (7 in women and 29 in men) were diagnosed. The median age at diagnosis for the cohort was 54 years (interquartile range 46–64). The most frequently affected sites were the upper limbs (81%). All patients in the cohort received surgical excisions. The EASR was 0.10 (95% confidence interval 0.07–0.14) per 1 000 000 person-years. Conclusions This study reports the incidence and variation of DPA in England between 2013 and 2020. DPA was more common in older men and predominantly affected the upper limbs. This finding supports the need to develop a national policy for the reporting and management of DPA as well as development of a clinical guideline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The state of relaxation is an emotional condition that may be detected through various physical indicators in humans, such as sweat gland intensity, heart rate, breathing patterns, muscle tension and brain activity. Observation using physical patterns is challenging because each human has their own distinct pattern. In order to address this problem, neurologists are employing electroencephalography (EEG) to monitor the brain activity of patients. During this observation, neurologists depend on their own intuition to determine the relaxed state. However, the traditional observation method has drawbacks because each neurologist has their own subjective interpretation, which might lead to ambiguities. Thus, neurologists necessitate an automated recognition system capable of suggesting states of relaxation. To better assess the relaxed state, we divided the alpha band into two parts alpha sub-band: high and low alpha band. In order to obtain Spatio-Temporal features, both signals are transformed by wavelet. The ReliefF is used to select the features toward obtain optimal features. The maximum amplitude and standard deviation are two optimal features utilised as input to Mamdani-Intuitionistic Fuzzy Rules Set. The proposed approach is developed by integrating the fuzzy rules concept of Mamdani and Intuitionistic. In order to validate our model, we are collaborating with three neurologist experts and utilising majority decision to provide label annotation. According to this annotation, our model is performing well with an accuracy score of 92.45%. This investigation employs the DEAP public dataset. The level of accuracy seen in all examined subjects remained consistently high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Porocarcinoma is a malignant sweat gland tumour differentiated toward the upper part of the sweat duct and may arise from the transformation of a preexisting benign poroma. In 2019, Sekine et al. demonstrated the presence of YAP1::MAML2 and YAP1::NUTM1 fusions in most poromas and porocarcinomas. Recently, our group identified PAK2‐fusions in a subset of benign poromas. Herein we report a series of 12 porocarcinoma cases harbouring PAK1/2/3 fusions. Methods and Results: Five patients were male and the median age was 79 years (ranges: 59–95). Tumours were located on the trunk (n = 7), on the thigh (n = 3), neck (n = 1), or groin area (n = 1). Four patients developed distant metastases. Microscopically, seven cases harboured a benign poroma component and a malignant invasive part. Ductal formations were observed in all, while infundibular/horn cysts and cells with vacuolated cytoplasm were detected in seven and six tumours, respectively. In three cases, the invasive component consisted of a proliferation of elongated cells, some of which formed pseudovascular spaces, whereas the others harboured a predominant solid or trabecular growth pattern. Immunohistochemical staining for CEA and EMA confirmed the presence of ducts. Focal androgen receptor expression was detected in three specimens. Whole RNA sequencing evidenced LAMTOR1::PAK1 (n = 2), ZDHHC5::PAK1 (n = 2), DLG1::PAK2, CTDSP1::PAK1, CTNND1::PAK1, SSR1::PAK3, CTNNA1::PAK2, RNF13::PAK2, ROBO1::PAK2, and CD47::PAK2. Activating mutation of HRAS (G13V, n = 3, G13R, n = 1, Q61L, n = 2) was present in six cases. Conclusion: Our study suggests that PAK1/2/3 fusions is the oncogenic driver of a subset of porocarcinomas lacking YAP1 rearrangement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Algeria faces food and nutritional challenges, and breeding meat chickens could represent a tangible solution to the growing demand for animal protein. This activity plays a vital role in the national economy by creating jobs, stimulating growth, and contributing significantly to food security. However, the activity faces many limiting factors, including the thermal stress generated by the new climate. Meat chickens, known for their sensitivity to heat, enhanced by the presence of feathers and the absence of sweat glands, are exposed to life-threatening situations involving the activity's production and sustainability. Given all these considerations, the presented work looked at the metabolic responses of two strains of meat chickens, Cobb 500 and Arbor Acres, expressed by the evolution of serum levels of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and production indicators. The experiment was conducted under thermal stress conditions widely encountered in northern Algeria during the summer. The results revealed that the Cobb 500 strain has better physiological responses than the Arbor Acres strain. This resulted in significant increases in T3 levels (2.21 ± 0.15 vs. 1.75 ± 0.23 ng/mL; p = 0.00026) and T4 levels (17.81 ± 1.62 vs. 13.28 ± 0.99 pg/mL) observed at the age of 50. The same applied in terms of production indicators with significant improvements in living weight (3421.29 ± 126.33 vs. 2944.56 ± 156.76 g/s; p = 0.0097), average daily gain (72.33 ± 6.66 vs. 61.26 ± 5.44 g/s/j; p = 0.0013), consumption index (1.88 ± 0.22 vs. 2.11 ± 0.34; p = 0.017) and mortality rate (6.98 ± 1.01 vs. 9.21 ± 2.97%; p = 2.0050). The results also highlighted the usefulness of using thyroid hormones as stress indicators and being able to take appropriate measures if necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To compare the effects of 20% sulfuric acid and acidic alcohol for the staining of leprosy bacilli in order to choose a better acid fast staining reagent for leprosy patients. Methods Sixty-one sections of the skin from leprosy patients were differentiated with either 20% sulfuric acid or acidic alcohol for 0.5, 1 and 1.5 minutes, respectively. The changes in bacterial colony count and red heterochromatic particles around the sweat glands were compared on the sections of the same block between these two methods. Results More bacterial colonies were observed using 20% sulfuric acid than acidic alcohol for all times (P=0.038, 0.012, 0.017, respectively). Differentiation with 20% sulfuric acid made it easier to observe heterochromatic particles in the sweat glands (P<0.001). Conclusion In the staining of leprosy bacillus, 20% sulfuric acid is better than acid alcohol to visualize bacterial colonies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring nociception, the flow of information associated with harmful stimuli through the nervous system even during unconsciousness, is critical for proper anesthesia care during surgery. Currently, this is done by tracking heart rate and blood pressure by eye. Monitoring objectively a patient's nociceptive state remains a challenge, causing drugs to often be over-or underdosed intraoperatively. Inefficient management of surgical nociception may lead to more complex postoperative pain management and side effects such as postoperative cognitive dysfunction, particularly in elderly patients. We collected a comprehensive and multisensor prospective observational dataset focused on surgical nociception (101 surgeries, 18,582 min, and 49,878 nociceptive stimuli), including annotations of all nociceptive stimuli occurring during surgery and medications administered. Using this dataset, we developed indices of autonomic nervous system activity based on physiologically and statistically rigorous point process representations of cardiac action potentials and sweat gland activity. Next, we constructed highly interpretable supervised and unsupervised models with appropriate inductive biases that quantify surgical nociception throughout surgery. Our models track nociceptive stimuli more accurately than existing nociception monitors. We also demonstrate that the characterizing signature of nociception learned by our models resembles the known physiology of the response to pain. Our work represents an important step toward objective multisensor physiology-based markers of surgical nociception. These markers are derived from an in-depth characterization of nociception as measured during surgery itself rather than using other experimental models as surrogates for surgical nociception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article in the Clinical & Experimental Dermatology journal presents a case report of a 60-year-old male patient with mycosis fungoides (MF) exhibiting palmar and axillary nodules with syringotropism. The patient had been misdiagnosed with adult-onset atopic dermatitis for over 10 years. Histopathological examinations revealed dense cellular infiltration without epidermotropism, and Elastica van Gieson staining showed a loss of elastic fibers. The patient was diagnosed with MF T3NxM0 stage IIB and treated with medication, radiation, and therapy, leading to remission of cutaneous manifestations. The case highlights the importance of recognizing rare subtypes of MF and the significance of deep cuts in confirming syringotropism in low-grade cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. [Extracted from the article]

Introduction: Poroid neoplasms (PN) are a heterogeneous group of tumors deriving from sweat glands and folliculo-sebaceous units. Their histological classification and clinical features are challenging. Our aim was to report clinicopathological features of poroid neoplasms. Methods: It is a retrospective study including all cases of poroid neoplasms registered at our Pathology laboratory of Niamey National Hospital (February 2020-February 2024). Results: We registered 13 cases of benign poroid neoplasms: 10 classic poromas (CP) (76.9%), 2 poroid hidradenomas (PH) (15.4%) and 1 dermal duct tumor (DDT) (7.7%). Nine cases (69.2%) had preoperative clinical diagnosis of malignancy. The mean age was 41.1 years (range of 12-70 years) with a slight female predominance. Only 4/13 cases (30.8%) had classical palmoplantar locations. The tumors mean size was 3.7 cm (range of 0.4-8 cm). Clear cells were present in 7 cases (53.8%), apocrine ductal differentiation (mixed or pure) in 6 cases (46.2%), keratin horns in 2 cases (15.4%), squamous eddies in 6 cases (46.2%), melanin pigments in 1 case (7.7%) and sebaceous differentiation in 2 cases (15.4%). Conclusions: Unlike what is classically reported, our study shows that apocrine ductal differentiation, younger age and non-palmoplantar locations are common in poroid neoplasms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the effect of taurine supplementation on sweating and core temperature responses, including the transition from compensable to uncompensable heat stress, during prolonged low-intensity exercise of a fixed-heat production (~ 200W/m2) in hot conditions (37.5 °C), at both fixed and incremental vapour-pressure. Methods: Fifteen females (n = 3) and males (n = 12; 27 ± 5 years, 78 ± 9 kg, V ˙ O2max 50.3 ± 7.8 mL/kg/min), completed a treadmill walking protocol (~ 200W/m2 heat production [Ḣprod]) in the heat (37.5 ± 0.1 °C) at fixed-(16-mmHg) and ramped-humidity (∆1.5-mmHg/5-min) following 1 week of oral taurine supplementation (50 mg/kg/bm) or placebo, in a double-blind, randomised, cross-over design. Participants were assessed for whole-body sweat loss (WBSL), local sweat rate (LSR), sweat gland activation (SGA), core temperature (Tcore), breakpoint of compensability (Pcrit) and calorimetric heat transfer components. Plasma volume and plasma taurine concentrations were established through pre- and post-trial blood samples. Results: Taurine supplementation increased WBSL by 26.6% and 5.1% (p = 0.035), LSR by 15.5% and 7.8% (p = 0.013), SGA (1 × 1 cm) by 32.2% and 29.9% (p < 0.001) and SGA (3 × 3 cm) by 22.1% and 17.1% (p = 0.015) during the fixed- and ramped-humidity exercise periods, respectively. Evaporative heat loss was enhanced by 27% (p = 0.010), heat-storage reduced by 72% (p = 0.024) and Pcrit was greater in taurine vs placebo (25.0-mmHg vs 21.7-mmHg; p = 0.002). Conclusion: Taurine supplementation increased sweating responses during fixed Ḣprod in hot conditions, prior to substantial heat strain and before the breakpoint of compensability, demonstrating improved thermoregulatory capacity. The enhanced evaporative cooling and reduced heat-storage delayed the subsequent upward inflection in Tcore—represented by a greater Pcrit—and offers a potential dietary supplementation strategy to support thermoregulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to evaluate sweating rate and the morphological changes of sweat gland of Kangayam cattle during different climatic conditions of Tamilnadu (India). Six adult Kangayam cattle in the age range of 3 to 5 years were selected from farmer's house in the vicinity of Namakkal and Sathyamangalam districts of Tamil Nadu. The skin biopsy samples were collected during winter (December-February) and summer (April-June) seasons. The sweating rate was calculated using a Cobalt Chloride Disk (CCD) method during both seasons. Histological measurements like, sweat gland length, sweat gland diameter, depth of sweat gland and sweat gland density were measured with the help of trinocular microscope (Leica DM 1000) with image analyzer (Leica application suit) software. The results revealed significant (p<0.01) increase in sweating rate and length, diameter and number, with significant (p<0.01) reduction in depth, of sweat glands during summer than winter season. The observations clearly indicated the greater evaporative cooling capacity of indigenous cows to changing climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Botulinum type-A toxin is a well established aesthetic and medical treatment. While the usage of type-B toxin is less common, there is a growing interest in using type-B toxin, especially in those who are treatment resistant. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the primary FDA-approved clinical applications of rimabotulinumtoxinB, along with established and emerging off-label clinical indications. MATERIAL AND METHODS Articles were reviewed from PubMed database and Food and Drug Adminstration guidelines. RESULTS Facial rhytids tend to use a higher conversion ratio between type A and type B toxin, due to type B toxin's weaker affinity to muscles and higher affinity for sweat glands. Specially, a 1:100 to 1:50 ratio was utilized for glabellar rhytids, a 1:25 to 1:50 ratio for periocular rhytids, a 1:50 to 1:66.6 ratio for cervical dystonia, a 1:20 to 1:50 ratio for hyperhidrosis, and a 1:25 to 30 ratio for sialorrhea. CONCLUSION Type B toxin has demonstrated its safety and efficacy in treating facial rhytids, cervical dystonia, sialorrhea and hyperhidrosis, with potential for novel applications under investigation. Regardless of injection location and clinical applications, dry mouth and dysphagia remained the most common side effects. Across all indications, type B toxin appeared to have a faster onset of action, a dose-dependent clinical duration, and a dose-dependent adverse effect profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrodermal activity (EDA) measures skin conductivity, reflecting sweat gland activity, and is considered a noninvasive measure of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Consequently, EDA has emerged as an informative physiomarker in clinical and nonclinical applications in assessing dynamics of SNS functions. With recent proliferation of the abuse of pain medications, there is a pressing need for objective pain assessment given that a self-pain rating is the only metric doctors use for prescribing medications. To overcome this limitation, there has been increased attention on the use of EDA due to close association between pain and the SNS. With advancements in wearable sensors combined with signal processing and machine learning, it has become more feasible to objectively assess pain using EDA. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent research related to the use of EDA for objective pain assessment and its clinical applications. Furthermore, this paper discusses the use of recent new developments in signal processing and machine learning techniques, and examines current challenges and future directions that can enable better quantitative assessment of pain using EDA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was executed at Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India during the period of July, 2020 to October, 2021 to find the possible differences in histology of teat among domestic animals. The study was conducted on teat of domestic animals i.e., 6 adult buffalo, 6 cattle, 15 sheep, 15 goats, 6 dogs and 6 pigs. The wall of the teat consisted of three layers in buffalo, cattle, sheep, goat and pig i.e., outer skin, middle muscular and inner connective tissue layer. But in dog only two layers were present i.e., outer skin and inner fibromuscular layer. Each teat consisted of single teat sinus in buffalo, cattle, sheep and goat, whereas in pig each teat showed two teat sinuses and eleven sinuses in dog. In buffalo and cattle, isolated clusters of glandular structures were seen between the smooth muscle fibers which were absent in sheep, pig and dog. Further, in sheep and goat, accessory glands were noted in the dermis and in middle layer. Sweat glands were noticed only in sheep and goat. In cattle and pig, hair follicles were not distinct and they were surrounded by numerous sebaceous glands. The number of collagen fibers in dermis of teat were more dense in cattle than other domestic animals. Elastic fibers were numerous in dog and moderate in the dermis of teat in buffalo, cattle, sheep and very few in goat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]