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Land degradation, climate change, soil and water contamination have led to increased interest in sustainable agricultural practices. Most agricultural practices are focused on growing annual crops, which require significant amounts of synthetic fertilizers, contribute to CO2 emissions and disrupt natural biological processes. Natural Systems Agriculture has been developed to reverse this paradigm by imitating nature through perennial grain crops. Kernza® intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium) is a promising perennial crop producing healthy grain for direct human consumption and forage for livestock while providing multiple ecosystemic services. Given these reasons, consider its cultivation in Argentina is relevant. This research aimed to predict Kernza crop suitability in the Azul district by modeling different climatic and soil densification scenarios. The model showed that Kernza can be grown in Azul, and that southern areas were most suitable. This model allowed generating information for land use planners and farmers to consider planting in Argentina, particularly, in Azul. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) and root exudates contain easily decomposable carbon that can stimulate microbial growth. It is unknown what role the amount of organic matter (OM) in the growing media, and potential interactions between root presence and LOF, might play in enhancing the breakdown of OM. Aims: The aim was to better understand how the decomposition rate of plant litter is affected by added fertilizer, plant presence, and growing media OM content. Methods: A container experiment was conducted with and without tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.; Heinz 5608 variety) present to evaluate the effect of three one‐time fertilizer additions (no fertilizer, LOF, and synthetic fertilizer) on litter decomposition rate. The equivalent amount of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium(K) was added in both fertilizer treatments. The experiment was conducted using two growing media, one containing high OM and one with negligible OM. Results: The presence of tomato roots stimulated litter decomposition in high OM media, but not in low OM media. Adding LOF did not affect decomposition in either growing medium. Adding synthetic fertilizer led to a negative priming effect in low OM media when roots were present. The rate of decomposition was not affected by root traits. Conclusions: When ample OM was available, the presence of plant roots had a strong positive impact on litter decomposition. In both low and high OM media, a one‐time addition of fertilizer had minimal or negative effects on litter decomposition. We speculate that the continuous nature of root exudation leads to sustained changes in the microbial population (both community composition and size). Boosting root length growth via the one‐time addition of inorganic fertilizer when OM was negligible allowed the plant to outcompete decomposing microbes for N, possibly leading to selection for microbes that primarily feed on exudates, which resulted in retarded litter decomposition rates. In conclusion, as adding inorganic fertilizer stimulated plant and root growth more than adding the equivalent nutrients in LOF, particularly in growth media with a high OM content, it is better to add inorganic nutrients than LOF to stimulate OM breakdown when plants are present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metals, such as chromium (Cr), are continuously introduced into the environment through human activities, notably from the excessive use of pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, and irrigation with sewage and industrial wastewater. These substances induce oxidative stress in plants, disrupting crucial morphological and biochemical processes. Seed germination and early plant development are vital stages in the life cycle of plants, heavily reliant on nitrogen metabolism and associated biochemical pathways for energy accumulation. This study aimed to assess the phytotoxic effects of chromium on the growth and biochemical parameters of germinating seedlings from two maize varieties, Pak-Afgoi and Neelem Desi. The findings revealed significant suppression caused by chromium, leading to reduced seed germination rates, embryonic growth, vigor index, and biomass. Nitrogen and protein levels, as well as nitrate reductase activity, were notably affected, with Pak-Afgoi showing lower decreases compared to Neelem. Carbohydrate mobilization and total sugar content also decreased with rising chromium concentrations, although Pak-Afgoi exhibited better nitrogen and carbohydrate utilization rates. Furthermore, oxidative stress markers like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) indicated damage to growth and biochemical attributes in maize. Interestingly, proline levels increased with higher chromium concentrations, suggesting a protective role in maintaining seedling viability during metabolic disruptions. These results underscore the detrimental impact of chromium on maize growth by altering plant nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolisms and inducing oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic agriculture comprises farming practices that discard synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. Tomato production demands huge amounts of fertilizers and pesticides. Improving efficiency of the inputs allowed for organic tomato production is a challenge to upgrade yields. Thereby, we studied the effects of the inoculation of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Rhizophagus clarus, supplying rock thermophosphate and bioactivator, alone or associated, on tomato development and yield. The experiment was achieved in a greenhouse using undetermined tomato cv. BRS-Nagai sown in polystyrene trays and afterwards transplanted to pots. Treatments included R. clarus; thermophosphate (TH) (130 g/pot); bioactivator (PenergeticK® + Penergetic®) (BI); R. clarus + TH; R. clarus + BI; R. clarus + TH+ BI and TH + BI and control (CO). From the flowering onset, plant height, height of insertion of first truss, trusses space, length, and also the diameter and fresh weight of ripe fruits of the three first trusses were assessed. AMF colonization in the roots and macronutrients in leaves and petioles were also measured. Trusses spacing variable was affected by mycorrhiza and thermophosphate. R. clarus inoculation incremented 10 and 31.85% of fresh mass of ripe fruits and mass of ripe fruits per plant, respectively. Soluble solids contents in fruits and N, P and K in the leaves and petioles were similar among treatments. AMF colonization decreased on thermophosphate fertilized plants and increased in bioactivator treatment. Results showed that root inoculation with R. clarus promoted better plant development and yield and may be used as biological inoculant mostly on organic tomato production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaweeds are a natural marine resource containing many bioactive compounds such as amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, phytohormones, and antimicrobial compounds. Since ancient times, seaweeds have been used in various sectors, including medicine, food, and the cosmetic industry. Currently, seaweeds are a promising alternative to reduce the application of harmful chemicals in agriculture. Seaweed and its derived products have been utilized for plant growth promotion, immunity enhancement, and the reduction of biotic and abiotic stresses. In the current global scenario, synthetic fertilizers and chemical pesticides are commonly used to increase agricultural crop production to meet the growing demands of the world population. However, these chemicals pose significant threats to the health of people, livestock, plants, soil, and the entire environment. In contrast, seaweed-based products are emerging as a newer option for stress mitigation and reduction, offering an alternative to synthetic chemicals. This article explains the use of seaweed extracts to increase the tolerance of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses. We also address the functions of various bioactive compounds present in seaweed extracts and the mechanisms by which they promote plant growth and induce defense against different stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture is the dominant source of anthropogenic nitrous oxide (N2O) –a greenhouse gas and a stratospheric ozone depleting substance. The US Corn Belt is a large global N2O source, but there remain large uncertainties regarding its source attribution and biogeochemical pathways. Here, we interpret high frequency stable N2O isotope observations from a very tall tower to improve our understanding of regional source attribution. We detected significant seasonal variability in δ15Nbulk (6.47–7.33‰) and the isotope site preference (δ15NSP = δ15Nα–δ15Nβ, 18.22–25.19‰) indicating a predominance of denitrification during the growing period but of nitrification during the snowmelt period. Isotope mixing models and atmospheric inversions both indicate that indirect emissions contribute substantially (>35%) to total N2O emissions. Despite the relatively large uncertainties, the upper bound of bottom‐up indirect emission estimates are at the lower bound of the isotopic constraint, implying significant discrepancies that require further investigation. Plain Language Summary: Increasing use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers for agricultural production is causing higher atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) concentrations. Nitrous oxide is a long‐lived greenhouse gas and degrades the protective stratospheric ozone layer. Using tall tower N2O isotope observations from within the US Corn Belt, we examine how different processes (denitrification vs. nitrification) and sources (corn fields vs. wetlands, rivers, and streams) contribute to variations in atmospheric N2O. The findings indicate that a substantial amount of nitrogen leakage from agricultural crops contributes to N2O emissions via indirect sources such as drainage networks. These findings can help inform mitigation strategies targeting nitrogen use and leakage pathways from agricultural systems. Key Points: Seasonality of N2O isotope fingerprint driven by snowmelt and fertilizer inputSnowmelt and growing season emissions dominated by nitrification versus denitrification pathwaysIsotope fingerprints were used to constrain direct and indirect N2O emissions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have repeatedly emphasized how urgently we have to decrease the massive nitrogen fertilizer consumption to support agricultural productivity and maintain a sustainable ecosystem. Using chitosan (CS) as a carrier for slow release is considered a potential tool for reducing synthetic fertilizer and improving crop productivity. Therefore, two field experiments were arranged in a randomized complete block design to investigate the effects of seven treatments including synthetic fertilizer and exogenous application of chitosan-based NPK nano-structure (Ch/NPs-NPK) on growth, productivity, and nutrient uptake traits of rice as a worldwide strategy crop during 2022 and 2023 growing seasons. The experimental treatments were: T1 = full recommended synthetic NPK (recommended urea, superphosphate, potassium sulfate; control treatment), T2 = 70% of T1 + Ch/NPs-NPK 100 ppm, T3 = 70% of T1+ Ch/NPs-NPK 200 ppm, T4 = 70% of T1+ Ch/NPs-NPK 300 ppm, T5 = 30% of T1+ Ch/NPs-NPK 100 ppm, T6 = 30% of T1+ Ch/NPs-NPK 200 ppm, and T7 = 30% of T1 + Ch/NPs-NPK 300 ppm. The results revealed that T4 (i.e., 70% of recommended NPK+ Ch/NPs-NPK 300 ppm) and T1 (full recommended synthetic NPK) resulted in the highest and most significant growth and yield traits of rice as well as nutrient grain contents compared to other treatments. Therefore, combining 70% of recommended NPK with Ch/NPs-NPK 300 ppm as an exogenous application can be a smart choice for reducing synthetic NPK fertilizers by 30% in paddy fields without producing a significant decline in terms of growth, yield characteristics, or nutrient grain contents when applying the full recommended synthetic NPK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ammonia (NH3) emissions mainly originate from agricultural practices and can have multiple adverse impacts on the environment. With the substantial increase in synthetic fertilizer use over the past decades, volatilization of NH3 has become a major loss of N applied to land. Since NH3 can be strongly influenced by both environmental conditions and local management practices, a better estimate of NH3 emissions from fertilizer use requires improved understanding of the relevant processes. This study describes a new process-based model, AMmonia–CLIMate (AMCLIM), for quantifying agricultural NH3 emissions. More specifically, the present paper focuses on the development of a module (AMCLIM–Land) that is used for simulating NH3 emissions from synthetic fertilizer use. Other modules, together termed as AMCLIM-Livestock, simulate NH3 emissions from agricultural livestock and are described in Part 2). AMCLIM–Land dynamically models the evolution of N species in soils by incorporating the effects of both environmental factors and management practices to determine the NH3 emissions released from the land to the atmosphere. Based on simulations for 2010, NH3 emissions resulting from the synthetic fertilizer use are estimated at 15.0 Tg N yr−1, accounting for around 17 % of applied fertilizer N. Strong spatial and seasonal variations are found. Higher emissions typically occur in agriculturally intensive countries (such as China, India, Pakistan and the US) and mostly reach the maximum in the summer season. Volatilization rates indicate that hotter environments can result in more N lost due to NH3 emissions and show how other factors including soil moisture and pH can greatly affect volatilization of NH3. The AMCLIM model also allows for estimation of how application techniques and fertilizer type have impacts on the NH3 emissions, pointing to the importance of improving management practices to tackle nutrient loss and of appropriate data gathering to record management practices internationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional agricultural practices viz; usage of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, often translate into a surge in soil infertility and plant susceptibility to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Incorporation of organic manure in traditional agricultural practices offers the advantages of enhancing soil texture, aeration, structure, and water retention while aiding in the growth of a healthy plant system via the easy availability of nutrients. Microbial-based techniques like biofertilizers are being encouraged as an alternative to chemical fertilizers to increase crop productivity. They have proven to have a substantial impact on plant development by viable sustainable strategies to increase plant biomass. Under the integrated plant nutrition system (IPNS), organic amendments in addition to synthetic fertilizers are more efficient in increasing and maintaining crop output and soil fertility. The objective of this review is to revisit the impact of the combined application of organic manures and beneficial bacterial populations on soil health, agricultural productivity, and sustainability in field crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) is a versatile crop that holds a high level of protein and fatty acid-rich oil. It plays a vital role in global exchange and the demand for soybean is increasing globally owing to its multiple uses, especially for de-oiled cakes. Therefore, improving the soybean crop productivity helps to acquire additional revenue for the nation. This review highlights the significant role of macro and micro-nutrients in soybean crop. Using different components of crop nutrient inputs like inorganic fertilizers, organic manures and biofertilizers in an integrated manner paves the way for proper utilization of applied nutrients by soybean leading to higher yield. Additionally, it offers soil fertility enhancement by creating positive effects on soil profile compared to the use of synthetic fertilizers alone. The article also discusses the role of different kinds of nutrient inputs in soybean and offers insights into integrated nutrient management practices that can be used to promote sustainable soybean production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing popularity of cold-brewed coffee has resulted in large amounts of localized spent coffee grounds (SCG) generated from production plants. Spent coffee grounds offer many favorable agronomic properties, but also contain caffeine, tannins and phenolic compounds that may be deleterious to plant growth. There is a growing body of research examining the effects of SCG on plants, but little of which pertains to use in turfgrass systems. The objective of this two-year field study was to evaluate the feasibility of using SCG as an agronomic source of nutrients for turfgrass. Field studies were conducted over two years to characterize performance of 'Riley's Super Sport' (Celebration®) bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) receiving multiple nutrient source treatments including fresh and composted SCG, as well as synthetic, natural organic, and bridge fertilizers, some which included SCG. Soils were analyzed at the conclusion of the study to determine whether SGC provided long-term effects of on soil pH and/or nutrient concentrations. Our results demonstrated that although SCG possesses between 2.3-2.9% N and a favorable C:N ratio, direct SCG applications over two seasons did not produce responses typical of a fertilizer when applied as a topdressing. However, when combined with poultry litter, the SCG-containing organic fertilizer GeoJava produced improved turf quality relative to other organic and synthetic commercial fertilizers in our study, including Milorganite, ammonium sulfate, and URI-PEL S.R. Further, despite the acidic nature of SCG, their repeated application over multiple years did not result in any long-term changes to soil pH. Although early on, SCG treatments caused mild and transient phytotoxicity, these effects were not observed when it was applied in combination with the manure used in GeoJava. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing biological nitrogen (N) fixation (BNF) in maize production could reduce the environmental impacts of N fertilizer use, but reactive N in the rhizosphere of maize limits the BNF process. Using non-transgenic methods, we developed gene-edited strains of Klebsiella variicola (Kv137-2253) and Kosakonia sacchari (Ks6-5687) bacteria optimized for root-associated BNF and ammonium excretion in N-rich conditions. The aim of this research was to elucidate the mechanism of action of these strains. We present evidence from in vitro, in planta and field experiments that confirms that our genetic remodeling strategy derepresses BNF activity in N-rich systems and increases ammonium excretion by orders of magnitude above the respective wildtype strains. BNF is demonstrated in controlled environments by the transfer of labeled 15N2 gas from the rhizosphere to the chlorophyll of inoculated maize plants. This was corroborated in several 15N isotope tracer field experiments where inoculation with the formulated, commercial-grade product derived from the gene-edited strains (PIVOT BIO PROVEN® 40) provided on average 21 kg N ha-1 to the plant by the VT-R1 growth stages. Data from small-plot and on-farm trials suggest that this technology can improve crop N status pre-flowering and has potential to mitigate the risk of yield loss associated with a reduction in synthetic N fertilizer inputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of synthetic fertilizers, including nitrogen [N] fertilizers, is an indispensable element in today's agriculture. Through adequate fertilization, farmers have the opportunity to increase crop yields, which is essential in view of the growing population and demand for food. The European Union's "Farm to Fork" [F2F] strategy, as part of the broader European Green Deal, aims to promote more sustainable agricultural practices by reducing chemical fertilizer use by 20% by 2030. This initiative is designed to mitigate the negative environmental impacts of excessive N application, such as soil and water contamination, greenhouse gas emissions, and biodiversity loss. In addition to addressing ecosystem concerns, this strategy also aims to reduce health risks associated with N overuse, such as the accumulation of nitrates [NO3−] in crops, which can lead to the formation of carcinogenic compounds. By integrating alternative fertilization methods, the agricultural sector can work toward more resilient and environmentally friendly systems while maintaining productivity. This paper focuses on a summary of the current knowledge about the consequences of N fertilization reduction and its connection to the soil environment, crops, yields, and human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen (N), while the most abundant element in the atmosphere, is an essential soil nutrient that limits plant growth. Leguminous plants naturally possess the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen through symbiotic relationships with rhizobia in their root nodules. However, the widespread use of synthetic N fertilizers in modern agriculture has led to N enrichment in soils, causing complex and profound effects on legumes. Amid ongoing debates about how leguminous plants respond to N enrichment, the present study compiles 2174 data points from 162 peer-reviewed articles to analyze the impacts and underlying mechanisms of N enrichment on legumes. The findings reveal that N enrichment significantly increases total legume biomass by 30.9% and N content in plant tissues by 13.2% globally. However, N enrichment also leads to notable reductions, including a 5.8% decrease in root-to-shoot ratio, a 21.2% decline in nodule number, a 29.3% reduction in nodule weight, and a 27.1% decrease in the percentage of plant N derived from N2 fixation (%Ndfa). Legume growth traits and N2-fixing capability in response to N enrichment are primarily regulated by climatic factors, such as mean annual temperature (MAT) and mean annual precipitation (MAP), as well as the aridity index (AI) and N fertilizer application rates. Correlation analyses show that plant biomass is positively correlated with MAT, and tissue N content also exhibits a positive correlation with MAT. In contrast, nodule numbers and tissue N content are negatively correlated with N fertilizer application rates, whereas %Ndfa shows a positive correlation with AI and MAP. Under low N addition, the increase in total biomass in response to N enrichment is twice as large as that observed under high N addition. Furthermore, regions at lower elevations with abundant hydrothermal resources are especially favorable for total biomass accumulation, indicating that the responses of legumes to N enrichment are habitat-specific. These results provide scientific evidence for the mechanisms underlying legume responses to N enrichment and offer valuable insights and theoretical references for the conservation and management of legumes in the context of global climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar amendment and substituting chemical fertilizers with organic manure (organic substitution) have been widely reported to improve intensive vegetable production. However, considering its high potential for reducing carbon and reactive nitrogen (Nr) footprints, very few comprehensive evaluations have been performed on the environmental and economic aspects of biochar amendment or organic substitution. In this study, the comprehensive environmental damage costs from carbon and Nr footprints, measured using the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, followed a cradle-to-gate approach, and the carbon storage benefits were incorporated into the newly constructed net ecosystem economic benefit (NEEB) assessment frame in addition to the conventional product income–input cost-benefit methods. One kilogram of harvested vegetables for carbon/Nr footprints and one hectare of cultivated land per crop for cost and benefit were adopted as functional units considering the multi-cropping characteristics for intensive vegetable production. Five fertilization treatments were included: no fertilizer (CK); synthetic fertilizer application (SN); biochar amendment (NB); organic substitution (NM); and a combination of biochar and organic substitution (NMB). These were investigated for five consecutive years of vegetable crop rotations in a typically intensified vegetable production region in China. Adopting the revised NEEB methodology, NB significantly reduced carbon footprint by 73.0% compared to no biochar addition treatment. Meanwhile, NB significantly increased the total benefits by 9.7% and reduced the environmental damages by 52.7% compared to NM, generating the highest NEEB, making it the most effective fertilization strategy among all treatments. It was 4.3% higher compared to NM, which was not significant, but significantly higher than SN and NMB, by 23.0% and 13.6%, respectively. This finding highlights the importance of considering carbon storage benefit for properly assessing NEEB, which is important for developing effective agricultural management strategies and promoting intensive vegetable production with a more sustainable approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores how different organic waste transformation methods influence the production of humic substances (HSs) and their impact on soil quality. Using olive and orange wastes as substrates, the study compares vermicomposting, composting, and anaerobic digestion processes to determine which method produces the most humic-substance-rich products. The characterization of HSs in each product included analyses of total organic carbon (TOC), humic and fulvic acid content, humification rate, humification degree, and E4/E6 ratio, with HSs extracted using potassium hydroxide (KOH) and analyzed via Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier-Transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy to assess structural complexity. The results revealed that the chemical composition of the input materials significantly influenced the transformation dynamics, with orange by-products exhibiting a higher humification rate and degree. Vermicomposting emerged as the most efficient process, producing fertilizers with superior humic content, greater microbial biodiversity, and enhanced cation exchange capacity, thus markedly improving soil quality. Composting also contributed to the stabilization of organic matter, albeit less effectively than vermicomposting. Anaerobic digestion, by contrast, resulted in products with lower levels of HSs and reduced nutrient content. Aerobic processes, particularly vermicomposting, demonstrated the most rapid and effective transformation, producing structurally complex, stable humus-like substances with pronounced benefits for soil health. These findings underscore vermicomposting as the most sustainable and efficacious approach for generating HS-rich organic fertilizers, presenting a powerful alternative to synthetic fertilizers. Furthermore, this study highlights the potential of organic waste valorization to mitigate environmental pollution and foster circular economy practices in sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preharvest losses, which are often neglected, limit the availability of fresh tomato fruit to varying degrees in tomato‐based cropping systems in Cameroon. Increasing tomato yields requires identifying, understanding, and controlling the factors responsible for preharvest losses in the identified cropping systems. Field surveys were conducted in three production areas of western Cameroon (Foumbot, Bansoa, and Dschang) to characterize cropping systems and growers, quantify production losses, and identify causal factors associated with losses and proffer solutions. One hundred and ninety‐six growers were interviewed in 13 villages, using purposive sampling to select zones and simple random sampling to select growers. Factor analysis for mixed data (FAMD) and canonical discriminant analysis, combined with multinomial logistic regression, were used to analyze the collected data. The FAMD results indicated that 72% of the farm variability was expressed through technical route, preharvest losses, and technical mastery. The tomato‐based cropping systems were classified into three types: (1) a pure cultivation system that consumes excessive synthetic fertilizers and results in significant losses; (2) a pure cultivation system that consumes high amounts of synthetic fertilizers and moderate amounts of organic fertilizers with moderate losses; and (3) a cultivation system that involves moderate synthetic fertilizer consumption, extremely low organic amendment, and low losses. Preharvest losses can be significantly affected by the unregulated use of synthetic fertilizers. The study's implications are many, affecting agricultural practices, policy, economic stability, and food security in Cameroon. A more sustainable and productive tomato industry can be achieved by addressing preharvest losses through informed strategies. To address this issue, it is crucial to establish fertilization protocols that consider the soil's fertility status and the tomato's essential macro‐ and micronutrient requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction of biochar with mineral fertilization has attracted attention as a strategy to reduce N losses and enhance nitrogen use efficiency. In this study, we investigated the coapplication of biochar with two optimized fertilization strategies based on split urea and a microbial inoculant (Azospirillum brasilense) in a commercial pointed white cabbage crop. Additionally, we evaluated a third optimized N fertilization alternative, a biochar‐based fertilizer (BBF) enriched in plant‐available N, which was developed from the same biochar. We assessed environmental impacts such as greenhouse gasses (GHG) and NH3 emissions, yield‐scaled N2O emissions, and global warming potential (GWP). Additionally, we evaluated agronomical outcomes such as crop yield, plant N, and chlorophyll concentration. Moreover, we examined the N‐fixing gene's total and relative abundance (nifH and nifH/16S). Biochar and BBF exhibited similar crop yield, GHG, and NH3 emissions compared to split applications of the synthetic fertilizer. The main difference was associated with the higher soil C sequestration in biochar and BBF treatments that reduced the associated GWP of these fertilization strategies. Finally, biochar favored the activity of the N‐fixing bacteria spread, compared to the sole application of bacteria and BBF demonstrated a promoting effect in the soil's total abundance of natural N‐fixing bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic carbon based amendments can improve soil structure and fertility, as well as increase composition and diversity of soil microbial community. One of the major functions of improving soil fertility is to achieve effective nitrogen (N) management and mineralization. In this study, 746 paired observations were pooled from 20 long-term field experiments to verify the hypothesis that compared to synthetic only fertilization, long-term application of organic fertilization alone or in combination with synthetic fertilization could strengthen multiple internal pathways for soil N supply under various climatic conditions. We found that long-term application of synthetic N fertilizers alone or in combination with phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) led to an increase only in the recalcitrant organic N mineralization rate (MNrec) by 210% and 263%, respectively. However, long-term application of organic fertilizers alone or in combination with synthetic N fertilizers increased MNrec, labile organic N mineralization rate (MNlab) and release of adsorbed ammonium from cation exchange sites (RNH4a) by 160% and 200%, 153% and 353%, and 1025% and 541%, respectively. This indicates that organic fertilization can strengthen multiple internal pathways for mineral N production. The long-term co-application of organic and synthetic fertilizers stimulated MNlab (197%), MNrec (151%) and RNH4a (563%) in subtropical regions, but it had no effect on heterotrophic nitrification (ONrec). In contrast, it stimulated MNrec (505%), RNH4a (633%) and ONrec (184%) in temperate regions, with no observed effect on MNlab. These data confirm that if one N supply source is shut-off under specific climatic conditions the other pathways continue to provide N. The meta-analysis advances our understanding of agroecosystems and as such help to improve frameworks for enhancing soil health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic fertilizers are the main nitrogen (N) input used in specialty crop systems established on sandy soils of Florida, although organic amendments and fertilizers can be used as a substitute. Organic N contained in these products must be mineralized before crop uptake, which is affected by amendment properties, soil properties, and temperature. A better method for predicting N release can help maximize the nutrient cycling benefits of organic amendments and fertilizers while avoiding negative environmental impacts. The main objective of this study was to measure N release and CO2 emissions from two poultry manure-based amendments (PMA) and two processed organic fertilizers (OF) made from livestock byproducts (e.g., feather meal). We conducted an 8-week incubation using two sandy Florida soils belonging to two soil orders (Entisol and Spodosol) and with a greater than two-fold difference in soil organic C. We incubated these soils at 10 °C, 17 °C, 24 °C, and 30 °C, measured plant-available N at 0, 1, 4, and 8 weeks, and measured CO2 emissions weekly. In both soils, OF released more inorganic N and at a faster rate compared with PMA, but CO2 emissions were greater from PMA than OF. Nitrogen mineralization and CO2 emissions increased with temperature, but temperature effects were less important than expected. These results on the mineralization of PMA and OF in sandy soils are key to optimize their use and management in Florida and other areas dominated by sandy soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malnutrition is one of the greatest challenges faced by humanity, which may be addressed by improving crop productivity to ensure food security. However, extensive use of synthetic fertilizers can lead to soil fertility degradation. This study highlights the potential of combining nanotechnology with biotechnology to enhance the germination rates of commercially important crop seeds. Bacterial biosurfactant extracted from a newly isolated Klebsiella sp. strain RGUDBI03 was used as a reducing and capping agent for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) through a simple method. Extensive characterization of ZnO NPs through electron microscopic analysis showed well-dispersed, homogeneous NPs with a size range of 2–10 nm. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) images also revealed molecular fringes of 0.26 nm in single crystal ZnO NPs, with approximately 50% of the NPs exhibiting a size range of 2–4 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results of ZnO NPs indicated the presence of (100), (002), (101), (102), (200), and (112) planes, confirming their crystalline nature. The presence of C = C–H, C = C, C–H, and C = C groups in both the bacterial biosurfactant and ZnO NPs, as depicted by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra, confirmed the function of the biosurfactant as a reducing and capping agent. The nano-primed chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and rice (Oryza sativa) seeds showed an increase in water uptake rate, 89% and 92% respectively, compared to the control (73% and 44%), leading to an enhanced germination rate of 98% and 76%, compared to their respective controls (80% and 30%) under optimized conditions. Additionally, the nano-primed seeds exhibited higher levels of α-amylase activity in both seeds (0.37 mg/g for chickpea and 2.49 mg/g for rice) compared to the control. Notably, the ZnO NP priming solution exhibited no cytotoxicity on red blood cells and earthworms (Eudrilus eugeniae), indicating their non-cytotoxic and eco-friendly nature for future field trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pasture systems that include cool‐ and warm‐season species have the potential to enhance tall fescue (TF) [Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.] forage systems beyond their typical season. The objectives of this study were to incorporate crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris Retz.) into TF swards and compare the production of monoculture TF to a binary mixture of crabgrass and TF as well as its effect with different sources of nitrogen (such as red clover [Trifolium pratense L.] or sunn hemp [Crotalaria juncea L.]). The experiment was conducted in Crossville, TN, in 2020 and 2021. The treatments were as follows: (1) TF + 0 N (T), (2) TF + ammonium nitrate (TA), (3) TF + red clover (TR), (4) TF + sunn hemp (TS), (5) TF + crabgrass + 0 N (TFC), (6) TF + crabgrass + ammonium nitrate (TCA), (7) TF + crabgrass + red clover (TCR), and (8) TF + crabgrass + sunn hemp (TCS). The plots containing red clover indicated a greater herbage mass (HM) and crude protein (CP) along with lesser neutral detergent fiber compared to the other treatments. Sunn hemp performed best during the mid‐summer, contributing to the increase of HM. Tall fescue swards that were mixed with crabgrass and a source of N (legumes or N fertilizer) had greater HM during the warm season, having the potential to decrease the stationarity of production. Thus, including crabgrass, red clover, and sunn hemp (grass and legumes, respectively) in TF pasture can be a great strategy to increase HM and improve nutritive value. Core Ideas: Inclusion of cool‐ and warm‐season grasses increases the seasonality of production.Crabgrass is a warm‐season grass that improves nutritive value in mixed pasture.Nitrogen fertilizer increases forage mass and nutritive value.Increasing the use of legumes in pastures may decrease the use of synthetic N fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major crop, soybean, forms root nodules with symbiotic rhizobia, providing energy and carbon to the bacteria in exchange for bioavailable nitrogen. The relationship is host-specific and highly host-regulated to maximize energy efficiency. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) is greener than synthetic fertilizer for replenishing soil fertility, contributing to yield increase. Nodulation Outer Protein P (NopP) and NopI of the type 3 secretion system (T3SS) of the rhizobium determine host specificity. Sinorhizobium fredii CCBAU25509 (R2) and CCBAU45436 (R4) have different NopP and NopI variants, affecting their respective symbiotic compatibilities with the cultivated soybean C08 and the wild soybean W05. Swapping the NopP variants between R2 and R4 has been shown to switch their compatibility with C08 with the rj2/Rfg1 genotype. To understand the effects of Nops on host compatibility, analyses on the transcriptomic data of W05 roots and nodules inoculated with S. fredii strains containing Nop variants uncovered many differentially expressed genes related to nodulation and nodule functions, providing important information on the effects of Nops on hosts and nodules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To sustain the increasing needs of a rapidly growing population, agriculture has relied on the use of synthetic fertilizers to intensify its production. However, the economical, environmental and health impacts associated with their use have raised significant concerns, especially given the scarcity of phosphorus. Utilizing nutrient-recovered materials like struvite can enhance circularity in agriculture and reduce its reliance on synthetic fertilizers. The objective of this study was to assess the implementation of struvite as a complete substitute to triple superphosphate, for radish and spinach seedling production and early growth, with or without supplementary fertigation. In addition, two rates of struvite were examined (0.68 and 1.37 g L−1 substrate) to evaluate its solubility. In the germination of radish, struvite had similar performance with conventional fertilization, while in spinach, the use of struvite decreased mean germination times. Both plants maintained comparable growth, chlorophyll content and antioxidant capacity when struvite was used, in comparison to conventional fertilizers. However, higher struvite rates under un-fertigated conditions significantly increased the chlorophyll b and total chlorophylls in the spinach, while phenolics and flavonoids decreased, contingent on the fertigation applications. In the radish, struvite maintained similar MDA and H2O2 levels to conventional fertilization, while decreases occurred in the spinach, with the application of ST1 under un-fertigated conditions, compared with conventional fertilization. The P and N contents of the plants were also affected, though these effects varied depending on the plant species, fertigation applications and struvite rates. This variance can be attributed to the characteristics of struvite, the plant species and the cultivation practices. The results of this study suggest that struvite can be successfully implemented in seedling production, establishing significant prospects for its commercialization and use in nurseries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Against the backdrop of climate change, soil loss, and water scarcity, sustainable food production is a pivotal challenge for humanity. As the global population grows and urbanization intensifies, innovative agricultural methods are crucial to meet rising food demand, while mitigating environmental degradation. Hydroponic and aquaponic systems, has emerged as one of these solutions by minimizing land use, reducing water consumption, and enabling year-round crop production in urban areas. This study aimed at assessing the yield, ecophysiological performance, and nutritional content of Lactuca sativa L. and Cichorium endivia L. var. crispum grown in hydroponic and aquaponic floating raft systems, with Oreochromis niloticus L. integrated into the aquaponic system. Both species exhibited higher fresh biomass and canopy/root ratios in hydroponics compared to aquaponics. Additionally, hydroponics increased the leaf number in curly endive by 18%. Ecophysiological parameters, such as the leaf net photosynthesis rate, actual yield of PSII, and linear electron transport rate, were also higher in hydroponics for both species. However, the nutritional profiles varied between the two cultivation systems and between the two species. Given that standard fish feed often lacks sufficient potassium levels for optimal plant growth, potassium supplementation could be a viable strategy to enhance plant development in aquaponic systems. In conclusion, although aquaponic systems may demonstrate lower productivity compared to hydroponics, they offer a more sustainable and potentially healthier product with fewer harmful compounds due to the reduced use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and the absence of chemical residue accumulation. However, careful system management and monitoring are crucial to minimize potential contaminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractOne of the strategies devised to address the nutritional difficulties caused by the world’s increasing population is to boost productivity per unit area to expose plant potential. Because of the negative impacts of synthetic fertilizers on nature, it is critical to design environmentally friendly plant nutrition models. One of these is proteins that are obtained naturally. A study was conducted to study and compare the effects of synthetic fertilizer and whey protein concentrate on the growth and yield of pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Mazamort)-. The experimental factors were synthetic fertilizer (SF) and whey protein concentrate (WPC). The plants treated with 5.0 and 7.5 g of WPC had the maximum plant height, widest crown length, number of branches per plant, stem diameter, leaf chlorophyll content, and leaf fresh weight. Leaf turgid weight, average number of leaves, leaf dry weight, plant total height, and crown length were all highest in plants treated with 5.0 g/application of WPC. Plants treated with 2.5 g/application WPC had the biggest leaf area. The 2.5 g/application WPC-treated plants had the highest average fruit weight and fruit number, indicating that this application had the earliest flowering time. The highest fruit diameter and fruit length were obtained from the control group. While 5.0 g/application WPC-treated plants had the highest flower bud count, fruit number, and fastest fruit ripening time, 7.5 g/application WPC-treated plants had the highest fertilized flower count. Fruit maturation was earlier in WPC-treated plants compared to SF-treated ones; while 2.5 g/application SF and 7.5 g/application WPC-treated plants had the earliest fruiting time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food produced using an organic agricultural approach does not use conventional pesticides or synthetic fertilizers. Purchasing organic food is influenced by several factors. This study investigated the factors influencing young people from Serbia's intention to purchase organic food. Constructs from earlier research that have been demonstrated to have strong correlations with the desire to purchase organic food were combined in the study model. The database was created from a survey of 111 questionnaires completed by individuals in the 20--30 age range and structural equation modelling was conducted. The findings demonstrated that the most important factors influencing the purchase intention of young people in the country are health consciousness, food safety concerns and society. The study also showed that price sensitivity and environmental awareness had moderate but not negligible effects on purchase intention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fertilization is an important cultural practice used to support plant growth and development. Fertilizers provide plants with the nutrients they need, which help them to photosynthesize, grow and develop. Fertilizers are divided into two groups: organic and synthetic. Organic fertilizers are derived from organic materials such as manure, compost and bat guano. Synthetic fertilizers are produced using chemical methods. Methods: This study was conducted to determine the effects of different synthetic and organic fertilizer applications on silage quality and some micromorphological characteristics in maize plants. The study was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The RX-9292 silage maize variety was used as the plant material. Six different organic and synthetic fertilizer types with different contents (Control, Synthetic Fertilizer-1 (20 kg N, 8 kg P and 8 kg K per decare), Synthetic Fertilizer-2 (20 kg N, 10 kg P and 10 kg K per decare), Poultry Manure, Cattle Manure and Vermicompost). were used in the study. The ADF (%) (Acid Detergent Insoluble Fiber), NDF (%) (Neutral Detergent Insoluble Fiber), ADL (%) (Acid Detergent Insoluble Lignin), SDMR (%); (Silage Dry Matter Content) properties of the silage obtained were then examined. Additionally, the thickness of the cuticle, number and size of stoma-epidermis cells and stoma index o0f the leaves were measured and observed using Scanning Electron Microscopy. Result: As a result of the measurements and observations, it was found that both synthetic and organic fertilizer applications increased the yield and quality values in silage maize, but synthetic fertilizer applications were more advantageous than organic fertilizers. However, considering the environmental damage of synthetic fertilizers and the importance of organic fertilizer applications for animal health, organic fertilization is thought to be more appropriate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biochemical composition of sapropels from Maloe Simaginskoe Lake, which were studied using modern methods of atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AE) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), is presented. This source of organic matter is now the least in demand in the country; many deposits have been abandoned. However, such organic colloids and their humic extracts are not inferior in their spectrum of action to extracts from peat or coal. The predominance of the proportion of potassium and sodium in the gross composition of macroelements is shown. Among microelements, both in bulk and in mobile forms, iron and manganese ions dominated. Apparently, the Fe cation is bound in polyligand forms with carboxylic acids. The ratio of these two elements in the samples averaged 10 : 1—Fe : Mn. The content of heavy metals was within the limits acceptable for sapropel fertilizers according to GOST R 54000-2010. The results obtained during this study can be used further in the biotechnology of intensive crop production, when growing crops in a hydroponic environment while minimizing the use of synthetic fertilizers. In addition, since carbohydrates were found in all samples of the raw materials studied, the extracts can be used to develop modified nutrient media in agricultural microbiology to stabilize the titer of beneficial rhizobacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) allows agricultural producers to temporarily remove environmentally sensitive farmland from production in exchange for a yearly rental payment. While enrolled in the CRP, land typically complies with standards for organic certification, which prohibit the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers for three years prior to harvest. In this paper, we study the extent to which recent participation in the CRP promotes organic certification. We do so by estimating the relationship between exiting CRP contracts and new organic certifications at the county level over the years 2011–2020. Our primary results are based on an instrumental variables estimator, where we use the number of expiring CRP contracts as an instrument for endogenous net‐exiting CRP contracts. We find that the exit of land from the CRP leads to increases in organic adoption, and estimate a 0.029% increase in new organic operations in response to a 1% increase in net‐exiting CRP contracts. By highlighting this important co‐effect of the CRP, our analysis contributes to contemporary discussions exploring the long‐term linkages between land conservation policies, organic agriculture, and other conservation practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concentrations of specific secondary metabolites can be higher in organically grown crops. This may be linked to organic nitrogen (N) nutrition that provides a gradual supply of N to crops over the growing season. This study examined whether organic N nutrition influenced the concentration of glucosinolates in broccoli crops. Nitrogen release patterns were determined from three synthetic (Rustica, 12% N; calcium nitrate, 15.5% N; urea, 46% N) and two organic fertilizers in an incubation experiment. Broccoli seedlings were then grown in two N dose response pot trials with different N source or application timing treatments to investigate growth and glucosinolate responses. Synthetic fertilizers released 84 to 89% of total N after 28 days, while chicken manure pellets and composted cow manure had only released 52% and 13% of total N, respectively, after 91 days. Broccoli yield and N content were generally higher in synthetic fertilizer treatments. Glucosinolate concentrations were generally higher in the synthetic fertilizer treatments, and only sinigrin and glucoiberin concentrations in the 800 kg ha−1 N application rate of organic fertilizer matched those in the corresponding synthetic fertilizer treatment. Broccoli head weight was reduced when N was applied fortnightly compared to basal and weekly N applications, but glucosinolate concentrations were not significantly different. Overall, there was no evidence that organic (chicken manure) N nutrition, or the rate of N supply to broccoli plants, affect glucosinolate concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The study investigated how selected tomato genotypes performed with combined applications of cocoa pod (CP) + poultry manure (PM), kola nut pod (KP) + poultry manure (PM), and NPK fertilizer, focusing on fruit yield, mineral content, and vitamin composition. Method: The trial was carried out at Landmark University Teaching and Research Farm, Omuaran, Nigeria during the 2020 and 2021 planting seasons. The experiment utilized a completely randomized design with three treatments, each replicated three times. The treatments are: CP+PM; KP+PM; and NPK 15:15:15. Data were taken on yield and related traits, mineral and vitamin composition of tomato fruits. Data collected were subjected to a two-way statistical Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Results: NGB00711 exhibited superior fruit quality, whereas NGB00696 achieved the highest yield. Additionally, the combination of cocoa pod + poultry manure enhanced tomato yield, while kola nut pod + poultry manure boosted fruit nutrient content. Conclusion: Genotypes NGB00711 and NGB00696 were identified as good candidates for the development of high-yielding tomatoes under organic nutrient regimes. Moreover, the application of 6.5 g/plant of CP+PM and 6.4 g/plant KP+PM appeared to improve both the yield and quality of tomato fruit compared to NPK Fertilizer. The combination of CP+PM seemed to result in higher fruit yield compared to other manure types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bauxite mining, a key aluminum production process, can cause environmental degradation, soil erosion, and biodiversity loss. Reclamation measures like reforestation and water management can restore balance. Red mud, a by-product of alumina production, can enhance soil fertility and plant growth in post-bauxite mining reclamation areas. Its alkalinity and mineral composition reduce reliance on synthetic fertilizers, promoting sustainable soil management and addressing environmental challenges. This study aimed to examine the impact of red mud on soil characteristics and the growth of plants in areas during bauxite mining land reclamation. This study was conducted in the post-reclamation area of bauxite mining in West Kalimantan. The experiment involved two treatments: red mud application and a species of revegetation plant. Plant species consist of the plants Embeng, Forest Guana, Johar, and Rambutan. The study used a randomized block design with 24 experimental units. The parameters measured in the study included pH, organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, exchangeable cations, cation exchange capacity, and base saturation, while growth parameters included a high percentage of plant growth and percentages of increased stem diameter. The findings showed that adding red mud to the planting hole increased soil pH and base saturation, improved nutrient availability, and enhanced plant growth in the areas post-mining bauxite at PT Antam, UBPB West Kalimantan. The Embeng Plant is highly regarded as a suitable plant species for revegetating areas after bauxite mining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Zinc deficiency is a significant global health concern, affecting around two billion people due to insufficient dietary intake. The extensive utilization of cereal-based meals with inadequate zinc content and limited bioavailability stands as the primary cause for this issue. Children who possess low levels of zinc experience stunted growth and developmental delays. They also have higher rates of morbidity from pneumonia, diarrhoea, and malaria. Inadequate zinc intake has been correlated with a heightened risk of mortality in children due to specific diseases. It is crucial to secure a satisfactory level of zinc in rice grains because of its indispensable function in various biochemical processes that are fundamental for the growth and advancement of plants. A deficiency in zinc can lead to reduced grain yield and nutritional value in rice. Recently, the utilization of registered biofertilizers and microbial technology is widely recognized in contemporary intensive farming practices. Some indigenous zinc-solubilizing bacterial strains discovered can increase rice yield and zinc content in grains. The objective of this study was to impact of a biofertilizer formula consisting of native zinc solubilizer strains on the growth, productivity, and zinc concentration in the grains of three rice varieties, namely Inpari IR Nutrizinc, Inpari 48, and Inpago 13 Fortiz. The study was conducted in a paddy field located in the Inceptisol of Subang Regency, West Java, during the year 2023. METHODS: The field trial was conducted to study the impact of a biofertilizer comprising a group of non-pathogenic zinc-solubilizing bacteria, including Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Enterobacter bugandensis on rice growth, yield, zinc levels, and uptake in grains. The rhizosphere soils were the origin of these bacteria, which were obtained using agar media containing zinc oxide as insoluble zinc compounds. Prior to this, the bacterial strains were evaluated for their capacity to dissolve zinc and generate the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid. To gauge their zinc-solubilizing prowess, Pikovskaya agar media, supplemented with insoluble zinc oxide and calcium phosphate, respectively, were utilized. The presence of distinct clear areas surrounding the colonies demonstrated the effectiveness of the microbes in converting insoluble zinc and phosphorus into soluble forms. The concentration of the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid was measured using the Salkowski reagent. The field trial was organized using a split-plot design with three replications. The application of the biofertilizer mixture as a seed treatment was carried out before the transplantation of the rice nursery. The seedlings were prepared individually for each rice variety, with a comparison made between those treated with the biofertilizer and those that were not. FINDINGS: The study found that the consortium of indigenous non-pathogenic zinc-solubilizing bacteria significantly increased the yield of rice varieties by about 5.6 percent and zinc content in grains by 16.3 percent. However, the application of zinc containing fertilizer treatments did not enhance the rice yield and zinc content in grains in this Inceptisol paddy soil. In terms of zinc content in grains, the rice variety Inpago 13 Fortiz exhibited a notable increase compared to the Inpari IR Nutrizinc variety, with levels of 40.3 milligrams per kilogram as opposed to 34.1 milligrams per kilogram. CONCLUSION: the utilization of a native combination of carefully chosen zinc-solubilizing bacterial strains could augment the productivity, zinc concentration, and absorption in rice grains of various varieties in a paddy field with Inceptisols soil type, characterized by a moderate to high overall zinc content and limited zinc accessibility. The addition of zinc containing fertilizer treatments did not enhance rice yield compared to the addition of other tratments or control. This is probably because of the medium-high level of the total zinc content of the soil, suggesting that the addition of Biofertizinc will reduce or delete the crop requirement for zinc fertilizer in Inceptisol paddy fields. This implies that the biofertilizer is ecologically sustainable as it eliminates the use of harmful chemicals, reduces the reliance on synthetic fertilizers, and lowers costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These reflections on Stevan Harrell's An Ecological History of Modern China evaluate the book in relation to existing historiography of the ecological transformations that have accompanied China's development since the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC). After outlining the theoretical underpinnings of Harrell's history of modern China as a "system of social-ecological systems" and his revisionist periodization of PRC history in terms of the "adaptive cycle," the commentary contrasts Harrell's central arguments with those advanced in earlier studies. Interpretative differences relate to whether 1949 constituted a watershed in China's ecological history or a continuation of longer-term environmental trends, and the significance of the PRC's acquisition of technology for synthetic fertilizer plants after rapprochement with the United States in 1972 in making it possible for China to replenish its nutrient-depleted soils, increase agricultural productivity, and overcome environmental constraints that limited economic growth. Despite bringing unprecedented economic prosperity, as Harrell shows, that growth has decreased ecological resilience and increased vulnerability. The commentary concludes by asking how Harrell's arguments might be reconciled with alternative understandings of modern China's ecological and environmental history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractSilicon has emerged as a critical component in enhancing plant resilience in challenging environments. Extensive research has demonstrated its effectiveness in bolstering plant tolerance to various abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, and metal toxicity. By accumulating silicon within their cells and tissues, plants can fortify their cell walls and enhance their mechanical strength. This, in turn, enables them to withstand adverse conditions by reducing water loss through stomata closure and minimizing excessive transpiration. Silicon plays a crucial role in regulating ion balance within plant systems, thereby improving nutrient absorption efficiency and mitigating heavy metal toxicity. It also amplifies antioxidant defenses and facilitates the production of defense-related compounds that shield against pathogens. With its numerous advantages, silicon holds immense potential for increasing crop productivity and ensuring food security in environmentally vulnerable regions worldwide. As researchers are probing into the mechanisms underlying silicon-mediated stress tolerance and developing cutting-edge technologies, its application is considered essential for achieving sustainability in crop production. This review delves into the potential of silicon for sustainable agriculture, considering its ability to boost crop yields, enhance food security, and reduce reliance on synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. Additionally, it addresses the current limitations and potential utilization of silicon in adverse circumstances, both for agricultural productivity and ecological restoration. By exploring these aspects, this article aims to shed light on the significance of silicon in the pursuit of a more resilient and sustainable agricultural system in challenging environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production is undermined by soil degradation and low biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) capacity. This study evaluated the effect of black soldier fly frass fertilizer (BSFFF) on bush bean growth, yield, nutrient uptake, BNF, and profitability, in comparison with commercial organic fertilizer (Phymyx, Phytomedia International Ltd., Kiambu, Kenya), synthetic fertilizer (NPK), and rhizobia inoculant (Biofix, MEA Fertilizers, Nairobi, Kenya). The organic fertilizers were applied at rates of 0, 15, 30, and 45 kg N ha-1 while the NPK was applied at 40 kg N ha-1, 46 kg P ha-1, and 60 kg K ha-1. The fertilizers were applied singly and in combination with rhizobia inoculant to determine the interactive effects on bush bean production. Results showed that beans grown using BSFFF were the tallest, with the broadest leaves, and the highest chlorophyll content. Plots treated with 45 kg N ha-1 BSFFF produced beans with more flowers (7 - 8%), pods (4 - 9%), and seeds (9 - 11%) compared to Phymyx and NPK treatments. The same treatment also produced beans with 6, 8, and 18% higher 100-seed weight, compared to NPK, Phymyx, and control treatments, respectively. Beans grown in soil amended with 30 kg N ha-1 of BSFFF had 3-14-fold higher effective root nodules, fixed 48%, 31%, and 91% more N compared to Phymyx, NPK, and rhizobia, respectively, and boosted N uptake (19 - 39%) compared to Phymyx and NPK treatments. Application of 45 kg N ha-1 of BSFFF increased bean seed yield by 43%, 72%, and 67% compared to the control, NPK and equivalent rate of Phymyx, respectively. The net income and gross margin achieved using BSFFF treatments were 73 - 239% and 118 - 184% higher than the values obtained under Phymyx treatments. Our findings demonstrate the high efficacy of BSFFF as a novel soil input and sustainable alternative for boosting BNF and improving bush bean productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of biomass ash in sustainable agriculture and increasing its fertilizing efficiency by biological agents, potentially sequestering CO2, have become important issues for the global economy. The aim of this paper was to investigate the effects of ash from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) and Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) biomass, a biogas plant digestate, and a Spirodela polyrhiza extract, acting alone or synergistically, on soil fertility and the development, health and physiological properties of sorghum plants. The results show novel information concerning differences in the composition and impact of ash, depending on its origin, soil properties and sorghum plant development. Sorghum ash was more effective than that from Jerusalem artichoke. Ash used alone and preferably acting synergistically with the digestate and Spirodela polyrhiza extract greatly increased soil fertility and the growth, biomass yield and health of sorghum plants. These improvements were associated with an increased chlorophyll content in leaves, better gas exchange (photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance), greater enzyme activity (acid and alkaline phosphatase, RNase, and total dehydrogenase), and a higher biomass energy value. The developed treatments improved environmental conditions by replacing synthetic fertilizers, increasing the sequestration of CO2, solving the ash storage problem, reducing the need for pesticides, and enabling a closed circulation of nutrients between plant and soil, maintaining high soil fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strawberry cultivation holds significant economic and social promise within Peruvian fruit production. However, conventional management practices have led to the excessive use of agrochemicals in this crop. This study proposes an organic approach to strawberry production, integrating less environmentally harmful technologies. The aim was to assess microbial inoculation by using Trichoderma sp. and Pseudomonas putida and the application of organic amendments on strawberry seedlings of the commercial cultivar "San Andreas". A field experiment was established with evaluations in the vegetative and productive stages. Results indicate that the co-inoculation of Trichoderma sp. and Pseudomonas putida increased leaf area by 7%, and enhanced the aerial part's fresh and dry biomass by 13% and 28%, respectively, compared to treatment without microbial inoculation. Concurrently, compost application increased the leaf number and aerial dry biomass by 22% and 19% at the end of the vegetative stage, respectively, compared to treatment without organic amendment. In addition, it reduced the days for flowering, maintaining the fruit's physicochemical attributes. Regarding yield, the amendments application significantly enhanced fruit weight per plant by 40%, especially when applied together with Trichoderma sp., and co-inoculation increased the number of fruits per meter square by 22%. These findings highlight the potential of technologies such as microbial inoculation and organic amendments to enhance strawberry yields and to gradually reduce the use of synthetic fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic nitrogen fertilizer is the backbone of modern agriculture, helping to feed ~50% of the world's population. However, the current industrial production, distribution, and use of nitrogen fertilizers are built on an unsustainable foundation of fossil resources, and are energy-intensive, environmentally polluting, and inefficient in their usage. With the rapidly declining cost of renewable electricity, such as solar and wind, it is time to develop and implement the decentralized production and application of nitrogen fertilizer with nonthermal plasma technologies. Such locally sourced production at the farm site, using only air and water as feedstock, circumvents the need for the extensive capital investment and infrastructure required for synthetic nitrogen fertilizer production and storage, as well as the complex and costly distribution networks. It will be adaptive to the intermittency of the solar/wind electricity supply, leave no carbon footprint, and also have the advantage of being easily switched on/off, immediately responding to weather changes and local conditions, such as soil, climate, crops, and farming business models, for precision agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological nitrogen fixation by rhizobia-nodulated legumes reduces the dependence on synthetic nitrogen fertilizers. Identification of locally adapted rhizobia may uncover economically valuable strains for sustainable agriculture. This study investigated the diversity and symbiotic potential of rhizobia associated with three Medicago species from Eastern Romania's ecosystems. Phenotypic screening ensured that only rhizobial species were retained for molecular characterization. 16S rDNA sequencing clustered the isolates into four distinct groups: Sinorhizobium meliloti, Sinorhizobium medicae, Rhizobium leguminosarum, and Mesorhizobium spp. The chromosomal genes (atpD, glnII, recA) and nifH phylogenies were congruent, while the nodA phylogeny grouped the Mesorhizobium spp. isolates with R. leguminosarum. Medicago sativa was the most sampled plant species, and only S. meliloti and R. leguminosarum were found in its nodules, while Medicago falcata nodules hosted S. meliloti and Mesorhizobium spp. Medicago lupulina was the only species that hosted all four identified rhizobial groups, including S. medicae. This study provides the first report on the Mesorhizobium spp. associated with M. falcata nodules. Additionally, R. leguminosarum and two Mesorhizobium genospecies were identified as novel symbionts for Medicago spp. Comparative analysis of Medicago-associated rhizobia from other studies revealed that differences in 16S rDNA sequence type composition were influenced by Medicago species identity rather than geographic region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural environmental pollution needs to be reduced in our future. The biggest obstacles to preventing this situation are that agricultural inputs such as synthetic fertilizers increase product yield and scattered agricultural areas. This study involves the optimization of the production process of an easy-to-apply organic fertilizer with high nutritional value by subjecting bat guano, one of the valuable organic fertilizers, to anaerobic digestion together with cattle manure. Response surface method Box-Behnken design, a statistical model, was used for process optimization. The process input parameters were temperature, cattle manure, and bat manure, and the response value was considered as 2% total nitrogen. As a result of the optimization for a total nitrogen value of 2%, the optimum mixture ratio was determined as cattle manure 77.0448%, bat manure 12%, and temperature 40 °C. Analysis results showed that the addition of bat manure increased the N, P, K, and humic and fulvic acid values in the fertilizer. The study revealed that strong organic fertilizers can be used to increase the value of cattle manure organically. It also offers very promising results based on reducing agricultural pollution and ensuring agricultural sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic vegetable production is needed worldwide to minimize the use of inorganic fertilizers, protect the environment, and produce healthy food. Accordingly, in the present study, the effects of organic granules on the productivity, quality, and nutrient uptake level of tomatoes and the fertility and microbial population of the soil were determined. Briefly, organic NPK granules and organic N, P and K-rich sources were compared with synthetic NPK granules and synthetic fertilizers administered at 100 and 75% of the recommended fertilizer levels. Among the various treatments applied, treatment with 100% of the recommended NPK using the synthetic NPK granules (Urea, DAP and MOP) led to higher growth, yield attributes, and yield (fruit yield, - 24.21 t/ha and stover yield, -15.01 t/ha) of tomato. This treatment also enhanced the nutrient uptake by tomato. However, quality parameters, such as total soluble solids (6.64%), titrable acidity (0.62%), ascorbic acid content (14.31 mg/100 g), lycopene content (3.54 mg/100 g), reducing sugars (3.11%), non-reducing sugars (1.02%), total sugar (4.13%), and shelf life (15.76 days) of tomato were higher with 100% of the recommended NPK from organic NPK granules than from synthetic granules. This treatment also enhanced the available nutrients and microbial population in the soil. Notably, the same trend was observed for tomatoes fertilized with 75 % of the recommended NPK. The lowest values were obtained with the absolute control. Based on the results of this experiment, the application of 100% of the recommended NPK using organic NPK granules is the best approach to improve the quality of tomato fruits and to enhance the soil fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing the C sequestration potential and higher soil organic carbon stocks with the application of organic manures will reflect in the improvement of crop productivity. Long-term monitoring approach is essential to evaluate these impacts, especially given the escalating effects of climate change on agriculture. Recognizing this, a 112-year-long Permanent Manurial Experiment (PME) at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India, investigates the influence of application of organic manures. Utilizing the DSSAT crop simulation model, the study assessed the impact of organic manure, specifically NPK + FYM (Farm Yard Manure), on maize yield over 25 years on a sandy-loam Alfisol. Data collected from the field experiment including crop growth parameters, management options, weather, and soil data were used for simulations. Results showed a 93.8% agreement between simulated and observed yields, endorsing NPK + FYM treatment with a 20% increase in grain yield by 2032 compared to using 100% NPK alone. Furthermore, the study explored future climate change scenarios' impact on maize yield. It highlighted that NPK + FYM consistently outperformed other treatments, emphasizing its efficacy in increasing the yields under changing climatic conditions. This approach emerges as promising for enhancing carbon sequestration, elevating soil organic carbon stocks, and significantly improving crop productivity. In conclusion, adopting the NPK + FYM treatment is recommended to achieve optimal maize yield outcomes, surpassing the effects of using NPK or FYM independently. This research signifies the potential of combining organic manures with synthetic fertilizers in sustainable agriculture amid evolving climate challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed at converting meat industry waste, particularly waste bones and chicken feathers, into biochar to recycle valuable nutrients present in it, which ultimately become part of the municipal waste. The bone biochar (BB) and feathers biochar (FB) were prepared at 550 °C, and their potential was evaluated as an organic amendment for the growth of sunflower. The ash content (AC) and fixed carbon (FC) improved significantly in prepared biochars as compared to raw feedstock. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses signaled the occurrence of various functional groups viz. amide group and hydroxyapatite, porosity, and multiple nutrients. Application of BB and FB in potted soil alone as well as in composites (1:1, 1:2, 2:1) at 1%, 3%, and 5% (w/w) and synthetic fertilizer significantly increased soil pH, electrical conductivity (ECe), organic matter (OM) and water holding capacity (WHC), while reducing the bulk density (BD). The growth of plants grown in soil treated with a 2:1 composite of feathers and bone biochar at 5% application rate showed significantly greater differences in plant height, total chlorophyll content, and plant dry weight than the control but was comparable to growth with chemical fertilizer, rendering it a potential alternative to chemical-based synthetic fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Soil-borne pathogens cause considerable crop losses and food insecurity in smallholder systems of sub-Saharan Africa. Soil and crop testing is critical for estimating pathogen inoculum levels and potential for disease development, understanding pathogen interactions with soil nutrient and water limitations, as well as for developing informed soil health and disease management decisions. However, formal laboratory analyses and diagnostic services for pathogens are often out of reach for smallholder farmers due to the high cost of testing and a lack of local laboratories. Methods: To address this challenge, we assessed the performance of a suite of simplified soil bioassays to screen for plant parasitic nematodes (e.g., Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus) and other key soil-borne pathogens (Pythium and Fusarium). We sampled soils from on-farm trials in western Kenya examining the impact of distinct nutrient inputs (organic vs. synthetic) on bean production. Key soil health parameters and common soil-borne pathogens were evaluated using both simple bioassays and formal laboratory methods across eleven farms, each with three nutrient input treatments (66 samples in total). Results and Discussion: The soil bioassays, which involved counting galls on lettuce roots and lesions on soybean were well correlated with the abundance of gall forming (Meloidogyne) and root lesion nematodes (e.g., Pratylenchus) recovered in standard laboratory-based extractions. Effectiveness of a Fusarium bioassay, involving the counting of lesions on buried bean stems, was verified via sequencing and a pathogenicity test of cultured Fusariumstrains. Finally, a Pythium soil bioassay using selective media clearly distinguished pathogen infestation of soils and infected seeds. When examining management impact on nematode communities, soils amended with manure had fewer plant parasites and considerably more bacterivore and fungivore nematodes compared to soils amended with synthetic N and P. Similarly, Pythium presence was 35% lower in soils amended with manure, while the Fusarium assays indicated 23% higher Fusarium infection in plots with amended manure. Our findings suggest that relatively simple bioassays can be used to help farmers assess soil-borne pathogens in a timely manner, with minimal costs, thus enabling them to make informed decisions on soil health and pathogen management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sunnhemp is an important bast fibre crop suitable for diversified uses. Recently, its cultivation has started expanding considerably throughout the world particularly for its potential usage in sustainable farming and in reducing use of synthetic fertilizers from agricultural system. Seed production and fibre production are mutually exclusive in sunnhemp because of different photoperiod requirements for these purposes and destructive fibre extraction process. The major limitation in sunnhemp popularization cultivation is availability of seed. In this context, present study was undertaken to identify proper sowing time and suitable cultivars, and find correlation of seed yield with weather parameters for Telangana state of India. Methods: Three dates of sowing and six cultivars were tested in split-plot design over two years i.e., 2019-20 and 2020-21. Pooled data over two years were analyzed for important seed yield related traits. Result: The analysis of variance revealed significant influences of sowing dates, cultivars and their interaction on majority of the traits. Among three sowing dates, 2nd week of September was the best suited for seed yield and related traits. The cultivar SUIN 037 recorded maximum seed yield followed by SUIN 053. Among different combinations of treatment, the cultivars SUIN 037 and SH 4 sown during 2nd week of September resulted in maximum and comparable seed yield. The correlation and regression studies showed that the weather parameters had significant influences on yield attributes of sunnhemp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic farming and high-quality fruit production promote human and environmental health. Organic farming has properties that positively affect fruit quality and can be transferred to other agricultural settings. Organic farming is not free of drawbacks that should be considered, such as microbial and heavy metal contamination. Fruit quality is a multifactorial parameter that should be approached by applying a holistic perspective to the underlying physiological mechanisms. Although many challenges remain, there is evidence that the convergence of sustainability, yield, and quality in agriculture is possible. Fruit quality is essential for nutrition and human health and needs urgent attention in current agricultural practices. Organic farming is not as productive as conventional agriculture, but it can provide higher quality in some fruit crops, thanks to the absence of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, enhanced pollination, and the reduction of protection treatments, hence boosting antioxidant compound production. Although organic farming does not always provide healthier food than conventional farming, some lessons from organic farming can be extrapolated to new sustainable production models. Exploiting natural resources and an adequate knowledge transfer will undoubtedly help improve the quality of climacteric and nonclimacteric fruits in new agricultural systems. Fruit quality is essential for nutrition and human health and needs urgent attention in current agricultural practices. Organic farming is not as productive as conventional agriculture, but it can provide higher quality in some fruit crops, thanks to the absence of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, enhanced pollination, and the reduction of protection treatments that boost antioxidant compound production. Although organic farming does not always provide healthier food than conventional farming, some lessons from organic farming can be extrapolated to new sustainable production models. Exploiting natural resources and an adequate knowledge transfer will undoubtedly help improve the quality of climacteric and nonclimacteric fruits in new agricultural systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]