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Seepage is a critical problem in earthfill dams which threatens the dam's stability and safety owing to extreme shifts in climate change with the rise in water intake in dams. To cope with this challenge dam monitoring is essential for structural stability and rehabilitation enhancement in earth dams with the integration of a deep learning approach. This research presents a novel approach for evaluating the dam seepage by using a Recurrent Neural Network and its associated co-variant to predict seepage at multiple location in earth fill Tarbela dam. Short-term peak seasonal hydraulic and hydro climatological monitoring data was used from Pakistan's Earth and Rockfill Tarbela dam over the period from 2014 to 2020. The results demonstrate that, compared to other models, the proposed model efficiently predicts the extent of seepage in the dam. This study highlights the importance of considering historical correlations in seepage data analysis, providing significant insights to stakeholders regarding the most effective utilization of data resources for monitoring purposes, and provide the idea of digitization of the earth fill dam monitoring system in Pakistan with integrated DL algorithms.

Aims: To investigate the role of phosphorylation in SARS-CoV-2 infection, potential therapeutic targets and its harmful genetic sequences. Materials & Methods: Data mining techniques were employed to identify upregulated kinases responsible for proteomic changes induced by SARS-CoV-2. Spike and nucleocapsid proteins' sequences were analyzed using predictive tools, including SNAP2, MutPred2, PhD-SNP, SNPs&Go, MetaSNP, Predict-SNP and PolyPhen-2. Missense variants were identified using ensemble-based algorithms and homology/structure-based models like SIFT, PROVEAN, Predict-SNP and MutPred-2. Results: Eight missense variants were identified in viral sequences. Four damaging variants were found, with SNPs&Go and PolyPhen-2. Promising therapeutic candidates, including gilteritinib, pictilisib, sorafenib, RO5126766 and omipalisib, were identified. Conclusion: This research offers insights into SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity, highlighting potential treatments and harmful variants in viral proteins.

Tehmina Durrani, has largely been acclaimed for her audacious depiction of the predicaments of the marginalized segments of Pakistani society. Exploring gender dichotomy affecting the relationship of the narrator and her husband, the paper attempts to trace the trajectory of the split between masculinity and femininity, foregrounding a distressed marital relationship under a clash of interests between spouses. The study accentuates the variance of mental/psychological, emotional, socio-cultural, and religious chasms of the psyches of men and women by grounding the argument in question on the theorizations of masculinity and femininity as contended by Todd.W. Reeser, Linda Mcdowell, R.W. Connell, and feminism as argued by Stephanie Hodgson-Wright, Valerie Sanders, Sue Thornham, and Sophia Phoca. Emphasizing the individual and collective tussles between the narrator and her husband, informed by the gender issues, the study explores that My Feudal Lord unfolds the sheer dissimilarities between the oppressor and the oppressed, swaying between the duality of reason and feeling. Underlining further the marked traits labeled as masculine and feminine, the paper attempts to illuminate the attributes of manhood and womanhood, mainly the notion that the former have had privileges over the latter, resulting in the gender and social polarities between femininity and masculinity.

Trauma is an experience that is fundamentally beyond comprehension. It disrupts the victim's ability to process and understand the event fully, leading to a fragmented and delayed response whereas gender influences the experience and representation of trauma. This research papers examines psychological and emotional ramifications of trauma in general and gendered trauma in particular to highlight sexual abuse and its repercussions in Lyga's Boy Toy. Grounding the arguments on theoretical underpinnings of Trauma as contented by Cathy Caruth, the selected novel has been textually analyzed to explore and identify how trauma narratives are shaped by gender norms and expectations. This paper further walk around gender stereotypes an individual encounters at the hands of trauma and highlights that the prejudiced response towards them, is direct result of gender norms. The study maintains that gender performativity of the protagonist Josh, portrays how he manifests and deals with the trauma of sexual abuse. The paper concludes that gender inequality and bias of the society plays a role in strengthening the discrimination of trauma based on the gender of the victim as faced by Josh who is the victim of abuse, the narrative is sexualized, all while robbing the situation of the gravity that truly encompasses a victim experiencing trauma.

Human epidermal growth factor receptor-positive breast cancer is an aggressive cancer which represents approximately a quarter of all breast cancers worldwide. Recent advances have led to the development of targeted therapies, such as trastuzumab (H), which have significantly improved prognosis. Such therapies are currently used alongside other chemotherapeutic agents, such as paclitaxel (P) and gemcitabine (G). The most common side effects of PGH combination therapy include thrombocytopenia and anemias. However, there have been no previous reports of myositis resulting from this combination. We report the case of a 54-year-old metastatic breast cancer patient on PGH therapy who developed muscle weakness. The patient was initially treated with trastuzumab, pertuzumab, and paclitaxel. However, pertuzumab was changed to gemcitabine due to severe diarrhea. After the fourth cycle of PGH, the patient presented with muscle weakness and creatine kinase levels of up to 6755 U/L. Magnetic resonance imaging of the femur and pelvis revealed diffuse bilateral myositis, suggesting a diagnosis of gemcitabine-induced myositis. The patient was placed on intravenous fluids and corticosteroids, which resolved her condition. To our knowledge, this is the first report of gemcitabine-induced myositis in a breast cancer patient. Further studies are needed to determine the underlying mechanisms of gemcitabine-induced myositis and develop preventative measures.

Abstract The present novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infection has engendered a worldwide crisis on an enormous scale within a very short period. The effective solution for this pandemic is to recognize the nature and spread of the disease so that appropriate policies can be framed. Mathematical modelling is always at the forefront to understand and provide an adequate description of the transmission of any disease. In this research work, we have formulated a deterministic compartmental model (SEAMHCRD) including various stages of infection, such as Mild, Moderate, Severe and Critical to study the spreading of COVID-19 and estimated the model parameters by fitting the model with the reported data of ongoing pandemic in Oman. The steady-state, stability and final pandemic size of the model has been proved mathematically. The various transmission as well as transition parameters are estimated during the period from June 4th to July 30th, 2020. Based on the currently estimated parameters, the pandemic size is also predicted for another 100 days. Sensitivity analysis is performed to identify the key model parameters, and the parameter gamma due to contact with the symptomatic moderately infected is found to be more significant in spreading the disease. Accordingly, the corresponding basic reproduction number has also been computed using the Next Generation Matrix (NGM) method. As the value of the basic reproduction number (R0) is 0.9761 during the period from June 4th to July 30th, 2020, the disease-free equilibrium is stable. Isolation and tracing the contact of infected individuals are recommended to control the spread of disease.

Beta-thalassemia is a genetico-haematological disorder that affects the integrity, structure, and survival of red blood cells due to deleterious mutation in the β-globulin chain of hemoglobin. Other than blood disorder, this condition gives rise to numerous neurological and haematophysiological conditions which have not been fully discussed yet. These conditions include extramedullary hematopoiesis, evoked potential (Sensory, Auditory and Visual), neuropathy and myopathy and predisposition to the hypercoagulable state leading to stroke. Moreover, most opted therapy to alleviate this condition intrigue neurotoxicity that requires clinician's round the clock attention. Beta thalassemia remains an incurable disease, and various therapies have been introduced to fulfill the body's blood requirement. But this condition implicitly gives rise to a damaging range of symptoms that cannot be overlooked. Therefore, our review encompasses all those anomalies associated with beta-thalassemia and its probable curative therapy. Keywords: Beta thalassemia, Neurological deficits, Cognitive impairment, Extramedullary hematopoiesis, Evoked potential, Neuropathy.

AbstractIn rock mechanics, the dilatancy point is always occurring before rock failure during loading process. Water content plays a significant role in the rock physiomechanical properties, which also impact the rock dilatancy point under loading process. This dilatancy point significantly plays a warning role in the rock engineering structures stability. Therefore, it is essential to predict the rock dilatancy point under different water contents to get an early warning for effective monitoring of engineering projects. This study investigates the water contents effects on sandstone dilatancy point under loading in the presence of infrared radiation (IR). Furthermore, this IR was used for the first time as an input parameter for different artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to predict the dilatancy point in the stress-strain curve. The experimental findings show that the stress range in stress-strain curve stages (crack closure and unstable crack propagation) increases with water content. However, this range for deformation and stable crack propagation stages decreases with water content. The dilatancy stress, crack initiation stress, and elastic modulus are negatively linearly correlated, while peak stress and stress level are negatively quadraticaly correlated with a high (R2). The absolute strain energy rate, which gives a sudden increase at the point of dilatancy, is used as the dilatancy point index. The stress level is 0.86 σmax at the dilatancy point for dry rock and decreases with water content. This index is predicted from IR data using three computing techniques: artificial neural network (ANN), random forest regression (RFR), and k-nearest neighbor (KNN). The performance of all techniques was evaluated using R2 and root-means-square error (RMSE). The results of the predicted models show satisfactory performances for all, but KNN is remarkable. The research findings will be helpful and provide guidelines about underground engineering project stability evaluation in water environments.

For better stability, safety and water resource management in a dam, it is important to evaluate the amount of seepage from the dam body. This research is focused on machine learning approach to predict the amount of seepage from Pakistan’s Earth and rock fill Tarbela Dam during 2003 to 2015. The data of temperature, rainfall, water inflow, sediment inflow, reservoir level collected during 2003 to 2015 served as input while the seepage from dam during this period was the output. Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and CatBoost (CB), have been used to model the input-output relationship. The algorithms used to predict the dam seepage reported a high R2 scores between actual and predicted values of average seepage, suggesting their reliability in predicting the seepage in the Tarbela Dam. Moreover, the CatBoost algorithm outperformed, by achieving an R2 score of 0.978 in training, 0.805 in validation, and 0.773 in testing phase. Similarly, RMSE was 0.025 in training, 0.076 in validation, and 0.111 in testing phase. Furthermore, to understand the sensitivity of each parameter on the output (average seepage), Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP), a model explanation algorithm, was used to understand the affect of each parameter on the output. A comparison of SHAP used for all the machine learning models is also presented. According to SHAP summary plots, reservoir level was reported as the most significant parameter, affecting the average seepage in Tarbela Dam. Moreover, a direct relationship was observed between reservoir level and average seepage. It was concluded that the machine learning models are reliable in predicting and understanding the dam seepage in the Tarbela Dam. These Machine Learning models address the limitations of humans in data collecting and analysis which is highly prone to errors, hence arriving at misleading information that can lead to dam failure.

Introduction Individuals with schizophrenia are at a high risk of physical health comorbidities and premature mortality. Cardiovascular and metabolic causes are an important contributor. There are gaps in monitoring, documenting and managing these physical health comorbidities. Because of their condition, patients themselves may not be aware of these comorbidities and may not be able to follow a lifestyle that prevents and manages the complications. In many low-income and middle-income countries including Pakistan, the bulk of the burden of care for those struggling with schizophrenia falls on the families.Objectives To determine the rate of self-reported physical health disorders and risk factors, like body mass index (BMI) and smoking, associated with cardiovascular and metabolic disorders in cases of schizophrenia compared with a group of mentally healthy controls.Design A case-controlled, cross-sectional multicentre study of patients with schizophrenia in Pakistan.Settings Multiple data collection sites across the country for patients, that is, public and private psychiatric OPDs (out patient departments), specialised psychiatric care facilities, and psychiatric wards of teaching and district level hospitals. Healthy controls were enrolled from the community.Participants We report a total of 6838 participants’ data with (N 3411 (49.9%)) cases of schizophrenia compared with a group of healthy controls (N 3427 (50.1%)).Results BMI (OR 0.98 (CI 0.97 to 0.99), p=0.0025), and the rate of smoking is higher in patients with schizophrenia than in controls. Problems with vision (OR 0.13 (0.08 to 0.2), joint pain (OR 0.18 (0.07 to 0.44)) and high cholesterol (OR 0.13 (0.05 to 0.35)) have higher reported prevalence in controls. The cases describe more physical health disorders in the category ‘other’ (OR 4.65 (3.01 to 7.18)). This captures residual disorders not listed in the questionnaire.Conclusions Participants with schizophrenia in comparison with controls report more disorders. The access in the ‘other’ category may be a reflection of undiagnosed disorders.

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of two prepared antigens fromMethicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus (MRSA), whichincluded crude alpha toxin (Hla) and heat inactivate bacterial suspension (HIBS) in rats through the examination of the inflammatory response of both antigens on primary and secondary lymphoid organs (thymus gland and spleen), respectively. Examination of sections from spleen of rats treated with HIBS antigen induced high immune response compared with rats treated with Hla antigen which induce mild immune response by established changes. The histological observations on sections from thymus gland of rats treated with HIBS had the ability to induce different changes than Hla antigen compared with control group.

Aim: To evaluate the inhibitory interaction of thymohydroquinone against blood–brain barrier (BBB)-associated neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Materials & methods: An elaborated in silico study was designed to evaluate the interaction of thymohydroquinone with BBB-disrupting proteins and to highlight its pharmacokinetic and safety attributes. Results: Thymohydroquinone demonstrated stable interaction with BBB-disrupting protein active site with Ki (inhibition constant) ranges of (2.71 mM–736.15 μM), binding energy (-4.3 to 5.6 Kcal/mol), ligand efficiency (-0.36 to 0.42 Kcal/mol) and root mean square deviation value of (0.80–2.59 Å). Conclusion: Further pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that thymohydroquinone is BBB and central nervous system (CNS) permeant with high acute toxicity and could be a candidate drug for the treatment of these neurological conditions.

Coal dust explosion constitutes a significant hazard in underground coal mines, coal power plants and other industries utilising coal as fuel. Knowledge of the explosion mechanism and the factors causing coal explosions is essential to investigate for the identification of the controlling factors for preventing coal dust explosions and improving safety conditions. However, the underlying mechanism involved in coal dust explosions is rarely studied under Artificial Intelligence (AI) based modelling. Coal from three different regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, was tested for explosibility in 1.2 L Hartmann apparatus under various particle sizes and dust concentrations. First, a random forest algorithm was used to model the relationship between inputs (coal dust particle size, coal concentration and gross calorific value (GCV)), outputs (maximum pressure (Pmax) and the deflagration index (Kst)). The model reported an R2 value of 0.75 and 0.89 for Pmax and Kst. To further understand the impact of each feature causing explosibility, the random forest AI model was further analysed for sensitivity analysis by SHAP (Shapley Additive exPlanations). The study revealed that the most critical parameter affecting the explosibility of coal dust were particle size > GCV > concentration for Pmax and GCV > Particle size > Concentration for Kst. Mutual interaction SHAP plots of two variables at a time revealed that with 400 gm/L), explosibility is relatively lower irrespective of GCV and particle sizes.

Hydrogels are three-dimensional, cross-linked, and supramolecular networks that can absorb significant volumes of water. Hydrogels are one of the most promising biomaterials in the biological and biomedical fields, thanks to their hydrophilic properties, biocompatibility, and wide therapeutic potential. Owing to their nontoxic nature and safe use, they are widely accepted for various biomedical applications such as wound dressing, controlled drug delivery, bone regeneration, tissue engineering, biosensors, and artificial contact lenses. Herein, this review comprises different synthetic strategies for hydrogels and their chemical/physical characteristics, and various analytical, optical, and spectroscopic tools for their characterization are discussed. A range of synthetic approaches is also covered for the synthesis and design of hydrogels. It will also cover biomedical applications such as bone regeneration, tissue engineering, and drug delivery. This review addressed the fundamental, general, and applied features of hydrogels in order to facilitate undergraduates, graduates, biomedical students, and researchers in a variety of domains.

تنوعت مواضيع ومضامين النصوص في الكتابات المسمارية ولاسيما نصوص العصر البابلي القديم، فقد زخرت نصوص هذا العصر بتنوع المواضيع والتي شملت المواضيع الادبية والدينية، فضلاً عن الاقتصادية التي هي مجال بحثنا الذي يقوم على دراسة مجموعة من نصوص مسمارية متعلقة بـنوع من انواع الوجبات أو الحصص الغذائية المعروفة باللغة الأكدية في اللفظة naptanu التي تعني "حصة طعام أو وجبة طعام ", وفي الدلالة الادبية بمعنى " المأدبة" او "الوجبة الفاخرة", يقابلها في اللغة السومرية المصطلحات :NIG2.DU , KIN.SIG , BUR (CAD,N1,P.319).

Objective: The objectives of the survey were to assess the frequency, types and source of the workplace harassment experienced by health professionals and to assess the awareness about reporting procedure of the incidence by the health professionals of Khyber Teaching hospital Peshawar. Study Design: A descriptive survey was conducted in the Khyber teaching hospital of Khyber Pahthunkawa from 1st January to 15th February 2016. Materials & Methods: A self-administered structured questionnaire was implemented having close-ended questions. Sample size was 256, simple random sampling technique was used those health professional present on the day of the survey were included in the survey population informed written consent was taken. Data was analyzed using M.S excel. Results: Workplace harassment among health professionals in KTH was 47(27.6%). 38(80.8%) harassed were doctors. All health professionals were verbally harassed off the total 4 male doctors were also physically harassed. The main source of harassment was the patient attendants. 95(56%) of the respondents were aware about reporting procedure of the incident in the institute. Conclusion: Frequency of harassment among doctors was high, although awareness about reporting procedure was there but reporting was done on small scale.

Background & objectives: It is clear now that methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains considered as one of the most bacteria responsible for different diseases among humans and animals. The present study aimed to detect the molecular profile of methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolated from skin abscess patients in Nassyriah City, Southern Iraq. Methods: During the period of from June 2014 to February 2015, 120 S. aureus were isolated from abscess patient in two governmental hospitals, and subjected to conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction which used for the amplification of 310 bp mecA gene. Three PCR products of mecA were named primarily (THQR1, THQR2, and THQR3) were selected and subjected to partial DNA sequencing for the mecA gene to follow up their possible relationship between these local isolates and what recorded globally in Genbank. Results: Only 64 S. aureus isolates were diagnosed phenotypically as MRSA (53.33%), and 88/120 (73.33%) of S. aureus were positive for the targeted gene. The Three PCR products of mecA were registered in Genbank under the official accession numbers of (KY468502, KY468503 and KY468504, respectively). The constructed phylogenetic tree showed that S. aureus KY468502 and KY468504 were highly relative to each other in comparison with S. aureus KY468503 that revealed a close relatedness to S. aureus TN/CN/1/12, mecA gene beta-lactam, and mecA gene isolated in USA. Interpretation & conclusions: The present study results confirmed the importance of mecA gene in MRSA detection and highlighted the increasing manner of its prevalence in Iraq, furthermore, the importance of molecular techniques as an epidemiological tool.

Introduction: Suicide is the third cause of mortality in America, second leading cause of death in developed countries, and one of the major health problems. Self-harm is self-inflicted damage to one’s self with or without suicidal intent. In the present study, the predictive factors of suicide attempt and non-suicidal self-harm were evaluated in patients referred to emergency department (ED) with these problem. Methods: The total number of 45 patients with suicide attempt or self-harm admitted to ED were included. Clinical symptoms, thoughts and behaviors of suicidal, and non-suicidal self-harm in these patients were evaluated at baseline. Suicidality, suicidal intent and ideation, non-suicidal self-injury, social withdrawal, disruptive behavior, and poor family functions were evaluated at admission time. Brief clinical visits were scheduled for the twelfth weeks. In the twelfth week, patients returned for their final visit to determine their maintenance treatment. Finally data were analyzed using chi-squared and multiple logistic regression. Results: Forty five patients were included in the study (56.1% female). The mean age of patients was 23.3±10.2 years (range: 15-75; 33.3% married). Significant association of suicide and self-injury was presented at the baseline and in the month before attempting (p=0.001). The most important predictive factors of suicide and self-harm based on univariate analysis were depression (suicidal and non-suicidal items of Hamilton depression rating scale), anxiety, hopelessness, younger age, history of non-suicidal self-harm and female gender (p

Introduction: Suicide is the third cause of mortality in America, second leading cause of death in developed countries, and one of the major health problems. Self-harm is self-inflicted damage to one’s self with or without suicidal intent. In the present study, the predictive factors of suicide attempt and non-suicidal self-harm were evaluated in patients referred to emergency department (ED) with these problem. Methods: The total number of 45 patients with suicide attempt or self-harm admitted to ED were included. Clinical symptoms, thoughts and behaviors of suicidal, and non-suicidal self-harm in these patients were evaluated at baseline. Suicidality, suicidal intent and ideation, non-suicidal self-injury, social withdrawal, disruptive behavior, and poor family functions were evaluated at admission time. Brief clinical visits were scheduled for the twelfth weeks. In the twelfth week, patients returned for their final visit to determine their maintenance treatment. Finally data were analyzed using chi-squared and multiple logistic regression. Results: Forty five patients were included in the study (56.1% female). The mean age of patients was 23.3±10.2 years (range: 15-75; 33.3% married). Significant association of suicide and self-injury was presented at the baseline and in the month before attempting (p=0.001). The most important predictive factors of suicide and self-harm based on univariate analysis were depression (suicidal and non-suicidal items of Hamilton depression rating scale), anxiety, hopelessness, younger age, history of non-suicidal self-harm and female gender (pConclusion: At the time of admission in ED, suicide attempt and non-suicidal self-harm are subsequent clinical markers for the patient attempting suicide again. The most independent predictive factors of suicide attempt and self-harm were poor family function, hopelessness, non-suicidality items of Hamilton depression rating scale, history of non-suicidal self-harm, and anxiety disorders.

Objectives: To evaluate first year Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) students′ career preferences, factors involved in this selection, and attitude toward pharmacy profession. Materials and Methods: First year PharmD students enrolled at University of Peshawar were surveyed through administration of predesigned questionnaire. The anonymous questionnaire sought students′ opinions on the factors influencing their career preferences, attitude and knowledge of pharmacy profession, and importance of pharmacy profession in healthcare system. Results: Overall response rate was 93.5%. Of the total 73 respondents, 38 (54.9%) were males and 35 (45.1%) were females. Only 12 (16.4%) students were aware of the scope of pharmacy before admission to the pharmacy program. A majority of the students (82%) believed that pharmacy education and practice affect the healthcare system. Very limited numbers of the students (16.4%) were interested in research, while the remaining students were either uninterested (69.8%) or unsure about their decision (13.6%). A significant number of students (61.6%) were unaware of different postgraduate prospects of pharmacy education. More than half of the students (58.9%) wished to undertake nonpharmacy career areas upon graduation. Drug regulation was opted as preferred career choice by 21 (28.7%) students, clinical pharmacy by 18 (24.6%), hospital pharmacy by 11 (15%), and teaching by 8 (10.5%). Factors involved in such selection were family influence (34.2%), anticipated income (24.6%), and personal interest (21.9%). Conclusions: First year PharmD students showed keen interest to choose drug regulation, clinical pharmacy, and hospital pharmacy as a career upon graduation. Family influence was the most important factor involved in this selection. Few of them were interested in pharmacy-related research activities while most of the students believed that pharmacy education and practice affect the healthcare system.

Pakistan accounts for 85.2% of the total polio cases reported worldwide. Healthcare workers (HCWs) are an integral part of immunization campaigns and source of education for the general public. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitudes towards polio vaccination among HCWs providing immunisation and education to general public in Quetta and Peshawar divisions of Pakistan.A cross-sectional survey of 490 HCWs was conducted in two major referral public teaching hospitals of Quetta and Peshawar divisions. During February to April, 2015, a random sample of 490 HCWs was invited to participate in this study. Knowledge and attitudes were assessed by using self-administered, anonymous and pretested questionnaire. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were used to express the results.A total of 468 participants responded to the questionnaire, giving a response rate of 95.5%. Overall, participants demonstrated good knowledge and positive attitudes towards polio vaccination. The mean knowledge score of HCWs about polio was 13.42 ± 2.39 (based on 18 knowledge questions) while the mean attitude score was 28.75 ± 5.5 (based on 9 attitudes statements). Knowledge gaps were identified about the incubation period of poliovirus (19.5%), management issues (31.9%), use of polio vaccine in mild illnesses (34.7%) and the consequences of the polio virus (36.9%). The majority of participants agreed that all children should be vaccinated for polio (95.1%), while reservations were noted about the need of a booster (38.9%), and sterility issues associated with polio vaccines (43.6%). Internet (n = 167, 37%) and Posters (n = 158, 35%) were the main sources used by HCWs to educate themselves about polio.Participants in this study had good knowledge and positive attitudes towards polio vaccination. Although the data are indicative of gaps in the knowledge of HCWs, the findings may not be generalized to other hospitals in Pakistan.

In the dynamic expansion of urban population, there arises a pressing need to establish well-defined parameters for parking spaces. The provision of parking plays a pivotal role in both residential complexes and commercial establishments. Ill-conceived roadside parking areas can result in severe traffic congestion, and at times, even lead to accidents. Different car sizes need different parking lot sizes. Therefore, given these factors, adaptable parking solutions have become imperative. Within the framework of the proposed research, the parking spaces in question are envisaged as rectangles, and a mathematical model has been devised within a fuzzy environment. Numerical examples are taken to illustrate the mathematical model. LINGO software is used to solve the mathematical model and MATLAB is used to define the fuzzy variable. At the outset the results will reveal the importance of making the length of the parking space in fuzzy environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]