Search

The article discusses feed additives with probiotic activity, the composition and methods of their preparation, an assessment of the situation of the use of synbiotic additives in compound feeds. Generalised literature data on the use of synbiotics in animal husbandry and aquaculture are presented, their advantages and disadvantages are revealed. A review of studies on the use of feed with probiotic activity in the diet of animals, birds and fish proves the high effectiveness of their use: there is an increase in survival, a decrease in feed conversion, an improvement in the microbiota and the general condition of the animal. Based on the review, a new substrate for growing bacterial strains based on a grain heap of wheat in the early stages of ripeness is proposed.

The article discusses The transition to sustainable development of the Russian Federation as a whole is possible only if sustainable development of all its regions is ensured. This presupposes the formation of an effective spatial structure of the country’s economy while maintaining a balance of interests of all constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which predetermines the need to develop and implement programs for the transition to sustainable development for each region, as well as to further integrate these programs in the development of state policy in the field of sustainable development. Problems solved in each region should largely correspond to federal tasks, but at the same time, local specifics must be taken into account.

The article presents studies of the soil-reclamation state of rice agricultural landscapes of Krasnodar Territory using the example of the Chernoyerovskaya irrigation system. The direction of changes in soil salinity over a long-term period was revealed. In the framework of monitoring the state of rice soils, salt survey was carried out. The degree, type and causes of their salinization have been determined, the relationship between the salt regime of soils and the regime of the level and chemical composition of groundwater has been established. Recommendations for managing the fertility of rice agricultural landscapes are given.

The transition to sustainable development of the Russian Federa- tion as a whole is possible only if sustainable development of all its regions is ensured. This presupposes the formation of an effective spatial structure of the country’s economy while maintaining a balance of interests of all constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which predetermines the need to develop and implement programs for the transition to sustainable development for each region, as well as to further integrate these programs in the development of state policy in the field of sustainable development. Problems solved in each region should largely correspond to federal tasks, but at the same time, local specifics must be taken into account.

Morphological evaluation of the small intestine mucosa and apoptosis activity (caspase-3) is necessary to assess the severity of damage to the small intestine. At the same time, proliferative index based on Ki-67 can be used to assess the regenerative potential of the small intestine. Fragments of small intestine of Wistar rats (n=60) of three groups: I) control (n=20); II) experimental group (n=20; local single electron irradiation at a dose of 2 Gy), III) experimental group (n=20; local single electron irradiation at a dose of 8 Gy) were studied by light microscopy using hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical reactions with antibodies to Ki-67 and caspase-3. In all samples of the experimental groups, a decrease in all morphometric indices was observed on day 1 with a tendency to recover on day 3. Small intestinal electron irradiation led to disturbances in the histoarchitecture of varying severity, and an increase in cell apoptosis was observed (increased expression of caspase-3 and decrease in Ki-67). In addition, modulation of the PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways was detected. The most pronounced destructive changes were observed in the group of 8 Gy single electron irradiation. Local irradiation of the small intestine with electrons at a dose of 2 and 8 Gy results in a decrease in the number of enterocytes, mainly stem cells of the intestinal crypts.

Development of new techniques for multimodal treatment and diagnostics of various neoplasms and the improvement of current techniques can significantly increase the life expectancy of patients with carcinomas of the colon and abdominal-cavity organs, since prevention of various side effects of radiation therapy is one of the main problems of oncological care. Electron irradiation is one of the most promising types of radiation therapy. There are no data on proliferation and apoptosis of the colon epithelium after irradiation with electrons, especially in different modes (single and summary). Morphological evaluation of apoptosis and proliferation of colonic epithelium after local irradiation with electrons were conducted at doses of 2 Gy (Gray) and 25 Gy. Colon fragments from sexually mature Wistar rats ( n = 50, body weight 200 ± 10 g) were divided into three groups: I-control ( n = 10); II-experimental group ( n = 20; local single electron irradiation at a dose of 2 Gy); III-experimental group ( n = 30) with local fractional irradiation with electrons at a total dose of 25 Gy. They were studied using light microscopy using hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical reactions with antibodies to Ki-67 and caspase-3 (Cas3). Morphological disorders were accompanied by increased expression of pro-apoptotic molecules (caspase-3), and the period of regeneration by proliferative marker (Ki-67). Colon electron irradiation led to disturbances in the histoarchitecture of varying severity, and an increase in cell apoptosis was observed (increased expression of caspase-3 and decrease in Ki-67). In addition, modulation of the PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK signalling pathways was detected. The most pronounced destructive changes were observed in the group of 25 Gy fractionated electron irradiation.

The article describes current trends in scientific research, especially those that concern treatment of the most common cancers. The latter include malignant eyelid and conjunctiva tumors, retinoblastoma and choroidal melanoma. Relevant publications in Russian and foreign journals demonstrate a progressive advance in treatment approaches: from radical methods associated with surrounding tissue damage to local tumor destruction. Comparative analysis of the methods and their effectiveness suggest that Russian ophthalmic oncology meets state-of-the-art international criteria.

Electrophysiological examinations (in accordance with the ISCEV Standards and original protocols) were performed after neoadjuvant chemotherapy or before and after superselective intra-arterial chemotherapy (SIACT) in 18 children aged 1-3 years with either newly diagnosed advanced retinoblastoma (8 eyes) or resistant retinoblastoma (14 eyes). The most considerable decrease in amplitude was demonstrated by the cone response b-wave, photopic 24 Hz flicker electroretinogram (ERG), photopic negative response, and the P1-component of multifocal ERG, indicating a significant dysfunction of bipolar and ganglion cells, more pronounced in the macular zone. After the SIACT, central retinal functions improved. In eyes with retinoblastoma there is a moderate peak latency shortening of the flash visual evoked potential (VEP) P2-component, which reflects functional changes in the central retina rather than those in the visual pathways, and therefore, flash VEP analysis is a useful tool of chemotherapy patient monitoring, especially when electroretinography cannot be performed.

The study investigated the association of the ABCB1 C3435T polymorphism gene with the risk for uveal melanoma (UM). Genotyping was carried out using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. All the tumors under study were histologically verified. The patients with UM were found to have a high frequency of predisposing alleles and genotypes of this polymorphism in the patients with UM. The CC genotype of the ABCB1 C3435T polymorphism was shown to be associated with the increased risk of UM (OR = 8.5; p = 7.10(-6)). A significant correlation was first found between the frequency of the CC genotype of the ABCB1 C3435T polymorphism and the height of a tumor and degree of its pigmentation (p = 0.0391 and p = 0.0381, respectively, Fisher's test). A marginal association was first shown between the CC genotype of the ABCB1 C3435T polymorphism and the vascular state and histological type.

The paper presents a complete clinical, instrumental, histopathological, immunohistochemical, cytological, and molecular-genetic testing of intraocular schwannoma in a 13-year-old girl.

Clinical and tomographic features of retinoblastoma and posterior pole inflammatory granuloma ("pseudoretinoblastoma") as well as infectious status in both conditions were assessed in 16 children (32 eyes). The data obtained allow differential diagnosis of neoplastic and inflammatory processes and further adequate treatment.

The article presents a retrospective analysis of uveal melanoma course which was conducted during 2005-2012 and enrolled 21 patients (13 boys and 8 girls) aged from 1 to 20, representing 1.36% of the total number of patients who had been given treatment over that period. Non-pigmented and poorly pigmented tumors were most common. Morphologically the vast majority of cases were spindle cell tumors. It is shown that most patients of this age group are admitted to specialized medical centers at late stages of the disease, which indicates local lack of early detection and proper ophthalmological assessment.

Prognostic significant signs of early uveal melanoma were revealed in 51 patients before and 3 months after a single transpupillary thermotherapy session using spectral domain optical coherence tomography with enhanced depth imaging, that allows planning of appropriate eye-preserving treatment.

Presented clinical cases show significance of up-to-date diagnostic techniques (fluorescence angiography and spectral domain optical coherence tomography) in confirmation of metastatic choroidal carcinoma diagnosis in one case and in contradiction in another and appropriate treatment prescription.

Clinical signs characteristic for early central choroidal melanoma (42 patients) and late stage age-related macula degeneration according to AREDS (47 patients) were determined in 89 patients. These signs allow to differentiate between tumor and degenerative process thus providing appropriate treatment.

21 children with retinoblastoma (32 eyes, 36 lesions) were examined using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Pathognomonic features of initial primary exophytic, endophytic and mixed retinoblastoma were revealed OCT-control allowed to estimate combined treatment efficacy (chemotherapy, brachytherapy, transpupillary thermotherapy) and to reveal signs of latent growth. Thus revealed OCT signs of primary, residual retinoblastoma, retinal scar, zones of latent growth allow early estimation of appropriateness of combined eye-preserving treatment.

The presented review devoted to early diagnosis and combined eye-preserving treatment of small retinoblastoma emphasizes significance of using optical coherence tomography and transpupillary thermotherapy in malignant retinal tumors along with other options.

Cases of bilateral uveal melanoma diagnosed with complex of clinical and instrumental methods including fluorescence angiography and optical coherent tomography are presented. Methods described in the article allow to diagnose the malignant ocular tumor at the early stage and to perform further eye-preserving treatment.

14 cases of extraocular spread in patients with uveal melanoma after previous eye preserving treatment were analyzed. The time of manifestation and risk factors of extrascleral invasion were determined in patients after different local treatment modalities of uveal melanoma.

Thirty-eight patients (16 males and 22 females) with recurrent and residual choroidal melanomas who had undergone brachytherapy were followed up. The indication for transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT) was an active residual tumor (36 patients) and recurrent melanoma (2 patients). The follow-up interval between brachytherapy and TTT was 10 to 127 months. TTT using a diode laser was performed on a Nidek DC 3300 device at a wavelength of 810 nm. The mean tumor prominence prior to TTT was 1.9 mm (range 1 to 3.5 mm), its mean diameter was 8.6 mm (range 4-14.5 mm). Twenty patients were observed over time. The follow-up time after TTT was 3 to 15 months. After the first session of TTT, a positive effect was observed in 15 patients. In 9 patients, the effect was inadequate, which required additional sessions of TTT. Among the early TTT complications, there were superficial petechial hemorrhages, macular edema, exudative retinal detachment above the tumor. Treatment resulted in no complications in 18 patients. Late metastases were seen in none patients. Our investigations have indicated that TTT is a highly effective treatment for recurrent and residual uveal melanomas, which provides complete tumor resorption in 29% of the patients.

Optic neuropathy is a serious complication of endocrine ophthalmopathy (EOP). The morphological characteristics of the optic nerve (provided by a Heidelberg, HRT II retinotomograph) were compared with the functional impairments of various canals of light, color, and contrast sensitivities (detected by an Offon programme complex, MBN, Moscow). There were decreases in contrast and color sensitivities just at the early stages of the disease and deteriorated functions of contract and color sensitivity canals as optic neuropathy progressed. The HRT II retinotomograph has shown a significant change in the thickness of optic nerve fibers, the area of the optic disk (OD), and the volume of the neuroretinal ring, which corresponds to the magnitude of clinical manifestations and the severity of OD lesion. The first retinal changes appear long before optic nerve compression at the orbital apex (orbital apex syndrome), which are caused by ischemic and hypoxic processes due to orbital soft tissue edema. The most sensitive test in detecting the latent stage of optic neuropathy in EOP is a color and contrast sensitivity topography test. In EOP, the morphological optic nerve changes correlate with functional impairments in different canals of the visual system, reflecting the stage of the disease.

In conditions of acute experiment on white rats anaesthetized by Nembutal (40 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), the registration and analysis of background impulse activity of the supraoptic nucleus neurons of rats' hypothalamus in norm and after electromagnetic irradiation of millimeter wavelength on organism, were carried out. Distributions of neurons by the degree of rhythm regularity, the character of types of dynamics of the following impulse flows, the modality of histograms of interspike intervals, the average discharge frequency, the coefficient of interspike intervals variation, were found out. Changes of the background impulse activity which were related mainly to the changes of the inner structure of registered impulse flows, were revealed. Significant shifts were generally observed in the character of dynamics of neuronal current flows and degree of regularity of the impulse activity. Statistically significant changes of the average frequency of discharges of different frequency range neurons' populations were revealed.

In conditions of acute experiment on white rats anaesthetized with Nembutal (40 mg/kg, interperitonially) recording and analysis of spontaneous impulse activity of the fastigial nucleus' neurons in norm and after 5, 10 and 15 days of vibration influence on the organism were carried out. Distribution of the neurons was evaluated by the dynamics of neuronal current flow and the modality of the interspike interval hystograms, as well as the statistical parameters: the average discharge frequency and the coefficient of the interspike interval variation. It is shown that more significant changes in neuronal activity of fastigial nucleus cells are formed during the first 10 days of vibration influence. On the 15th day, there was a tendency towards return to control levels of the parameters under study.

This review focuses on the modeling of status epilepticus in animal brain and modern data on the mechanisms of epileptical seizures initiation using the pilocarpine binding with the muscarinic cholinoreceptors (litium pilocarpine model). The character of epileptics seizures in developing brain and adult brain of rats were investigated. The lines of modulation and inhibition epileptics statues by sacricine and intranasal application of neuropeptide thyroliberin in ultra-low doses are demonstrated. The role of the short-term changes (signal regulated kinase signaling cascade, Kv 4.2 potassium channels, hippocampal and cortical spike-wave discharges) and the long-term changes (loss of selective type of interneurons, excitatory circuits by mossy fiber sprouting) that promotion the epileptic state and recurrent seizures in limbic structure are discussed.

Multiplex methylation-sensitive PCR was employed in studying the methylation of the RB1 and CDKN2A/p16 promoter regions in 52 retinoblastomas. Aberrant methylation inactivating RB1 was detected in 14 (27%) tumors. Methylation of p16 was for the first time observed in retinoblastoma (9 tumors, 17%). Both promoters proved to be methylated in two tumors. In four tumors, aberrant methylation was combined with structural defects of both RB1 alleles. Aberrant methylation of the p16 promoter was the second mutation event in two tumors and was not accompanied by RB1 defects in one tumor. Complex testing for RB1 mutations, loss of heterozygosity, and functional inactivation of the two genes revealed a molecular defect in at least one allele in 51 (98%) tumors.

The spectrum and frequencies of RB1 structural defects were studied in tumors and peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with various forms of retinoblastoma. Single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and heteroduplex (HA) analyses, along with direct sequencing, revealed 47 mutations, including 24 new ones. Of these, 42.5% were nonsense mutations, 15% were missense mutations, 15% affected splicing sites, and 27.5% were frameshifts resulting from microdeletions or microinsertions. Six polymorphisms were found, including three new ones located in the coding region. Microsatellite analysis with markers Rbint2, Rbint20, D13S262, and D13S284 revealed a loss of heterozygosity for at least one marker in 71% tumors.

The first experience with molecular diagnosis of retinoblastoma (RB) in Russia is presented. A protocol based on the use of up-to-date molecular diagnostic methods helps detect structural and functional abnormalities in RB1 gene, diagnose RB in disputable cases and at early stages of the disease. Forty-five families with various forms of RB were examined. Twenty-three mutations in various sites of RB1 gene were characterized. Abnormal methylation in the promotor area of RB1 gene was detected in 20% cases and loss of heterozysity by intragene microsatellite markers was detected in 70% cases. Hence, the causes of RB were detected in 80% families, which led to early diagnosis in close relatives of patients and helped evaluate the repeated risk of the tumor in families of patients with RB.

The seizure susceptibility of amygdaloid complex in rat was investigated. In piriform cortex and cortical nucleus of amygdaloid complex the structural and electrophysiological rostro-caudal differences were found (using relative spectral densities EEG, seizure thresholds, electrical kindling rate). The fundamental dependence of severity of motor seizures from structural (nuclear or cortical) organization of stimulating area was shown. There were more of limbic stages while stimulating anterior and posterior cortical nuclei, and there were more generalized stages while stimulating piriform and periamygdaloid cortex. Using the model of electrical kindling anticonvulsant effects of Sacricin were demonstrated. Sacricin is one of the compounds of polycarbonic acid. Sacricin has fully coped the process of secondary generalization of epileptic seizures.

The review of new data of the studies of the cerebral layers of eight cardioactive peptide and clieopeptide combinations. Research of the physical-chemical and biochemical properties confirm nonidentity of these combinations to the known bioactive peptides of adrenals. The proteins connecting the factors under exploration have also been discovered, suggesting existence of cardioactive protein-peptide complexes in this region. Based on comparison of the studied chemical and biological properties of these combinations with the combinations of hypothalamic cardioactive neurohormones, in particular, with the neurohormone "C", a conclusion was made that combinations of the two regions are structurally and functionally related. The obtained data can be used in practical medicine for prophylactics and treatment of several cardiovascular diseases.

In acute experiments in rabbits the influence of stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus on the activity of neurons of vestibular Deiters' nucleus was studied under conditions of 15-day exposure to vibration (60 Hz, 0.8 mm, 3 h daily). The mechanisms are discussed which underlie the observed phenomena.

A modulating character of the amygdala basolateral nuclei effect upon the vestibular sensory system was determined in rabbits [correction of rats]. A mechanism of the descending effect of the amygdaloid complex on the activity of the Deiters nucleus neurons, is discussed.

Acute experiment on rabbits (extracellular registration) studied influence of limbic cortex on neuron activity of Deuters nucleus before and after exposure to low-frequency vibration (5 Hz, 30 minutes). The authors discuss mechanisms underlying changes in activity and response of vestibular neutrons to electric simulation (5 and 60 Hz) of limbic cortex before and after vibration.

The peculiarities of the effect of vestibular, somatosensory, motor and limbic areas of brain cortex on the activity of neurons of lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN) are studied in the nembutal and chloralose anesthetized rabbits by the extracellular lead method before and after vibration exposure. It is found that the responses of neurons of Deiters's nucleus at all frequency ranges to stimulation of different areas of the cortex were predominantly of inhibitory type, being more pronounced during stimulation of the vestibular and motor areas. The facilitating corticofugal effect was noted in 20-30 % of cells and more pronounced influence was during stimulation of somatosensory and limbic areas of the cortex. During vibration there was a multidirectional effect of cortical areas on the neuronal activity of LVN. The vibration stimulus decreases an inhibitory effect and increases stimulating influence of vestibular cortex on the activity of Deiters's nucleus. The noted effect was more pronounced in neurons with low frequency of initial activity. On stimulation of other areas of the cortex an increase of inhibitory and suppression of facilitating descending effects were noted. The greatest amount of inhibited neurons was recorded during stimulation of motor cortex. The peculiarities and functional significance of the observed effects are discussed.

The correlation in activity of specific and unspecific afferent systems was measured in mechanisms changing electrical activity of the cortex during vibration. The character of postvibration shifts of vestibulo-, reticulo-cortical EPs was studied by means of isolated and combined exclusion of specific (vestibular) and unspecific afferent systems of the brain. The vestibular afferents seem to play a significant role in the mechanisms of postvibration shifts of vestibulo-cortical EPs. Impulses originating from the unspecific afferent systems, as well as proprioceptive, somatic and visceral afferents play similar role for the reticulo-cortical system.

Electrocorticograms of vibration induced effects were studied in intact and labyrinthectomized rabbits under midbrain reticular formation and renoreactive structures blockade. There was involvement of the specific (vestibular) and non-specific brain structures in the mechanisms underlying the cortex' electric activity. The article contains a review of the vibration-related shifts in the cortex, both specific and nonspecific--and in other afferent modalities (proprioceptive, somatic, visceral).

The data on evoked potentials (EP) in the frog primordial hippocampus during the surface application of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), beta-alanine and aminooxyacetic acid in the region of EP recording are presented. These results in the aggregate with the earlier described effects of picrotoxin, bicuculline, muscimol, baclofen (on EP) and GABA (on intracellular potentials) permit to suggest the presence of GABA-ergic inhibitory system and two types of GABA receptors in the frog primordial hippocampus.

The use of cephotaxim in the treatment of obstetric and gynecological patients with various infectious complications, as well as in the treatment of newborn infants in the Department of Intensive Therapy showed it to be highly effective in 100 per cent of the cases. The adverse reactions of cephotaxim were observed in 1 out of 43 patients. It should be noted that cephotaxim did not inhibit the host anaerobic indigenous flora. No cases of dysbacteriosis were recorded. Comparative analysis of the data on determination of the MIC of cephotaxim and cephuroxim with respect to various species of opportunistic microorganisms demonstrated that cephuroxim was more active against Staph. aureus, while cephotaxim against Klebsiella. Cephotaxim displayed activity against part of the strains of Ps. aeruginosa and streptococci of group D, which was not common to cephalosporins of the previous generations.