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Background: Epidural block is a popular and versatile procedure with applications as sole anaesthetic, as an analgesic adjuvant to general anaesthesia and for post-operative analgesia in procedures involving lower limbs, perineum, pelvis, abdomen and thorax. However, success of the epidural technique depends upon the correct identification of epidural space. The knowledge of distance from skin to epidural space can help in better identification of epidural space and epidural catheter placement with fewer incidences of complications. We conducted a study to find the distance from skin to the epidural space and its correlation with patient height and age to improve the success rate. Methods: Seventy-four patients scheduled to undergo lower lumbar surgeries where epidural block was required as anaesthetic or analgesic, were included in the study. These patients were randomly divided into four different groups of 37 patients each according to their age (group A and group B) and height (group C and group D). In these patient’s epidural block was given by standard technique according to the need of surgery and epidural depth measured. Obtained results were compared among group A, B and group C, D depending on their age and height respectively. Results: In group A (age 20-30 years), mean epidural depth was 3.96±0.4 cm while in group B (age 30-40 years) mean epidural depth was 4.05±0.5 centimeters. In group C (height 155-169 cm) mean epidural depth was 3.88±0.4 centimeters while it was 4.13±0.5 centimeters in group D (height 170-184 cm).Conclusions: There was increase in epidural depth with increase in height of patients but there was no correlation between age of patients and epidural depth.

Objective: As known, hypertension has relation with increased peripheral vascular resistance. Vascular tone is regulated by multiple mediators; among them is Endothelin-1. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is one of the most potent vasoconstrictors known to date. While its plasma /serum concentrations are elevated in some forms of hypertension. Prehypertension is one step towards hypertension, hence the same factor is involved in it. Oxidative stress is also found to be involved in pathogenesis of hypertension .Therefore our present study is designed to find the relationship between ET-1 levels and Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in Prehypertension. Methods: Total 100 prehypertensive cases and 100 sex matched controls were enrolled in this study. Inclusion criteria include patients with systolic blood pressure (SBP) in the range of 120 to 139 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in the range 80-90 mmHg, while patients with BP ≥140/90 mmHg, diabetes mellitus (DM), Stroke, coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction (MI) were excluded. Plasma ET -1 and plasma total antioxidant capacity were measured .We estimated ET -1 levels and TAC levels in Prehypertensive cases and Normotensive controls. Students T test were used for statistical analyses. Results: Plasma ET-1 levels were found significantly (p:0.001) higher in prehypertensive cases as compared to normotensive controls. In contrary to this, Plasma Total Antioxidant capacity was found extremely significantly lower in prehypertensive cases as compared to normotensive controls(p

Lignin is a complex, three-dimensional aromatic polymer consisting of dimethoxylated, monomethoxylated and non-methoxylated phenylpropanoid subunits. It is the most abundant renewable carbon source on Earth. The majority of plant biomass, including stems and leaves, is composed of lignocellulose. In present study isolation, identification and characterization of ligninolytic bacterial flora were done from the agro-field, using a lignin residue. 2 types of soil samples black and mixed soil were selected from agro fields of Dhamdha of Bhilai-Durg for isolation of ligninolyitc bacterial colony. Microbes from both mixed and black soil samples were grown in solid media by Hungate method and result shown that three types of bacterial colonies (1-MS, 2-BS), were isolated from Dhandha agro field and used to check the activity of lignolytic capability. Out of 3 types colonies only 1types of colony (j-MS), was shown potential of lignin degradation. The Morphological, gram’s reaction and endospores staining reaction, biochemical characteristics of the isolate obtained from this agro-field soil samples identified with reference to Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. These identified isolate (j) - Bacillus species was shown presence of Laccase, Manganese peroxidase (MnP) and Lignin peroxidase (LiP), etc. lignin degrading enzymes. This results concluded that Bacillus sps. strain was able to degrade lignin substrate which was second abundant and waste material in the world. It is also concluded that to expand on the range of products which can be obtained from lignocellulosic biomass. In this study, soil bacteria was isolated by enrichment on Kraft lignin and evaluated for their ligninolytic potential as a source of novel enzymes use to generate 2 nd

Background: It is clearly mentioned in the medicine books that blood gas analysis from arterial puncture is the gold standard. But in the past few years it is commonly seen that clinicians have started trusting on venous blood gas analysis as well as started advising VBG (Venous blood gas) in the initial diagnosis of critical patients in emergency setting. Keeping this fact in mind, we designed a study to determine whether VBG could be a better replacement of ABG (Arterial blood gases) in the emergency where diverse pathological conditions are encountered.Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study comprised of 50 patients of 20-60 yrs age with a variety of diagnoses admitted in the emergency department. 50 paired samples (ABG+VBG) were obtained from them under strict aseptic precautions after obtaining their verbal consent. With a minimum delay of less than 2 min blood gas analysis was performed on blood gas analyzer. Parameters (pH, PCO2, PO2, HCO3, Base Excess and O2 saturation) from ABG and VBG were recorded and compared using Student’s Unpaired ‘t’ test.Results: pH and HCO3 showed statistical significant (p value 0.05) difference between them. Contrary to this, PCO2, PO2 and O2 saturation from ABG and VBG showed statistical highly significant (p value

1. Prehypertension is the most important public health problem in developing countries and one of the major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The natural history of prehypertension starts when some combination of hereditary and environmental factors set in to the motion transient but repetitive perturbation of cardiovascular homeostasis not enough to raise the blood pressure to level defined as abnormal but enough to begin the cascade that, over many years lead to BPs that are usually elevated 2 . The main aim of this study was to evaluate the association between undiagnosed prehypertension and serum CRP level across the range of blood pressure categories including prehypertension i.e. 121-139/89 mm Hg. C reactive protein, a simple downstream marker of inflammation , has now emerged as a major cardiovascular risk factor. In the present study, serum hs-CRP level and lipid profile were monitored in 100 subjects with prehypertension and 100 age sex matched with normotensive controls. The level of hs-CRP in serum of cases were significantly high (p

Our aim is to determine whether the serum electrolytes (Sodium and Potassium) measured by two different methods on two different equipments are equivalent or not. This retrospective study was conducted over three month’s period (June 2017-August 2017). A total number of 300 patients from intensive care unit or in the different wards with a variety of diagnoses were enrolled in this study. Analysis of sodium and potassium levels in their serum was carried out using an electrolyte analyzer and an auto analyzer. Statistical measures were applied using students paired t-tests. The mean level (± standard deviation) of sodium measured by electrolyte analyzer was statistically significantly higher than the auto analyzer values (139.99 ± 7.48 mmol/l and 137.15 ± 7.66 mmol/l respectively; PE‚0.0001). Regarding the potassium levels, the Mean level (± standard deviation) measured by electrolyte analyzer was statistically significantly greater than that of potassium measured by auto analyzer (4.290 ± 0.743 mmol/l and 4.147 ± 0.738 mmol/l respectively; pE‚0.0001). Our results showed that serum electrolytes levels measured by electrolyte analyzer were higher than those measured by auto-analyzer. Differences obtained were statistically significant.

Background: Intrauterine growth restriction is a complication that arises due to decrease in uteroplacental blood flow during pregnancy. This decrease is associated with a pathological condition of spiral arteries thought to arise during placentation in first trimester of pregnancy. Thus, it might be possible to predict the development of these conditions by assessing uteroplacental blood flow in pregnancy with colour Doppler. The aim of the study was to assess the findings of Doppler data in predicting IUGR and finding the best predictors of IUGR in uterine and umbilical artery Doppler.Methods: In this prospective study, total of 100 women with high risk pregnancy attending Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital, Udaipur were subjected to uterine and umbilical artery Doppler Study. Women with high risk pregnancy between 26-32 weeks of gestation were studied with colour Doppler. This study was carried over a period of 1 year from 2015-2016.Results: Out of total 100 patients, 8 were found to have IUGR. Out of different parameters, Notch is the best indicator with high sensitivity and highest positive predictive value (PPV) of 50% followed by combination of parameter as it had the highest sensitivity of 62.5% for uterine artery Doppler. S/D Ratio is the best indicator with high sensitivity and highest positive predictive value (PPV) of 25% and 40% respectively followed by RI with highest sensitivity of 42.86% for umbilical artery Doppler.Conclusions: Value of Doppler assessment of uteroplacental circulation in predicting IUGR and is very useful in improving pregnancy outcome.

Background: Hypertensive disorders are the common cause of maternal death which affecting nearly 5-10% of pregnancies all over the world. Pre-eclampsia develop from inadequate trophoblast invasion of the maternal spiral arteries and Doppler values permits non-invasive evaluation of uteroplacental circulation and is of great importance in the management of high risk pregnancies. The aim of the study was to assess the findings of Doppler data in predicting pre-eclampsia and comparison of the efficacy of uterine artery Doppler and umbilical artery Doppler.Methods: The study comprises of 100 women with high risk pregnancy attending antenatal clinic at Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital, Udaipur were subjected to uterine and umbilical artery Doppler Study. Women with high risk pregnancy between 26-32 weeks of gestation were studied with colour Doppler. This was a prospective study over a period of 1 year from 2015-2016.Results: The results of the study revealed that 5 out of 100 participants developed pre-eclampsia. Out of different parameters, notch is the best predictor of pre-eclampsia with high sensitivity and highest PPV for uterine artery Doppler and S/D ratio is considered to be best indicator for umbilical artery Doppler. Regarding efficacy, umbilical artery Doppler is more predictive than uterine Doppler.Conclusions: Doppler study can be used for the prediction of pre-eclampsia to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality.

Background: Essential hypertension is one of the most prevalent diseases of the world. The underlying pathophysiological abnormalities that lead to the development of the elevated arterial pressure in this disorder remain elusive. Pranayam (yogic breathing exercises) techniques are beneficial in treating a range of stress related disorders such as hypertension and reducing signs of oxidative stress. The present study was undertaken to check effect of Pranayam on oxidative stress in cases of essential hypertension before and after Pranayam. Methods: Total 100 hypertensive subjects and 100 sex matched controls were enrolled in this study. Inclusion criteria include patients with blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mm of Hg, while patients with secondary hypertension, stroke, CAD, MI and diabetes mellitus were excluded. Serum PON-1 was estimated spectrophotometrically by Charlton Menys.V method. Serum SOD estimated spectrophotometrically by Mishra H.P. & Fridovich I,1972 method and Plasma MDA by colorimetric method of Satoch K.et al. We estimated PON-1, SOD and MDA in hypertensive and controls, then we suggested hypertensive for 3 months Pranayam, again the same parameters were measured and compared by using Students T test and one way ANOVA to determine significant differences. Results: Before Pranayam, PON-1 activity was decreased significantly (