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On December 26, 2018 (2:19 UTC), during a volcanic eruption on the Mt. Etna eastern flank (Sicily, southern Italy), the largest instrumental earthquake ever recorded in the volcano ruptured the Fiandaca Fault, with epicenter between Fleri and Pennisi villages (hypocenter at ca. 300 m a. s. l., Mw 4.9). This was the mainshock of an earthquake swarm and it was accompanied by widespread surface faulting and extensive damage along a narrow belt near the fault trace. Few hours after the mainshock, an episodic aseismic creep event occurred along the Aci Platani Fault, a SE extension of the Fiandaca Fault, which caused several damages in the Aci Platani village. We surveyed and mapped the coseismic and aseismic ground ruptures, and collected structural data on their geometry, displacement, and fault zone fabric. We compared the mapped surface ruptures with topography, lithology, and morphology of the buried top of the sedimentary basement. We conclude that the geometry of the volcanic pile influenced the surface expression of faulting during the December 26, 2018 event. The top surface of the marly clay basement should be considered as a detachment surface for shallow sliding blocks. The earthquake occurred on top of a depression of the sedimentary basement forcing the sliding eastward, causing at surface the re-arrangement of the fault strand pattern and deformation style, switching from shear faulting to a tensile failure. The Fleri earthquake therefore provides an unprecedented dataset for 1) understanding active faulting in the European largest onshore volcano, 2) modeling its complex dynamics, and 3) contributing to a more refined surface faulting hazard assessment at Mt. Etna. Results from this investigation might be useful for characterizing capable faulting in similar volcano-tectonic settings worldwide.

Earthquake Environmental Effects (EEEs) such as surface faulting, landslides, liquefaction and tsunamis are widely distributed following strong seismic events and may account for a significant part of the overall damage. Here, we investigate EEEs generated by two earthquakes with different source parameters, both occurring along the Mexican subduction zone: the Sept. 8, 2017, Mw 8.2, moderate depth, normal fault, intraslab event; and the June 23, 2020, Mw 7.0, shallow depth, thrust fault, interface event. We document all the EEEs for each event, assign an intensity value using the Environmental Seismic Intensity (ESI-2007) scale, and derive the macroseismic fields. Finally, we compute the attenuation of intensity with distance and we compare it with other subduction zone earthquakes worldwide, demonstrating the repeatability of EEEs. This work represents the first application of the ESI-2007 scale to an intraslab earthquake and documents its wide applicability in different seismotectonic settings. We argue that EEEs provide useful information that should not be neglected in seismic hazard assessment procedures.

Globally, natural hazards present a serious and critical threat to life, as a result of both endogenous and exogenous processes. Natural hazards (geological, geomorphological, hydrological and meteorological) quickly present a risk to individuals, communities and societies when they are threatened with disruption or losses, with the impact being a function of their ability to cope and respond. Historical research is a key tool in determining the appropriate strategies for the identification of risk scenarios. Many parts of the world suffer from a dearth of instrumental information and data, as such qualitative accounts and records provide a crucial source of information in understanding the risks presented. The significance of long records is particularly pertinent when considering extremes, and such knowledge is crucial in better understanding the risks presented and in undertaking targeted mitigation strategies to reduce the socio-economic consequences and physical impact on private properties, strategic buildings, infrastructures and cultural heritage. This Special Issue aims to stress the importance of historical information and data as a strategic tool in framing planning decisions. Objective one is to demonstrate the significance of historical information in better understanding the risks presented by natural hazards (geological, geomorphological, hydrological and meteorological). Objective two is to stimulate a discussion between the international scientific community, technicians, policymakers and urban planners about the use of historical data and land use, planning and zonation. In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome. Research areas may include (but are not limited to) the following themes: 1) Use of historical information in hazard and risk analysis; 2) Use of historical sources to assess and mitigate natural hazard risks to cultural heritage; 3) Land use planning and geo-risk assessment using historical data; 4) Analysis of the spatial-temporal distribution of extreme events; 5) Methodologies for data collection and management from documentary sources; 6) Geomorphological hazard and risk studies by historical sources; 7) Historical climatology and reconstruction of extreme weather events; 8) The analysis of natural hazards in data-poor regions.

Il 23 Novembre 1980 alle ore 19:34, un forte terremoto colpì un'ampia area al confine tra la Campania e la Basilicata. Il terremoto fu caratterizzato da una Magnitudo Mw 6.9 e da un'Intensità epicentrale Io del X grado MCS, risultando essere l'evento a più elevata energia avvenuto in Italia negli ultimi cento anni. Si ebbero danni in 800 località, furono distrutte complessivamente 75.000 abitazioni e 275.000 furono gravemente danneggiate, le vittime furono circa 3.000 e i feriti 10.000. L'Irpinia, particolarmente colpita dal sisma, è situata nell'Appennino meridionale, catena che è il risultato di complessi movimenti tettonici, che a partire dal Miocene Inferiore (25 - 20 Ma) hanno portato alla collisione tra una propaggine della placca Africana, Adria, contro la placca Euro-asiatica e quindi alla sua orogenesi. A livello geodinamico la catena appenninica presenta comportamenti differenziati, infatti a Ovest la tettonica è distensiva, caratterizzata da faglie normali, dando luogo a un Bacino di Retroarco (il Tirreno), mentre a Est, sul fronte della catena, caratterizzato da movimenti compressivi, si è formato un profondo Bacino di Avanfossa (l'Adriatico). I movimenti tettonici distensivi risultano tuttora attivi e sono la principale causa dei terremoti registrati in quest'area, a cui non fa eccezione quello del 1980. L'Irpinia è caratterizzata da una elevata sismicità, tra le più forti in Italia, particolarmente distruttivi risultano i terremoti storici che si verificarono nel 1456, 1466, 1694, 1732, 1930, 1962 e naturalmente l'evento del 1980. La presente ricerca ha avuto come obiettivo lo studio dettagliato di quattro Comuni della Provincia di Avellino, situati nell'Alta valle del Fiume Calore Irpino: Bagnoli Irpino, Cassano Irpino, Castelfranci e Montella, posti a una ventina di km dall'area epicentrale del sisma del 1980. Sisma che indusse numerosi effetti sull'ambiente naturale anche nell'area oggetto di studio: sono stati osservati fratturazioni del suolo, movimenti gravitativi, liquefazioni e anomalie idrologiche. Fratturazioni sono state osservate lungo il lineamento tettonico Calaggio-Bagnoli-Croci di Acerno, di cui una beante particolarmente significativa, con scalino di pochi cm e a sviluppo esteso per oltre 1 km. Le frane sismoindotte comprendono sia fenomeni gravitativi di modesta entità (crollo/rotolio di massi) sia fenomeni a più larga scala, come gli scorrimenti rotazionali osservati nei pressi dell'abitato di Castelfranci (con estensione compresa tra i 10 e i 20 ettari). Sono stati censiti alcuni fenomeni di liquefazioni, osservati presso il Lago Laceno, nel territorio comunale di Bagnoli Irpino, e variazioni idrologiche. In relazione al terremoto del 1980, è stato riscontrato un significativo aumento di portata delle sorgenti di Cassano Irpino, così come in quelle della vicina Caposele, difficilmente correlabili con le piogge cadute nel periodo immediatamente precedente l'evento sismico. La sorgente Sanità di Caposele, ha visto passare la sua portata, da 4.250 l/s a 5.200 l/s appena una settimana dopo il sisma, per raggiungere la portata massima di 7.300 l/s il 20 gennaio 1981. In seguito la portata è lentamente rientrata nei normali canoni stagionali. Il gruppo sorgentizio di Cassano Irpino, presentava all'inizio di Novembre 1980 una portata media di circa 3.000 l/s, tuttavia nel corso di quel mese, fu osservato un aumento di circa 2.000 l/s. Il periodo di portata "eccezionale" innescato dal terremoto si protrasse fino al mese di Marzo 1981, per poi rientrare nei parametri medi. Si osservò inoltre l'intorbidamento delle acque, fenomeno temporaneo di breve durata. La ricerca ha avuto come obiettivo principale anche l'analisi del livello di danneggiamento dell'ambiente urbanizzato. I paesi oggetto di studio hanno subito un danneggiamento intermedio, valutato con un'intensità compresa tra il VII e l'VIII grado MCS, vale a dire un livello di danneggiamento molto diffuso con qualche crollo parziale o totale delle abitazioni. Le unità edilizie dei quattro Comuni distrutte o danneggiate più o meno gravemente furono 4.755, le persone rimaste senzatetto furono 1.951 (11,9%), 16 le vittime (0,1%) e 320 (2%) feriti su un totale di 16.370 abitanti. Grande risalto è stato dato alla tematica della "Resilienza", dal latino "resilire" ossia tornare alle origini. La resilienza può essere definita come: "la capacità di una persona di raggiungere un adattamento positivo a fronte di eventi significativamente stressanti e traumatici che, diversamente, potrebbero risultare gravemente invalidanti". Per questa specifica tematica è stata proposta un'indagine riguardante la "ricostruzione", ovvero tutte le iniziative e tutti quei processi messi in atto per recuperare e far rinascere le comunità, così drammaticamente segnate dall'evento "invalidante" rappresentato dal terremoto del 1980. Se da una parte sono state raccolte preziose, quanto variegate testimonianze, dando voce alle esperienze personali su un evento che ha fortemente provato e condizionato le comunità di questi paesi dell'Alta valle del Fiume Calore Irpino, dall'altra si è tracciato un percorso che, a partire dall'immediata fase di emergenza, ha cercato di ricostruire l'iter percorso dalla la popolazione: dalle sistemazioni temporanee, fino agli interventi mirati al completo recupero degli abitati, degli spazi comunitari, dei beni storici e architettonici e dell'equilibrio all'interno della comunità stessa. Sono state messe in risalto le scelte fatte dagli Enti preposti, come le amministrazioni comunali, ma anche il contributo economico necessario per portare a termine un processo oggettivamente lungo, complesso e articolato quanto è stato, e marginalmente continua a esserlo, quello della ricostruzione. Secondo la "Commissione Parlamentare di Inchiesta sulla attuazione degli interventi per la ricostruzione e lo sviluppo dei territori della Basilicata e della Campania colpiti dai terremoti del Novembre 1980 e Febbraio 1981", unico documento a discriminare per paese i fondi destinati alla ricostruzione, tra il 1981 e il 1987, nei paesi di Bagnoli Irpino, Cassano Irpino, Castelfranci e Montella sono arrivate complessivamente L. 103.062.400.000 (EUR 53.227.287,5 al valore nominale). La ricostruzione è ormai quasi completa (oltre il 90%), tuttavia il patrimonio edilizio recuperato o ricostruito è superiore alle reali necessità. Infatti, occorre segnalare che la popolazione complessiva dell'area è di 13.288 abitanti (31/05/2021), circa 3.000 in meno rispetto a quelli del 1980, vale a dire una riduzione di circa il 20%. Ai fini della stesura del presente lavoro di ricerca è stata effettuata un'accurata indagine bibliografica, seguita da indagini di campo, a cui è stata affiancata la raccolta di elaborati tecnici, di materiale fotografico e di numerose testimonianze dirette degli abitanti locali. Proprio le testimonianze, resoconto di chi ha vissuto il terremoto, sono state particolarmente utili per l'analisi della fase dell'emergenza e della successiva ricostruzione. A tal proposito sono stati raccolti circa una quarantina di contributi, consistenti in interviste a persone appartenenti a diverse fasce di età, comprese tra i 55 e i 95 anni. Il terremoto del 1980 è stato un evento che ha messo in evidenza come un territorio fortemente sismico come quello italiano, non fosse ancora sufficientemente attrezzato a fronteggiare eventi catastrofici di tale portata. Dopo il sisma diversi paesi sono stati inclusi negli studi di microzonazione sismica preliminare del Progetto Finalizzato Geodinamica (C.N.R.), tuttavia non sempre in sede di recupero e ricostruzione ne sono stati rispettati i risultati, anzi assai pochi comuni ne hanno tenuto conto in fase di redazione dei nuovi strumenti urbanistici. A oltre quaranta anni dal terremoto va comunque detto che molto è cambiato: l'adozione di piani urbanistici, nuove tecniche costruttive degli edifici, nuove attrezzature per fronteggiare le emergenze, maggiori conoscenze per la definizione del rischio sismico e l'istituzione della Protezione Civile. Questa ricerca vuole fornire un contributo agli enti preposti e alla popolazione, i dati raccolti possono essere utili per una migliore comprensione del fenomeno sismico, per una corretta valutazione della pericolosità e quindi una riduzione del rischio sismico locale. Inoltre, vuole anche offrire uno spunto di riflessione per quello che potrebbe essere la programmazione futura per i centri antichi in zona sismica, in considerazione non solo di scenari che prevedono il riscontro nel tessuto urbano ma anche nell'ambiente fisico. L'auspicio è che la memoria storica di quanto accaduto 41 anni fa possa servire ad arricchire e migliorare lo stato delle nostre conoscenze, assumendo maggiore consapevolezza per farne tesoro in futuro. https://www.cnr.it/it/evento/17785/ix-edizione-premio-avus-migliore-tesi-per-la-prevenzione-sismica-dall-insubria-all-irpinia

Nell'Appennino meridionale l'abbandono di alcuni centri abitati è direttamente riconducibile da un lato, al ripetersi di eventi sismici distruttivi con I> IX MCS, avvenuti negli ultimi secoli, e dall'altro, alla presenza di estesi fenomeni di dissesto idrogeologico. E' il caso di Aquilonia e Melito Irpino in provincia di Avellino, che a seguito dei terremoti del 1930 e del 1962 sono stati abbandonati per le condizioni di instabilità e danneggiamento, per essere poi ricostruiti in aree geologicamente più sicure. Di Aquilonia vecchia, l'antica Carbonara, restano i ruderi a testimonianza dell'antico assetto abitativo, tra l'altro più volte oggetto di interventi di riqualificazione mai del tutto definitivi. Di Melito Irpino, inserito sin dal secolo scorso tra gli abitati da consolidare, e più volte danneggiato dai terremoti, oggi è visibile solo il castello e la chiesa dell'Addolorata, che versano in uno stato di avanzato abbandono e degrado. Livelli di danneggiamento elevati e condizioni geologiche sfavorevoli, allo stesso modo, hanno determinato l'abbandono di Conza della Campania e di Romagnano al Monte a seguito del sisma del 1980, e la ricostruzione in altro luogo. A Conza della Campania, il terremoto distrusse il 90% delle abitazioni danneggiando gravemente le restanti (X MCS), oggi il vecchio paese è diventato parco archeologico grazie al ritrovamento di numerosi resti dell'antica Compsa romana, visitabile grazie all'impegno dei volontari della locale Pro Loco. Romagnano al Monte ubicato su di uno spettacolare crinale a picco sulle gole del fiume Platano, fu evacuato e abbandonato soprattutto a causa del diffuso danneggiamento (VIII-IX MCS), oggi quel che resta rappresenta un fermo immagine a 41 anni fa: un paese fantasma visibile per lo più solo da lontano. Quattro paesi ricchi di "memoria" da rivalutare per un turismo sostenibile

"Il terremoto Irpino Lucano del 1980"

The application of the Environmental Seismic Intensity (ESI) scale 2007 to moderate and strong earthquakes, in different geological context all over the word, highlights the importance of Earthquake Environmental Effects (EEEs) for the assessment of seismic hazards. This Special Issue "New Perspectives in the Definition/Evaluation of Seismic Hazard through Analysis of the Environmental Effects Induced by Earthquakes" presents a collection of scientific contributions that provide a sample of the state-of-the-art in this field. Moreover the collected papers also analyze new data produced with multi-disciplinary and innovative methods essential for development of new seismic hazard models.

Ground effects have been an integral part of intensity (I) assessment since introduction of the first scale by de Rossi and Forel in 1883. However during the first half of this century an enormous amount of work has been devoted to improving I scales through a detailed classification of the different types of buildings and expected damage. As an extreme culmination of this tendency, the recent up-dated EMS 92 macroseismic scale completely ignores ground effects, only listing them in a short Appendix. Although this approach is reasonable for densely urbanized areas, it does not reflect the full meaning of the I parameter, it docs not work for I assessment in the highest degrees of the scales, it is unsuitable in remote areas and cannot be used for comparison of historical events and seismic hazard evaluation in areas affected by strong events with return periods longer than the historical records. On the other hand, worldwide studies on the empirical relations between seismic parameters and ground effects demonstrate that, even if type and relevance of surface effects strongly depend on the local geomorphological setting, their definition allows a realistic estimation of the earthquake size. In this paper these relations are briefly discussed and preliminary proposals are given for the better use of ground effects in I assessment.

On 21 August 2017, a shallow earthquake of Md 4.0 struck the CasamicciolaTerme village in the north of Ischia volcanic island (Italy). It caused two fatalities and heavy damage in a restricted area of a few square kilometers. Casamicciola Terme has been recurrently destroyed in the last centuries by similar volcano-tectonic earthquakes (1762, 1767, 1796, 1828, 1881, and 1883). After the catastrophic 1883 Casamicciola event (2343 casualties), this is the first heavy damaging earthquake at Ischia that provides, for the first time, the opportunity of integrating historical seismicity, macroseismic observations, instrumental information, and detailed mapping of coseismic geological effects. Soon after the 2017 mainshock we surveyed the epicentral area to collect data on the coseismic ground effects, recording more than 100 geological field observations. Mapped effects define a belt which closely follows the trace of the Casamicciola E-W-trending normal fault system, bounding the northern slope of Mt. Epomeo, previously known as a Latest Pleistocene to Holocene normal fault with a slip rate of ~3:0 cm=yr. We found significant evidence for coseismic surface faulting, testified by a main alignment of ruptures for a 2 km end-to-end length and normal dip-slip displacement of 1-3 cm. The geometry and regularity of the structural pattern, together with constant kinematics of the coseismic ruptures with the north side down, strongly suggest a primary tectonic origin for the mapped ruptures and strongly supports an E-W normal-faulting focal mechanism for the 2017 Casamicciola earthquake.Macroseismic information supports the notion that previous historical events also had a similar style of faulting.

The devastating effects caused by the recent catastrophic earthquakes that took place all over the world--from Japan, New Zealand, to Chile, as well as those occurring in the Mediterranean basin--have once again shown that the ground motion, although a serious source of direct damage, is not the only parameter to be considered, most damage being due to coseismic geological effects that are directly connected to the earthquake source or caused by ground shaking. Primary effects such as surface faulting, regional uplift, and subsidence, and secondary effects such as tsunami, liquefaction, ground failure, and landslides (sensu ESI 2007 scale) must be considered for a more correct and complete evaluation of seismic hazard, both at regional and local scales. This Special Issue aims to collect all contributions that using different methodologies can integrate new data produced with multi-disciplinary and innovative methods. These methodologies are essential for the identification and characterization of seismically active areas, and for the development of new hazard models, obtained using different survey techniques. The contributions related to seismic-induced effects in volcanic areas (currently not well-examined) will also be particularly appreciated, since in such areas even high-energy earthquakes can induce both surface faulting and secondary effects, as recently observed for the volcano-tectonic earthquake of Md = 4 that occurred on August 21, 2017 in the Island of Ischia (Campania, Southern Italy). Dr. Sabina Porfido Dr. Giuliana Alessio Dr. Germana Gaudiosi Dr. Rosa Nappi Guest Editors

Raccolta fotografica della ricostruzione post evento sismico 1980 in due volumi. Le foto vogliono testimoniare lo stato della ricostruzione quaranta anni dopo il tragico terremoto che il 23 novembre 1980 devastò parte della Campania e della Basilicata. Nel primo volume sono riportate le immagini relative a PESCOPAGANO, SAN MANGO SUL CALORE, SENERCHIA, TEORA, TORELLA DEI LOMBARDI, SAN MICHELE DI SERINO, COLLIANO, ROMAGNANO AL MONTE, SALVITELLE,BISACCIA, CALITRI E AVELLINO.

We wanted to testify, through an iconographic journey, what remains of the asismic houses after 90 years sincethe 1930 earthquake in the Irpinia. A testimony of what was and perhaps will remain for a short time in some small centres of Scampitella, Aquilonia, Bisaccia, Montecalvo Irpino, Villanova del Battista and Carife. These photos are not only a historical memory for future generations, but also a reminder of the approach adopted in post-earthquake reconstruction, of their impact on the social, economic and urban development ofthese small inland villages over the years. Introduction by F. T. Gizzi : Photography makes a past event present (Roland Barthes) The significance of "what's left": between disjunction and reaction The analysis of the Italian seismic history, and in particular that of the South, highlights how earthquakes have affectedsocial, economic, demographic and urban planning events, thus playing the role of "modifying cause", agent of metamorphosis, as claimed by the economist and expert of the problems of Southern Italy, Francesco Saverio Nitti (Melfi 1868 - Rome 1953). The Irpinia earthquake of July 23, 1930, reported as the «Terremoto del Vulture» (Vulture earthquake) in historical records, certainly does not escape this rule. The seismic event, fifth in magnitude (Mw=6.6, Io=X MCS) among the earthquakes that occurred in Italy since the beginning of the twentieth century, hit an area straddling Campania, Basilicata, and Puglia (Southern Italy), with particular regard to the current provinces of Avellino and Potenza, between Upper Irpinia and the Vulture area.

Raccolta fotografica della ricostruzione post evento sismico 1980 in due volumi. Le foto vogliono testimoniare lo stato della ricostruzione quaranta anni dopo il tragico terremoto che il 23 novembre 1980 devastò parte della Campania e della Basilicata. Nel primo volume sono riportate le immagini relative a Castelnuovo di Conza, Conza dellla Campania, Laviano, Lioni, Santomenna, Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi, Balvano, Calabritto, Caposele, Guardia dei Lombardi.

On 23 June, 2020, a magnitude 7.4 subduction earthquake struck western Mexico and let the earthquake early warning sirens sound in the capital. Reportedly, ten people lost their lives and thousands of houses were damaged in Oaxaca.T he report includes data on structural damage, landslides, rock falls, ground cracks, and the small tsunami that was observed. Such data are used as input values for determining the Environmental Seismic Intensity of earthquakes using the ESI2007 scale developed under the umbrella of INQUA.

L'articolo affronta il tema dell'utilizzo dei dati storici finalizzato ad una corretta pianificazione territoriale e quindi ad una mitigazione del rischio geologico-geomorfologico. In Italia molti centri abitati, più volte coinvolti in passato da processi endogeni ed esogeni, hanno continuato ad ampliarsi spesso nelle medesime aree nelle quali vi erano state vittime e gravi danni, senza tenere nella dovuta considerazione gli insegnamenti pregressi. Ciò è avvenuto soprattutto a causa della perdita di memoria storica, che ha favorito a sua volta la mancanza per decenni di una adeguata pianificazione territoriale, la carenza di vincoli, l'emanazione di dissennati condoni edilizi. Tali motivi hanno consentito ampliamenti urbanistici che sovente hanno provocato un'inevitabile proliferazione del rischio. La presente nota illustra cinque casi di abitati nella penisola interessati da problematiche diverse per i quali una oculata presa di coscienza del pericolo avrebbe fatto sì che non si trasformasse in rischio per la pubblica incolumità. L'articolo vuole sottolineare in maniera forte come sarebbe necessario che venissero destinate sufficienti risorse affinché le Soprintendenze Archivistiche possano salvaguardare e valorizzare il grande patrimonio di dati storici che l'Italia ha la fortuna di possedere. Tali risorse dovrebbero consentire anche l'affidamento gestionale a tecnici qualificati che possano organizzare i fondi documentali nella maniera adeguata. Ciò si potrebbe anche tradurre in data-base funzionali facilmente interrogabili da tutti per lavoro, ricerca o pura curiosità.

The November 23rd, 1980 Irpinia-Lucania, Southern Italy earthquake: insights and reviews 40 years later. Soon, 40 years will have passed since the earthquake that struck Irpinia-Lucania (Southern Italy) on 23 November 1980 (MS 6,9 I Max X MCS). This earthquake, besides being remembered as the most devastating seismic event in Italy in terms of loss of human life and destruction of cultural heritage in the last 100 years, is still considered to be a key event for the study of seismicity in Italy, marking the development of modern seismology, quaternary geology, and active tectonic studies, including the growth of the emerging methodology of paleoseismology in Italy. In this Special Issue, we want to collect key contributions that will help the scientific community to update the results obtained from the study of this earthquake after 40 years. In fact, the time has come to reconsider the many, still open, fundamental research issues so richly illustrated during the Irpinia-Lucania event. Our goal is to gather several contributions from researchers with different expertise, encouraging a multidisciplinary approach that highlights the most important aspects of the earthquake from a seismological and geological point of view, without neglecting the reconstruction of cultural heritage, the resilience of the population, and the socioeconomic development of the internal areas of the Southern Apennines after the earthquake. No doubt, lessons learned from the Irpinia-Lucania event are relevant at the local level, for the whole Mediterranean region, and in similar seismotectonic and cultural environments around the world.

Our paper shows the preliminary results of a geophysical survey by the Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) ultradeep "Loza 2N", in the study of buried active faults. This particular and innovative Georadar technique offers several advantages over the classic GPR techniques. Through low frequency antennas (10 MHz), it is possible to carry out deep stratigraphic studies down to about 400 m, thanks to: i) skipping of the stroboscope and cable connections between transmitter and receiver, ii) a direct digitalization of the signal, iii) the use of capacitive coupling Wu-king antennas, iv) a 21 kV (20 Mwatt) transmitter. Furthermore, the latest development of the Loza receiver performed by RTG company allows using time windows up to 512000 nsec, scanning speed up to 1000/sec and stacking up to 100 tracks/sec. These characteristics make the GPR Loza different from most of the other GPR systems that can investigate, under optimal conditions, down to a maximum depth of about 30 m. Through the GPR Loza it is possible to identify, deep stratigraphic contacts and groundwater surfaces, faults and large fracture systems at depth. The Loza interpretative sections of the underground are fully comparable with those deriving from reflection seismics, which on the other hand require costs and acquisition and processing times far larger. In this work, the performances of the instrument are illustrated for identifying the active buried fault system that borders the western edge of the plain "Il Lago" (IS) at the foot of Mount Patalecchia in the Molise Apennines (Southern Italy), an area of high seismotectonic interest. The "Il Lago" plain closes the structure of the Bojano basin towards NW and is bordered by a direct buried fault system. Historically, the area was hit by strong earthquakes: the earthquake of December 5, 1456 (I = XI MCS; Mw = 7.2) which affected central and southern Italy; the earthquake of June 5, 1688 (I = XI MCS, Mw = 7.1) with the epicentral area in the Sannio, and the earthquake of July 26, 1805 (I = X MCS, Mw = 6.7), known as the earthquake of S. Anna whose epicentral area was the Bojano plain.

On 26th January 2001, an earthquake of magnitude Mw 7.7 occurred near Bhuj, in northwestern India, resulting in severe environmental effects. No unequivocal primary surface rupture was observed for the earthquake, but it caused widespread liquefaction and lateral spreading in the Rann of Kachchh and Little Rann. After the earthquake, several researchers collected field evidence of secondary surface rupture, rockfall, dry craters, and surface manifestations of liquefaction, including the formation of mud volcanoes and lateral spreads, in the meizoseismal area. Analysis of pre- and post-earthquake satellite images suggests that several “dry” streams in the Rann of Kachchh began to flow due to extensive liquefaction induced by the earthquake. In this present study, the macroseismic intensity of the Bhuj earthquake is evaluated by considering these environmental effects and applying the ESI-07 intensity scale to the affected area. As an outcome, the epicentral intensity of the 2001 Bhuj earthquake was determined to be XI. According to historical records and seismic catalogs, 16th June 1819 Allah Bund earthquake caused prominent surface rupture which was not so clear in the case of 2001 Bhuj earthquake, but the secondary effects were similar for both earthquakes. Considering the environmental effects caused by the 1819 Allah Bund earthquake, an intensity of XI was estimated for the epicentral area. For both earthquakes, the ESI scale yields a significant difference of one to two degrees with the traditional intensity scales. The 2001 Bhuj earthquake and 1819 Allah Bund earthquake shows similar ESI-07 intensity of XI despite of different epicentral locations. This implies the reliability of ESI-07 scale application for different earthquakes of similar dimensions in the same geological setting. This study contributes to the application of ESI-07 scale for Indian earthquakes, especially reverse faulting events, and to the future improvement of the ESI scale with emphasis on its applicability to historical earthquakes on the Indian subcontinent. Also, this study may help in future land use planning in the meizoseismal area of 1919 Allah Bund and 2001 Bhuj earthquakes.

The September 8, 2017, Mw 8.2 earthquake with epicenter in the Gulf of Tehuantepec offshore, 133 km Southwest of Pijijiapan, Oaxaca, Mexico, generated considerable environmental effects in a vast region including central-southern Mexico and Guatemala. Immediately after the event, we carried out field reconnaissance surveys of the geological phenomena induced by the event. In the following months, we analyzed and interpreted additional data made available by the National Geological Survey of Mexico and other sources, and those published in the literature meanwhile. This allowed us to compile the first database of the earthquake-induced environmental effects and ESI-07 macroseismic field for an event due to slab bending and rupture. In fact, the Tehuantepec event represents an intraslab earthquake characterized by a hypocentral depth of 45.9 km, and a focal mechanism indicating a WNW-trending, subvertical, normal fault.

The main objective of this paper was to introduce the Environmental Seismic Intensity scale (ESI), a new scale developed and tested by an interdisciplinary group of scientists (geologists, geophysicists and seismologists) in the frame of the International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA) activities, to the widest community of earth scientists and engineers dealing with seismic hazard assessment. This scale defines earthquake intensity by taking into consideration the occurrence, size and areal distribution of earthquake environmental effects (EEE), including surface faulting, tectonic uplift and subsidence, landslides, rock falls, liquefaction, ground collapse and tsunami waves. Indeed, EEEs can significantly improve the evaluation of seismic intensity, which still remains a critical parameter for a realistic seismic hazard assessment, allowing to compare historical and modern earthquakes. Moreover, as shown by recent moderate to large earthquakes, geological effects often cause severe damage''; therefore, their consideration in the earthquake risk scenario is crucial for all stakeholders, especially urban planners, geotechnical and structural engineers, hazard analysts, civil protection agencies and insurance companies. The paper describes background and construction principles of the scale and presents some case studies in different continents and tectonic settings to illustrate its relevant benefits. ESI is normally used together with traditional intensity scales, which, unfortunately, tend to saturate in the highest degrees. In this case and in unpopulated areas, ESI offers a unique way for assessing a reliable earthquake intensity. Finally, yet importantly, the ESI scale also provides a very convenient guideline for the survey of EEEs in earthquake-stricken areas, ensuring they are catalogued in a complete and homogeneous manner

The shallow marine Late Holocene wedge of the northern Salerno Bay shelf (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea) discloses the presence of four decimetric shelf-tapering sand beds. Their internal features, depicted by cores analysis and their stratigraphic position, revealed by VHR seismic investigations, inferred sandy layers as being the result of flash deposition, storm controlled, thus episodic. Stratigraphic correlations among cores lead to constrain sandy layers deposition to storm events falling in the 11th, 16th, 19th and 20th centuries. A certain attribution of the most recent event bed to the major cloudburst that hit the Salerno region in 1954A.D. and resulted in a disastrous flood of the Bonea stream, was formerly achieved. A tentative link with two sea-storms that occurred in the 1544A.D. and in the 1879A.D. and well documented by historical sources is here proposed to explain the deposition of the two previous event beds. The deposition of these sandy layers must be related to major storm events, since their preservation in the stratigraphic record is not common. Lithostratigraphic and textural differences between flood and sea-storm emplacement emerge from the study of sandy layers in cores and point to a prevalence of sea-storm deposits in the middle shelf compared to flood deposits. Seismic stratigraphic evidence lead us to suppose that the style of episodic flash deposition has been running on for the last 2-3kyr and is probably linked to a climatic trend of the region.

CONVEGNO: LA BASILICATA COME LABORATORIO PER STUDI E RICERCHE SUL RISCHIO SISMICO, Terremoti ed effetti ambientali: un nuovo approccio per la valutazione dell'Hazard sismico. Esempi nell'Italia meridionale

The aim of this study is to describe the modifications of the built environment that have occurred in 36 years following the Irpinia-Basilicata, 1980 earthquake. In particular, especially in the villages of the epicentral area, changes in the urban and territorial setting have been examined, as well as the consequences of ground effects that have influenced the choices of reconstruction, both in situ, and far from the original historical centers. The November 23, 1980 Irpinia-Basilicata earthquake (Mw = 6.9; Io = X MCS; Io = X ESI-07), killing 3000 people, hit 800 localities over a large area of Southern Italy; 75,000 houses totally collapsed and 275,000 were badly damaged. The earthquake induced primary and secondary environmental effects, over all slope movements. The total amount of surface faulting was 40 km in length with the maximum displacement of 100 cm; the total area affected by slope movements was estimated to be about 7400 km2, with 200 landslides classified. One of the largest landslides damaged Calitri village, in Avellino province. We have examined, as case histories, the reconstruction of Calitri and San Mango sul Calore villages, that were affected by severe landslides and were rebuilt in situ; we have also studied Conza della Campania that was reconstructed far from the original location. In the so-called Anthropocene age, the role of technical experts both in the built environment and in the social and ethical context is extremely important, for rebuilding the villages destroyed by earthquakes, especially in respect of the people resilience.

Viene illustrta brevemente la storia dei terremoti che hanno colpito la città di Napoli, a partire dal Xv secolo sino al XX secolo.

The recent seismic sequence that struck central Italy, started the August 24, 2016, is characterized by five events with magnitude Mw> 5.0. The strongest events of the seismic sequence were the August 24, with Mw = 6.0 located between Accumoli and Amatrice towns and the October 30 with Mw = 6.5, located between Norcia and Visso town. These earthquakes shocked not only Central Italy, with the death of about 300 people and the almost complete destruction of historical towns (Amatrice, Arquata del Tronto, Accumoli, Pescara del Tronto, Castelluccio, Norcia, Visso), but also shook the entire Italian country, strongly proposing the issue of the vulnerability of the city historical centers. The knowledge, the conservation and preservation of the natural and urban environment represent issues to be faced urgently for preventing the devastation of our heritage, unique in the world. The historical center of Naples was affected by the 30 event October 2016 with an intensity I = V MCS. In the last millennium more than a hundred earthquakes hit Naples, with intensity I> III MCS, ten of which has exceeded the damage level, sometimes with intensity greater of VII MCS. The historical Neapolitan urban context suffered devastating effects, reaching levels of damage equal to the VIII degree MCS, as a result of the large earthquakes occurred in 1456 (I0=XI MCS), 1688 (I0=XI MCS) and 1805 (I0=X MCS). In the twentieth century the city of Napoli was shaken by the 1930, 1962 and 1980, the three strong earthquakes occurred in southern Apennines, between Irpinia and Basilicata regions. The review of earthquakes with higher energy (M> 6) shows that the metropolitan area of Naples suffered high damage levels with intensity I = VIII MCS, especially in the historical center, with a damage recurring on the same architectonic elements of the historical heritage. The recent past of the seismic history teaches us that the Apennines is highly seismic, consequently in the future we can expected seismic events of the same magnitude that could still cause damages to the city of Naples. This brief review of the strong Apennines earthquakes highlights that the city of Naples has a high seismic risk level. Therefore is crucial to implement all appropriate measures to reduce seismic risk, but also for planning measures of prevention, useful for the preservation of the rich local architectural heritage declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1995.

La città di Napoli è soggetta agli effetti non solo dei terremoti di origine vulcano-tettonica delle aree immediatamente circostanti, quali i Campi Flegrei e Vesuvio, con intensità almeno fino al VI grado della scala MCS, ma è soggetta soprattutto ai terremoti di origine appenninica, i cui effetti possono raggiungere intensità decisamente più elevate, fino all'VIII grado MCS, tale da essere inclusa nella seconda categoria sismica, ovvero la categoria caratterizzata da "media sismicità" . In questo lavoro si riportano, attraverso un breve excursus, i dati salienti relativi ai più forti terremoti storici che hanno colpito Napoli e dei relativi danneggiamenti subiti a partire dall'evento sismico del 1456 fino ai terremoti del XX secolo, nell'ottica di una migliore conoscenza della risposta del patrimonio storico-monumentale alle sollecitazioni sismiche provenienti dall'Appennino. I dati relativi ai monumenti, raccolti fino ad ora, sono stati catalogati ad hoc per la realizzazione di un GIS (Geographic Information System) Database, come supporto all'analisi dell'impatto dei forti terremoti del passato sulla città di Napoli

Il terremoto del 23 novembre 1980, più comunemente noto come il terremotodell'Irpinia-Basilicata, è stato il più forte evento sismico che ha colpito l'Italia,ed in particolare l'Appenino meridionale, negli ultimi 100 anni, caratterizzato da una Mw=6,9 ed una Io=X MCS (Postpischl et al., 1985). Fu avvertito in quasi tutta la Penisola, dalla Sicilia a Sud, all'Emilia Romagna e Liguria a Nord; le regioni più colpite furono la Campania e la Basilicata. Causò gravi danni in oltre 800 località; furono distrutte complessivamente 75.000 abitazioni e 275.000 furono gravemente danneggiate. Le vittime furono circa 3000, i feriti 10.000. Quindici comuni distribuiti nelle province di Avellino, Salerno e Potenza furono quasi totalmente distrutti con intensità I>=IXMCS/MSK: Castelnuovo di Conza, Conza della Campania, Lioni, Santomenna, Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi, Caposele, Calabritto, San Mango sul Calore, SanMichele di Serino, Pescopagano, Guardia dei Lombardi, Laviano, Sant'Andrea di Conza, Senerchia e Teora . Numerosi e devastanti furono anche gli effetti sull'ambiente naturale intesi come effetti primari, quali fenomeni di fagliazione superficiale o come effetti secondari, quali frane, fratture nelsuolo, variazioni idrologiche e fenomeni di liquefazione (Porfido et al., 2007; Serva et al., 2007). Anche l'intensità epicentrale, sulla base della nuova scalamacrosismica denominata Environmental Seismic Intensity scale (Michetti et al., 2007), che valuta l'intensità esclusivamente sulla base degli effetti ambientali, risulta essere pari al X grado ESI-07. Il grave livello didanneggiamento ed estesi fenomeni di dissesto idrogeologico, hanno in più casicondizionato la ricostruzione, talvolta sconvolgendo l'assetto degli originali insediamenti abitativi. Nell'ottica di esaminare lo stato della ricostruzione a 37 anni di distanza, sono stati eseguiti studi di dettaglio relativi alla resilienzaconnessa agli sviluppi urbanistici di tre paesi gravemente colpiti dal terremoto: Conza della Campania, San Mango sul Calore e Calitri. Il punto di partenza è costituito dalle relazioni tecniche effettuate immediatamente dopo il sisma per la programmazione della ricostruzione. In modo particolare sono state esaminate le microzonazioni sismiche del Progetto Finalizzato Geodinamica -Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (AAVV, 1983)

The history of Melito Irpino, a small village in southern Italy is particular, though not unique in its genre. The development of its urban asset was, in fact, strongly affected by natural disasters such as hydrogeological and seismic events, which determined its transfer to another location. Due to its landslides and flooding it has been included since the beginning of the twentieth century among the unstable centers to be consolidated. The landslides were caused by peculiar geological characteristics of which the substrate essentially origins from different consistency Flysch elements. From the seismic point of view, Melito Irpino is part of the first category of the new seismic classification of the Campania Region. The most devastating earthquakes that damaged Melito date back to December 1456, which hit central and southern Italy and 5th June , 1688 which had the Sannio as epicentral area, both with l0 = XI MCS and M> 7 [1456: l0= XI MCS, Mw 7.2; 1688: l0 = XI MCS, Mw 7.O.] During the twentieth century, it was involved in two other disastrous earthquakes that caused serious damage to the village in 1930 with an intensity VIII and in 1962 with I = IX MCS and VIII ESI-07 intensity. The earthquake of 21st August 1962 was fatal for the village of Melito. In December of the same year it was left with 2182 inhabitants and 800 houses, most of which were unstable, 300 were to be demolished, 50 unrepairable and 200 were still uninhabitable yet repairable. From a geological point of view the situation turned even more dramatically when the whole valley area stretching from the old Ufita River bridge and the historical center of Melito was affected by a series of large slope instability such as rock falls, complex rotational slip, de facto complicating an extremely compromised situation. This was sufficient to encourage the transfer of the entire village in an other location. After more than half a century and considering the effects of two important earthquakes in 1962 and 1980, Melito now features as rebuilt 2 km far from the original historical center. However, all measures of reconstruction have limits, positive and negative aspects. The modern urban aspect seems to be far away from the original rural connotation, which is a loss for the identity of the village. The aims of the issue are to pay attention to the reconstruction of other villages affected by similar natural disasters. How and when this should be done is a delicate and complex priority of reconstruction, which should consider the entire social and economic aspect.

I volumi contengono i risultati di un confronto tra studiosi ed esperti di discipline umanistiche e scientifiche sul tema della baia di Napoli. Strategie integrate per la conservazione e la fruizione del paesaggio culturale. Della baia di Napoli, la cui immagine è celebrata in tutto il mondo attraverso innumerevoli vedute, fotografie, dipinti, fino a farne diventare un paradigma di paesaggio culturale nell'immaginario storico collettivo, sono state indagate risorse e criticità, connotazioni fisiche ed espressioni immateriali, afferenti alle radici culturali più antiche del mondo che ha avuto nel Mediterraneo il suo straordinario svolgimento.

The 23 July 1930 earthquake (MS=6.7) in the Southern Apennines (Italy) was a catastrophic event that produced many effects such as surface faulting, fractures, landslides, settlements, hydrological changes, variations in chemical/physical activity related to the volcanic and/or thermal zones and also acoustic and optical phenomena. It is the first great earthquake of the twentieth century that was studied, thanks to the hydrological monitoring network of the Italian Hydrographic Survey (IHS) set up from 1925 to 1929. For this earthquake we analysed the initial IHS hydrometric and pluviometric data, looking for significant anomalies in springs, water wells and mountain streams. Hydrological data relative to rivers, springs and water wells indicate that some changes can be correlated with the earthquake: a post-seismic excess discharge in some streams, pre- and co-seismic decreases in stream flows and water levels in wells, pre- and post-seismic increases in discharges. The pre- and co-seismic stresses and the tectonic deformations were studied in order to find a possible model of interaction between stress state and hydrological variations. The anomalies found in this work can be considered "rebound anomalies", which are the most common precursor reported by many authors and related to increases in porosity and permeability caused by the fracturing that precedes an earthquake. An estimation of the total excess discharge (0.035 km3) caused by the MS=6.7 Irpinia earthquake is consistent with the excess discharge of about 0.01 km3 determined for the Mw=6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake.

A high-resolution (IKB-Seistec) seismic survey calibrated with gravity-core data, off the Amalfi coast, a rocky coastal area on the southern side of the Sorrento Peninsula (Italy), documents the internal stratigraphic architecture of a series of small fan-deltas that develop at the mouth of major bedrock streams. The fan-delta system mostly postdates the Plinian eruption of Vesuvius of AD 79 and displays various phases of development associated with periods of high sediment supply from the adjacent river basins. During these periods landscape-mantling loose pyroclastic deposits (mostly air-fall tephra from Vesuvius) were quickly eroded and delivered to the continental shelf by sheet wash and flash flood events. Depositional processes on the foresets were dominated by sediment gravity flows originating from hyperpycnal river flow and pyroclastic fall deposits. This in turn created favourable conditions for sea-floor instability, soft sediment failure, slumping and sliding, which characterize the deltaic stratigraphic architecture. The intermittently increased sediment yield during the various phases of the evolution of the fan-delta system was probably influenced also by the morphoclimatic regime. This may have resulted in varying rates of progradation of the delta foresets, tentatively correlated with the main climatic oscillations of the last 2000 years. The Amalfi fan-delta system represents a small-scale analogue for larger flood-dominated fan-deltas of the world and may be regarded as a useful example for a better understanding of inner-shelf, mixed siliciclastic-volcaniclastic fan-delta systems in the stratigraphic record. © The Geological Society of London 2009.

Documentary source materials are essential for retrospective reconstruction of flood events occurring in past centuries. This paper presents methods of research and archiving of historical data from the 16th century to the present. The quality and completeness of the various original sources were evaluated and carefully analysed in their historical context, to avoid serious mistakes. Systematic investigation of about 3000 documents, mainly found in national State Archives and libraries, allows us to identify and localize at least 106 flood events occurring along the Amalfi coast (southern Italy) for five centuries between the years 1500 and 2000. The collected data provide useful details on flood dynamics, size of flooded areas, flood duration, damage level, number of victims and induced geological effects. When available in sufficient quantity, the flood data allow determination of very useful parameters such as the severity class, to identify large floods and their recurrence interval.

This paper, by means of a multidisciplinary approach, deals with changes of the urban and territorial setting in many localities of the epicentral area of the 23 November 1980 Irpinia earthquake. The 23 November 1980 earthquake, known as the "Irpinia-Basilicata earthquake" was the strongest seismic event of the last 80 years in the Southern Apennines of Italy (Mw 6.9, I0=X MCS). It was felt nearly everywhere in Italy, from Sicily in the South, to Emilia Romagna and Liguria in the North. This earthquake was characterized by a complex main rupture, composed of three major sub-events, interpreted as a succession of normal faulting events. Many localities in the Avellino, Salerno and Potenza provinces were nearly completely destroyed (I=IX-X MSK, Postpischl et al., 1985); among them Castelnuovo di Conza, Conza della Campania, Lioni, Santomenna, San Mango sul Calore, San Michele di Serino and Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi. About 800 localities suffered serious damage (Balvano, Bisaccia, Calitri, etc); 75,000 houses collapsed totally and 275,000 were badly damaged. Casualties were 3000, and 10,000 people were wounded. A large amount of information on primary and secondary environmental effects, over all slope movements, was available on the basis of several geological surveys of the area affected by this earthquake. The amount of surface faulting was about 40 km in length and the maximum displacement about 100 cm, while the total area interested by slope movements was estimated in 7400 km2 (Porfido et al., 2002, 2007; Serva et al.2009). In this study we aim to describe trends and specific effects that have taken place in the 35 years following the 1980 earthquake: how the urban and territorial setting have changed, especially in the villages located in the epicentral area; the consequences of the environmental effects on the choices of reconstruction, both in situ, and far from the original historical centre. Therefore, some case histories as San Mango sul Calore and Calitri villages, affected by severe landslide phenomena, and in situ rebuilt, will be examined; whereas Conza della Campania, on the basis of the suffered damages, has been reconstructed far from its original position. In addition, we also illustrate the socio-economic implications that the choices of reconstruction have had, not only for the local communities, but also on the whole Italian country.

the new forms of multimedia communication. Among the causes frenetic schedules, and different approaches to time, space and past. This why we suggest a visit to the parts of Irpinia (Campania, Italy) where present and past memory are assigned to a project in which photography and iconography are the main protagonists. The concept of the voyage is to traverse the historical landscape affected by the natural disasters which have fundamentally altered the regional makeup. The journey begins from Melito Irpino (province of Avellino), considered a village at risk since the early twentieth century, and subject to calamities such as landslides, the earthquakes of 1930 and 1962, and the 1949 flood. Ultimately, the events of 1962 led to abandonment and reconstruction of the community at another site. Using images, we attempt to reconstruct the old and new identity of the "Melito Irpino Paese".

The archives of the monasteries eliminated during the Murat period are an important historic resource, as the main fonts of information on the agricultural landscapes of the territories once owned by these institutions. The monastery records contain documents of ownership for goods and rights of various kinds, including papal and episcopal bulls on parchment. These documents attest to the privileges and concessions in favor of the religious institutions, enacted from the 15th century onwards. Among the important documents of this type is the "Platea" of the Monastery St. Francesco at Folloni, in the municipality of Montella (Campania). It consists of two volumes (1740-1741), with descriptions and mapped representations of the lands. From these documents, we can develop estimates of the extents of the properties, their uses, and the cultivation practices applied, then comparing this information to that from Provisional Cadastre of 1807, as well as the current agricultural situation.