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1. Large wetlands representation in SWAT+: the case of the Pantanal in the Paraguay River Basin

Author: Osvaldo Luis Barresi Armoa, Jeffrey G. Arnold, Katrin Bieger, Sabine Sauvage, and José Miguel Sánchez-Pérez
Subjects: SWAT+, floodplain, water routing, Paraguay River, Pantanal, flood wave, Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, TD1-1066
Abstract: The Paraguay River Basin forms part of the La Plata River Basin in South America. Its streamflow is significantly attenuated by a high evapotranspiration rate, very gentle slopes and the presence of a vast wetland known as the Pantanal. Modeling the hydrology of watersheds in which the flood pulse is affected by the presence of large floodplains can pose issues for hydrological models that do not account for spatial complexity and simplify water routing using linear assumptions. The new version of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool, known as SWAT+, routes water using variations of the kinematic wave model. However, with the inclusion of connectivity and Landscape Units, SWAT+ provides more flexibility in terms of representing the hydrologic fluxes in the watershed. The main objective of this study is to use the concept of Landscape Units and connectivity to represent the water exchanges between uplands, floodplains and channels. We developed code routines to (1) temporally retain surface and subsurface water coming from the upland into the floodplain, by assuming a reservoir-like floodplain behavior, and (2) represent overbank flow, aiming to fully simulate the interactions between channels and floodplains. The model was calibrated based on monthly discharge for the period 1990 to 2020. The simulated average annual water storage in the floodplains of the Paraguay River is ~108.81 mm accounting for 56.5% of the total annual discharge at the outlet. Furthermore, ~61% of the total annual surface runoff in the Paraguay River Basin flows through the floodplains. Results indicate that the model is able to capture the hydrologic regime in the Paraguay River representing an improvement of SWAT+.
Published: 2024
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2. Quel est le rôle des retenues collinaires pour limiter les flux de pesticides dans le paysage agricole ?

Author: Gwenaël IMFELD, Sylvain PAYRAUDEAU, Sabine SAUVAGE, Francis MACARY, Cédric CHAUMONT, Jérémie D. LEBRUN, Anne PROBST, José-Miguel SÁNCHEZ-PÉREZ, Jean-Luc PROBST, and Julien TOURNEBIZE
Subjects: retenue collinaire, bassin versant, transfert de pesticide, pollution agricole, écosystème aquatique, Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, TD1-1066, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract: Les systèmes aquatiques tels que les mares, les zones humides, les bassins d’orage, les retenues collinaires, ci-après nommées « retenues d’eau », sont des systèmes de rétention d'eau omniprésents dans les bassins versants agricoles. Ces retenues opèrent comme des réacteurs biogéochimiques naturels, contrôlant la dissipation et le transfert des contaminants agricoles, dont les pesticides, à l'échelle du bassin versant. De façon complémentaire aux mesures et aux pratiques de réduction voire d’élimination de l’utilisation des pesticides de synthèse, le projet PESTIPOND (2018-2023), financé par l’Agence nationale de la recherche (ANR), s’est intéressé au rôle des retenues dans les transferts de pesticides à l'échelle du bassin versant. Les résultats principaux sont présentés dans cet article. PESTIPOND a permis de mieux comprendre, hiérarchiser et prédire les processus qui conditionnent la dissipation des pesticides dans les retenues et comment la dissipation des pesticides dans les retenues régit le transfert de pesticides à l'échelle du bassin versant dans des conditions hydro-climatiques et des pratiques d'exploitation agricole variables. Pour intégrer les aspects multi-échelles et dynamiques de cette problématique, un cadre de modélisation tenant compte du rôle des retenues à l'échelle du bassin versant est proposé pour améliorer la prédiction du transfert de pesticides et l'évaluation des risques de transfert vers les écosystèmes aquatiques.
Published: 2023
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3. Global carbon sequestration through continental chemical weathering in a climatic change context

Author: Juan Luis Lechuga-Crespo, Sabine Sauvage, Estilita Ruiz-Romera, Michelle T. H. van Vliet, Jean-Luc Probst, Clément Fabre, and José Miguel Sánchez-Pérez
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: Abstract This study simulates carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration in 300 major world river basins (about 70% of global surface area) through carbonates dissolution and silicate hydrolysis. For each river basin, the daily timescale impacts under the RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 climate scenarios were assessed relative to a historical baseline (1969–1999) using a cascade of models accounting for the hydrological evolution under climate change scenarios. Here we show that the global temporal evolution of the CO2 uptake presents a general increase in the annual amount of CO2 consumed from 0.247 ± 0.045 Pg C year−1 to 0.261 and 0.273 ± 0.054 Pg C year−1, respectively for RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5. Despite showing a general increase in the global daily carbon sequestration, both climate scenarios show a decrease between June and August. Such projected changes have been mapped and evaluated against changes in hydrology, identifying hot spots and moments for the annual and seasonal periods.
Published: 2021
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4. Spatio-temporal trends of hydrological components: the case of the Tafna basin (northwestern Algeria)

Author: Amina Mami, Djilali Yebdri, Sabine Sauvage, Mélanie Raimonet, and José Miguel
Subjects: cordex-africa, hydrology, precipitation, swat, tafna basin, Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, TD1-1066, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract: Climate change is expected to increase in the future in the Mediterranean region, including Algeria. The Tafna basin, vulnerable to drought, is one of the most important catchments ensuring water self-sufficiency in northwestern Algeria. The objective of this study is to estimate the evolution of hydrological components of the Tafna basin, throughout 2020–2099, compared to the period 1981–2000. The SWAT model (Soil and Water Assessment Tool), calibrated and validated on the Tafna basin with good Nash at the outlet 0.82, is applied to analyze the spatial and temporal evolution of hydrological components over the basin throughout 2020–2099. The application is produced using a precipitation and temperature minimum/maximum of an ensemble of climate model outputs obtained from a combination of eight global climate models and two regional climate models of the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment project. The results of this study show that the decrease of precipitation in January, on average −25%, ranged between −5% and −44% in the future period. This diminution affects all of the water components and fluxes of a watershed, namely, in descending order of impact: the river discharge causing a decrease −36%, the soil water available −31%, the evapotranspiration −30%, and the lateral flow −29%. HIGHLIGHTS Impact of climate change in northwestern Africa;; Modeling a semi-arid watershed using SWAT model;; Evaluation of the influence of decline rainfall on the hydrological cycle;; The use of RCMs of Cordex project, domain Africa;; Investigation of climatic trends at monthly scale.;
Published: 2021
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5. Estimation of the Madeira floodplain dynamics from 2008 to 2018

Author: Jérémy Guilhen, Marie Parrens, Sabine Sauvage, William Santini, Franck Mercier, Ahmad Al Bitar, Clément Fabre, Jean-Michel Martinez, and José-Miguel Sànchez-Pérez
Subjects: floodplains, Madeira, SWAT, water surface extent, continental water, altimetry, Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, TD1-1066
Abstract: The Madeira is one of the major tributaries of the Amazon River and is characterized by a large alluvial floodplain throughout the stream continuum. This study aims to better assess the hydrological functioning of the Madeira Basin over its alluvial floodplains at both local and global scales. We used the semi-distributed hydrological Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to simulate water discharge at a daily time step and water resources for each hydrological compartment. A new hydraulic module for water routing was implemented in the SWAT model considering the floodplain either as a simple reservoir or as a continuum where the water can flow along with the floodplain network. Both water surface estimated by L-band passive microwaves (SWAF data) and digital elevation model—shuttle radar topography mission (DEM–SRTM data) were used to delineate the floodplain, as inputs for the model. On the global scale, the amount of water stored in the Madeira floodplain is between 810 ± 230 km3 per year when the floodplains are delimited with SWAF and 1,300 ± 350 km3 per year with the DEM floodplain delineation between 2008 and 2018. Spatial altimetry (Jason 2-3) data were also applied to alluvial areas to validate the water height dynamic in floodplains at a local scale. Results show that more than 60% of the alluvial validation points display a correlation above 0.40 ± 0.02 regardless of the floodplain delineation. This study permits us to better characterize the spatio-temporal storage dynamics of the Madeira floodplains at both local and global scales, and it underlines the importance of a precise floodplain delineation, before computing biogeochemical fluxes and sediment yield.
Published: 2022
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6. Peut-on compléter la donnée in situ par la donnée satellite ?

Author: Thomas Legay, Yoann Aubert, Julien Verdonck, Jérémy Guilhen, Adrien Paris, Jean-Michel Martinez, Sabine Sauvage, Pankyes Datok, Vanessa Dos Santos, José Miquel Sanchez-Perez, Stéphane Bruxelles, Emeric Lavergne, and Franck Mercier
Subjects: Couplage, données satellites, modélisation hydrologique, inter-comparaison, Coupling, satelite data, Hydraulic engineering, TC1-978, Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, TD1-1066
Abstract: La gestion des ressources en eau nécessite l’utilisation de données hydrométriques provenant principalement de stations in situ. Malgré les efforts déployés pour la mise en place et le maintien d’un réseau de stations (hydrométriques ou météorologiques), les gestionnaires de ressources en eau font face à de nombreux problèmes (dégradation des équipements lors des crues, vandalisme, inaccessibilité, moyens financiers pour la maintenance …). Les données satellitaires peuvent enrichir le suivi des ressources en eau, quels que soient les objectifs de ce suivi (gestion stratégique des ressources en eau, gestion des ouvrages, prévision des crues et étiages …). Ces données présentent l’avantage de couvrir à pas-de-temps régulier le monde entier, y compris des territoires difficiles d’accès. A travers plusieurs projets, différents partenaires scientifiques et industriels (IRD, CNES, CLS, CNRS, CENEAU …) ont contribué à évaluer et à valoriser l’usage des données satellitaires pour la gestion des ressources en eau à l’échelle d’un bassin-versant (e.g. l’Amazone) ou d’un territoire (l’Ouganda). L’objectif est de délivrer des indicateurs hydrologiques issus de l’association de modèles hydrologiques, de données in-situ et de données satellitaires. Cet article présente les possibilités et les limites actuelles de l’utilisation des données satellitaires afin d’optimiser le suivi des ressources en eau.
Published: 2022
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7. Total water storage variability from GRACE mission and hydrological models for a 50,000 km2 temperate watershed: the Garonne River basin (France)

Author: Sylvain Biancamaria, Moussa Mballo, Patrick Le Moigne, José Miguel Sánchez Pérez, Grégory Espitalier-Noël, Youen Grusson, Roxelane Cakir, Vincent Häfliger, Florian Barathieu, Marhiu Trasmonte, Aaron Boone, Eric Martin, and Sabine Sauvage
Subjects: Physical geography, GB3-5030, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract: Study Region: Garonne Basin, France. Study Focus: This study analyses water mass variations for the whole Garonne basin (50,000 km2 drainage area). To do so, Total Water Storage Anomalies (TWSA) from seven global solutions based on the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission measurements (˜300 km spatial resolution) are inter-compared with TWSA from two hydrological models, SAFRAN-ISBA-MODCOU (SIM) and Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), between January 2003 and December 2010. New Hydrological Insights for the Region: Despite the small size of the Garonne basin compared to GRACE spatial resolution, good agreement between GRACE solutions and hydrological model TWSA has been found (maximum correlation coefficient ˜0.9 and Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency, NSE, ˜0.7). These datasets showed that TWSA in the Garonne basin is mainly due to water stored in the first dozen meters of soil and in the shallow aquifer. To a smaller extent, snow also influences Garonne TWSA. Open surface water TWSA is quite small and TWSA from deep aquifer is negligible. The most important drought period occurred in 2011/2012, due to low precipitation during the two hydrological years and ETR close to previous years. Important precipitation in 2013/2014 helps to refill the water stocks. This study also showed that GRACE and models mismatches should be due to GRACE poor spatial resolution, but also to its monthly time resolution (rarely shown in previous studies). Keywords: Garonne, GRACE, Hydrological model, Basin water balance, Cross-Validation, GRACE spatial resolution
Published: 2019
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8. Eutrophication and its effect on dissolved Si concentrations in the Garonne River (France)

Author: Philippe VERVIER, Koenraad MUYLAERT, Alain DAUTA, Sabine SAUVAGE, Samuel TEISSIER, and José Miguel SANCHEZ-PÉREZ
Subjects: phytoplankton, diatoms, benthic biofilms, silica, eutrophication, Garonne River, Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, Physical geography, GB3-5030, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract: Dissolved nutrient and chlorophyll-a concentrations were monitored on 17 occasions and at 16 sites in the Garonne River (France). Concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) increased about threefold downstream of the urban area of Toulouse. Chlorophyll-a concentrations increased concomitantly with DIN and SRP downstream of Toulouse. Chlorophyll-a concentrations were maximal in late winter to early spring and in summer, in-between the snow-melt driven spring flood and rainfall-driven autumn flood. Dissolved silica (DSi) concentrations were negatively correlated with chlorophyll-a concentrations, suggesting uptake by algae. DSi depletion was more severe downstream of Toulouse, suggesting that eutrophication may affect DSi consumption in the Garonne River.
Published: 2009
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9. Can Recent Global Changes Explain the Dramatic Range Contraction of an Endangered Semi-Aquatic Mammal Species in the French Pyrenees?

Author: Anaïs Charbonnel, Pascal Laffaille, Marjorie Biffi, Frédéric Blanc, Anthony Maire, Mélanie Némoz, José Miguel Sanchez-Perez, Sabine Sauvage, and Laëtitia Buisson
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: Species distribution models (SDMs) are the main tool to predict global change impacts on species ranges. Climate change alone is frequently considered, but in freshwater ecosystems, hydrology is a key driver of the ecology of aquatic species. At large scale, hydrology is however rarely accounted for, owing to the lack of detailed stream flow data. In this study, we developed an integrated modelling approach to simulate stream flow using the hydrological Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Simulated stream flow was subsequently included as an input variable in SDMs along with topographic, hydrographic, climatic and land-cover descriptors. SDMs were applied to two temporally-distinct surveys of the distribution of the endangered Pyrenean desman (Galemys pyrenaicus) in the French Pyrenees: a historical one conducted from 1985 to 1992 and a current one carried out between 2011 and 2013. The model calibrated on historical data was also forecasted onto the current period to assess its ability to describe the distributional change of the Pyrenean desman that has been modelled in the recent years. First, we found that hydrological and climatic variables were the ones influencing the most the distribution of this species for both periods, emphasizing the importance of taking into account hydrology when SDMs are applied to aquatic species. Secondly, our results highlighted a strong range contraction of the Pyrenean desman in the French Pyrenees over the last 25 years. Given that this range contraction was under-estimated when the historical model was forecasted onto current conditions, this finding suggests that other drivers may be interacting with climate, hydrology and land-use changes. Our results imply major concerns for the conservation of this endemic semi-aquatic mammal since changes in climate and hydrology are expected to become more intense in the future.
Published: 2016
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10. Daily Estimation of Inland Water Storage in the Madeira Basin During the Last Twenty Years (1998-2018).

Author: Jérémy Guilhen, Marie Parrens, Franck Mercier, Ahmad Al Bitar, José-Miguel Sánchez-Pérez, William Santini, and Sabine Sauvage
Published: 2021
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11. Modeling in-stream biogeochemical processes at catchment scale: Coupling SWAT and RIVE models.

Author: Sarah Manteaux, Sabine Sauvage, René Samie, Céline Monteil, Josette Garnier, Vincent Thieu, Roxelane Cakir, and José-Miguel Sánchez-Pérez
Published: 2023
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12. A dynamic model for assessing soil denitrification in large-scale natural wetlands driven by Earth Observations.

Author: Columba Martinez-Espinosa, Sabine Sauvage, Ahmad Al Bitar, and José-Miguel Sánchez-Pérez
Published: 2022
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13. Modelling trace metal transfer in large rivers under dynamic hydrology: A coupled hydrodynamic and chemical equilibrium model.

Author: Cyril Garneau, Sabine Sauvage, José-Miguel Sánchez-Pérez, Stephen Lofts, David Brito, Ramiro Neves, and Anne Probst
Published: 2017
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14. Validation of hydrodynamic model by remote sensing data for China's largest freshwater lake.

Author: Jianzhong Lu, Hengda Qi, Xiaoling Chen, Liqiong Chen, Sabine Sauvage, and José-Miguel Sánchez-Pérez
Published: 2015
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15. SWATLitho: A hydrogeochemical model to estimate daily geochemical loads at the catchment scale.

Author: Juan Luis Lechuga-Crespo, Sabine Sauvage, Estilita Ruiz-Romera, Chris George, and José-Miguel Sánchez-Pérez
Published: 2021
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16. Dissolved organic carbon fluxes to oceans under climate change

Author: Clément Fabre, Sabine Sauvage, Michelle T.H. van Vliet, Amandine V. Pastor, and José-Miguel Sánchez-Pérez
Abstract: Climate change is a primary concern in the coming decades and affects temporal and spatial patterns in temperature and hydrology worldwide. These variations will undoubtedly affect the global carbon balance. The export of riverine dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to oceans is crucial in the carbon balance and oceanic food web maintenance. Recent modelling quantified current daily DOC exports and future daily discharges delivered to the oceans. We intend to quantify future daily DOC deliveries from large rivers with a generic model integrating future temperature and hydrological dynamics under changing climate. On a set of 308 large rivers, we found significant increases in global DOC exports to the oceans of + 5.9% ± 0.1% for RCP 2.6 and + 14.6% ± 0.1% for RCP 8.5. Among all watersheds, Arctic catchments returned the largest rises of + 19.1% ± 0.4% for RCP 2.6 and of + 38.0% ± 0.1% for RCP 8.5. It highlights the high variability in future DOC deliveries, affecting future carbon transport to the oceans, especially in Arctic areas. These increases might affect the local and global sustainability of aquatic ecosystems.
Published: 2023
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17. How to account for irrigation withdrawals in a watershed model

Author: Elisabeth Brochet, Sabine Sauvage, Youen Grusson, Ludovic Lhuissier, and Valérie Demarez
Abstract: In agricultural areas, the downstream flow can be highly influenced by human activities during low flow periods, especially dam releases and irrigation withdrawals. Irrigation is indeed the major use of freshwater in the world. This study aims at precisely taking these factors into account in a watershed model. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT+) agro-hydrological model was chosen for its capacity to model crop dynamics and management. Two different crop models were compared in their ability to estimate water needs and actual irrigation. The first crop model is based on air temperature as the main determining factor for the growth, whereas the second relies on high resolution data from Sentinel-2 satellite to monitor plant growth. Both are applied at plot scale in a watershed of 800 km2 characterized by irrigation withdrawals. Results show that including remote sensing data leads to more realistic modeled emergence dates for summer crops. However both approaches have proven to be able to reproduce the evolution of daily irrigation withdrawals throughout the year. As a result, both approaches allowed to simulate the downstream flow with a good daily accuracy, especially during low flow periods.
Published: 2023
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18. The MAELIA Multi-Agent Platform for Integrated Analysis of Interactions Between Agricultural Land-Use and Low-Water Management Strategies.

Author: Benoit Gaudou, Christophe Sibertin-Blanc, Olivier Thérond, Frédéric Amblard, Yves Auda, Jean-Paul Arcangeli, Maud Balestrat, Marie-Hélène Charron-Moirez, Etienne Gondet, Yi Hong, Romain Lardy, Thomas Louail, Eunate Mayor, David Panzoli, Sabine Sauvage, José-Miguel Sánchez-Pérez, Patrick Taillandier, Nguyen Van Bai, Maroussia Vavasseur, and Pierre Mazzega
Published: 2013
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19. Analyse du rôle de la Cuvette Centrale dans l'hydrologie du bassin versant du Congo

Author: Pankyes Datok, Clément Fabre, Sabine Sauvage, Guy D. Moukandi N'kaya, Adrien Paris, Vanessa Dos Santos, Alain Laraque, and José‐Miguel Sánchez‐Pérez
Published: 2022
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20. Investigating the Role of the Cuvette Centrale in the Hydrology of the Congo River Basin

Author: Pankyes Datok, Clément Fabre, Sabine Sauvage, Guy D. Moukandi N'kaya, Adrien Paris, Vanessa Dos Santos, Alain Laraque, and José‐Miguel Sánchez‐Pérez
Published: 2022
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21. Assessing Fluvial Organic Carbon Flux and its Response to Short Climate Variability and Damming on a Large-Scale Tropical Asian River Basin

Author: Clément Fabre, Xi Wei, Sabine Sauvage, Thi Phuong Quynh Le, Sylvain Ouillon, Didier Orange, Marine Herrmann, and José-Miguel Sánchez-Pérez
Published: 2023
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22. Hydrology, nitrate and sediment fluxes towards the Mediterranean Sea: case of the main North Africa catchments

Author: Amin ZETTAM, Sabine SAUVAGE, Amina TALEB, BELAIDI Nouria, and José Miguel SANCHEZ-PEREZ
Abstract: The objective of this study is to propose a modelling approach to quantify the contribution of mains coastal catchments of North Africa in sediment and nitrate fluxes to the Mediterranean Sea. We use the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) on the biggest coastal rivers, Moulouya (55 860 km2), Tafna (7200 km2), Chelif (44 694 km2) Oued el Kebir (8 824 km2) and Medjerda (23 213 km2). Simulation was performed monthly from 2003 to 2013. The model represents correctly the dynamics of water, sediment and nitrate flux. Rivers carry between 22 .103 to 390 103t yr-1 of sediments and Oued el Kebir contributes with 55% of the total amount, while nitrate fluxes vary from 182 to 1715 t yr-1 and Moulouya contributes with 32% of the total quantity. The simulations show us that the North African dams stocked a large amount of sediment (98%) and nitrates (39%) transported by rivers.
Published: 2022
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23. Daily denitrification rates in floodplains under contrasting pedo-climatic and anthropogenic contexts: modelling at the watershed scale

Author: Magali Gerino, Sabine Sauvage, J. M. Sánchez-Pérez, Jérémy Guilhen, Clément Fabre, Roxelane Cakir, Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (ECOLAB), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (LEFE), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), and Université de Toulouse (UT)
Subjects: Biogeochemical cycle, Denitrification, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Floodplain, Aquifer, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, daily time step, Nitrate, nitrate, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Environmental Chemistry, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, watershed, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, Hydrology, Total organic carbon, geography, denitrification, geography.geographical_feature_category, organic carbon, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, 6. Clean water, floodplains, chemistry, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Water quality
Abstract: International audience; Floodplains play a crucial role in water quality regulation via denitrification. This biogeochemical process reduces nitrate (NO3-), with aquifer saturation, organic carbon (OC) and N availability as the main drivers. To accurately describe the denitrification in the floodplain, it is necessary to better understand nitrate fluxes that reach these natural bioreactors and the transformation that occurs in these surface areas at the watershed scale. At this scale, several approaches tried to simulate denitrification contribution to nitrogen dynamics in study sites. However, these studies did not consider OC fluxes influences, hydrological dynamics and temperature variations at a daily time step. This paper focuses on a new model that allows insights on nitrate, OC, discharge and temperature influences on daily denitrification for each water body. We used a process-based deterministic model to estimate daily alluvial denitrification in different watersheds showing various pedo-climatic conditions. To better understand global alluvial denitrification variability, we applied the method to three contrasting catchments: The Amazon for tropical zones, the Garonne as representative of the temperate climate and the Yenisei for cold rivers. The Amazon with a high discharge, frequent 2 flooding and warm temperature, leads to aquifers saturation, and stable OC concentrations. Those conditions favour a significant loss of N by denitrification. In the Garonne River, the low OC delivery limits the denitrification process. While Arctic rivers have high OC exports, the low nitrate concentrations and cold temperature in the Yenisei River hinder denitrification. We found daily alluvial denitrification rates of 119.4 ± 47.5, 7.6 ± 5.4 and 0.1 ± 0.5 kgN.ha-1 .yr-1 during the 2000-2010 period for the Amazon, the Garonne and the Yenisei respectively. This study quantifies the floodplains influence in the water quality regulation service, their contribution to rivers geochemical processes facing global changes and their role on nitrate and OC fluxes to the oceans.
Published: 2020
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24. PESTIPOND: A fate model of pesticides in ponds

Author: Aya Bahi, Sabine Sauvage, Sylvain Payraudeau, Gwenaël Imfeld, Julien Tournebize, Hydrosystèmes continentaux anthropisés : ressources, risques, restauration (UR HYCAR), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (LEFE), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT), Institut Terre Environnement Strasbourg (ITES), and École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, parasitic diseases, fungi, [SDE]Environmental Sciences
Abstract: Non-point pollution by pesticides affects the quality of drinking water supplies and aquatic environments. Ponds collecting runoff and erosion fluxes offer a complementary tool to mitigate pesticide transfer to aquatic ecosystems. Pesticides mitigation results from various physicochemical processes operating in the water column, the sediment layer, the vegetation, and the suspended particles of ponds. Many studies on ponds dissipation potential focus on nitrates and suspended sediments, but very little is known about the behavior of pesticides. In order to predict and enhance the dissipation of pesticides in ponds, a new 0D time-dependent model was designed, “PESTIPOND.” The dissipation function of ponds is due to a combination of transport, transfer, and transformation processes of pesticides in an interplay between pond compartments. A previous review helped us identify the main processes of pesticides dissipation in ponds and their controlling factors. A time-dependent environmental fate model is currently developed to describe the behavior of dissolved and particulate pesticides at the pond scale. We tested the performance of this process-based model by simulating the behavior of four molecules with contrasted physicochemical properties (i.e., Aclonifen, chlorotoluron, s-metolachlor, and tebuconazole) in a synthetic scenario representing an experimental pond study. PESTIPOND enabled to compute the outlet concentration of pesticides in ponds based on their inlet concentration. The model simulated the behavior of pesticides in water, sediments, vegetation, and suspended particles of a pond due to sorption, settling/resuspension, volatilization, and degradation processes. The conceptual model is based on pesticide mass-budget equations in pond compartments depending of climate and hydraulic conditions. Sensitivity analysis provides a framework to recognize important variables in the computational model. We adopted the Morris and Sobol methods for the sensitivity analysis of PESTIPOND to identify dominant parameters influencing the model outputs. A preliminary result showed that the prevailing processes determining pesticide fate were sorption and biodegradation for dissolved pesticides and settling for particulate pesticides. The identification of effective mechanisms can be helpful to hierarchize processes based on their contribution to the dissipation function of ponds. This hierarchization may improve the estimation of ponds efficiency with respect to pesticide dissipation. In the future, implementing the PESTIPOND model in SWAT is expected to extend the prediction of ponds dissipation to the catchment scale. PESTIPOND will be particularly helpful to set up dimensioning criteria to design performant and efficient ponds to mitigate pesticides transfer into the environment.
Published: 2022
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25. Density Effect of Eisenia sp. Epigeic Earthworms on the Hydraulic Conductivity of Sand Filters for Wastewater Treatment

Author: Océane Gilibert, Magali Gerino, Dan-Tâm Costa, Sabine Sauvage, Frédéric Julien, Yvan Capowiez, Didier Orange, Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (LEFE), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT), Epurtek SAS, Environnement Méditerranéen et Modélisation des Agro-Hydrosystèmes (EMMAH), Avignon Université (AU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), neOCampus program of the French University Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier., and This project received the international research award (Laureate) from the Convergences zero carbon, zero poverty, zero exclusion organization.
Subjects: wastewater treatment, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Eisenia sp, hydraulic conductivity, sand filter, Geography, Planning and Development, Aquatic Science, Biochemistry, Water Science and Technology
Abstract: International audience; Inside sand filters, as inside other microporous substrates, several invertebrates create temporary burrows that impact on water movement through the filter. Lumbricids Eisenia fetida and Eisenia andrei live under a wide range of environmental conditions and have a high reproduction rate so they are good candidates for ecological engineering tests. We assessed the impact of these species at different densities (0, 100, 500, 1000 g m−2) on the hydraulic conductivity of small-sized experimental filters made of columns filled with filter sand classically used for sanitation mixed with 5% organic matter. The hydraulic conductivity was recorded every 7 days over 37 days in non-saturated conditions. On day 23, 40 g of peat bedding was added at the column surfaces to simulate a surface clogging organic matter pulse input. Columns with an earthworm density equal or superior to 500 g m−2 revealed the highest hydraulic conductivities during the first 21 days. At these densities, the hydraulic conductivity was also restored in less than 7 days after the addition of the surface organic matter, showing the influence of the earthworm species on the resilience capacity of the hydraulic conductivity. It was also highlighted that the hydraulic flow was dependent on the lumbricid densities with an optimal density/effect around 500 g m−2 in this specific substrate composition. This study showed that the feeding habits and burrowing activity of both Eisenia species significantly enhanced the hydraulic flow in a sandy substrate, providing a sustainable solution to limit the clogging of the substrate similar to the one used in filters to treat wastewater.
Published: 2022
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26. Estimation of the future water balance and water resources of the Pyrenees

Author: Pere Quintana-Seguí, Yvan Caballero, Roxelane Cakir, Roger Clavera, Benoît Dewandel, Youen Grousson, Guillaume Hevin, Jorge Jódar, Luis Javier Lambán, Sandra Lanini, Pierre Le Cointe, María del Carmen Llasat, Sabine Sauvage, José Miguel Sánchez-Pérez, Leticia Palazón, Jean-Phillippe Vidal, Ane Zabaleta, and Santiago Beguería
Abstract: Mountainous areas are an important source of water resources, especially in the Mediterranean. The PIRAGUA project aims at assessing the water resources of the Pyrenees in the past and in the future. To this aim, different modelling approaches were used in order to assess the water resources of the Pyrenees and their future evolution. In this study, statistically downscaled climate scenarios, generated within the CLIMPY project were used in order to force four different modelling tools: SWAT, SURFEX, RECHARGEand GIS-Balan. SWAT is a semi-distributed hydrological model, SURFEX is a distributed physically based land-surface model, RECHARGE is a simple potential recharge estimation method base on water balance model for effective precipitation computation and GIS-Balan is a GIS-based groundwater model. With SWAT and GIS-Balan we used a delta-change approach to apply the scenarios, and with SURFEX and RECHARGE we used an analogue methodology, which used the SAFRAN-PIRAGUA gridded dataset of meteorological variables as the observational dataset. This way, we covered many sources of uncertainty, and provided an incomplete, but large, representation of the sources of uncertainty (GCMs, RCPs, downscaling methods and hydrological models) at play.In this exercise, we found that the resulting uncertainties are rather large for almost all variables except temperature. Temperature will very likely increase more than 4 degrees at the end of the century for the RCP85 scenario. Precipitation changes, however, are quite uncertain, although we should expect decreases on the northern slope of the Pyrenees. On the southern slope, the different projections disagree on the sign of the change. They also agree on increases of precipitation on the eastern basins of the domain (Mediterranean), while it is very likely that there will be less solid precipitation (snowfall) in the future. From here, the uncertainties increase, due to the non-linearity of the hydrological models. In the SWAT approach, aridity does not change on average. However, SURFEX projects a likely increase in aridity all over the domain. In terms of water yield, SWAT presents a drier future on the northern and western slopes, but wetter on the southern and eastern slopes. SASER shows a similar picture but is generally much drier than SWAT in the future. In terms of seasonality, the water yield will decrease mainly in summer, but also in spring and autumn and, according to SASER, also in winter, especially for the RCP85 scenario. The RECHARGE model leads to a general decrease of the potential recharge over the whole domain that could be more severe in the northern and southern part of the Pyrenees than in the Central part. The GIS-Balan models report a clear decrease in total discharge flow of the basins, which is most pronounced in the RCP8.5 scenario.We hope that these results, although uncertain, will serve to plan for the certainty that changes in the annual means and seasonality of the water cycle are coming, even if we do not know clearly what these changes will look like. This work has been funded by the EFA210/16 PIRAGUA project.
Published: 2022
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27. Nutrient transport and exchange between the Mekong River and Tonle Sap Lake in Cambodia

Author: Ty Sok, Chantha Oeurng, Vinhteang Kaing, Sabine Sauvage, Xixi Lu, José Miguel Sánchez Pérez, Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (LEFE), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), and Université de Toulouse (UT)
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2022
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28. Identification of critical effect factors for prediction of spatial and intra-annual variability of shallow groundwater nitrate in agricultural areas

Author: Chunying Wang, Xinliang Wang, Gengchen Zhang, Feifei Zhang, Junfeng Li, Shuai Chen, Sabine Sauvage, José-Miguel Sánchez-Pérez, Yuping Han, and Junguo Liu
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, Environmental Chemistry, Pollution, Waste Management and Disposal
Published: 2023
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29. PIRAGUA_hydro_analysis [Dataset]

Author: European Commission, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Universidad de Barcelona, CSIC-URL - Observatorio de Física Cósmica del Ebro (OE), CSIC - Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France), Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (France), l’Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (France), Observatori de la Sostenibilitat d'Andorra, Beguería, Santiago [0000-0002-3974-2947], Palazón, Leticia [0000-0002-5773-1723], Grusson, Youen [0000-0001-8454-3130] José Miguel Sánchez Pérez [0000-0002-5650-4879] Sabine Sauvage [0000-0002-6360-1036] Roxelane Cakir [0000-0001-7364-1894] Pere Quintana-Seguí [0000-0002-7107-9671] Anaïs Barella [0000-0001-6049-3044] Jean-Philippe Vidal [0000-0002-3748-6150], Sánchez Pérez, José Miguel [0000-0002-5650-4879], Sauvage, Sabine [0000-0002-6360-1036], Cakir, Roxelane [0000-0001-7364-1894], Quintana-Seguí, Pere [0000-0002-7107-9671] A, Barella, Anais [0000-0001-6049-3044] J, Vidal, Jean Philippe [0000-0002-3748-6150], Beguería, Santiago, Palazón Tabuenca, Leticia, Grusson, Youen, Sánchez Pérez, José Miguel, Sauvage, Sabine, Cakir, Roxelane, Quintana-Seguí, Pere, Barella, Anaïs, Vidal, Jean-Philippe, POCTEFA-PIRAGUA Team, European Commission, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Universidad de Barcelona, CSIC-URL - Observatorio de Física Cósmica del Ebro (OE), CSIC - Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France), Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (France), l’Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (France), Observatori de la Sostenibilitat d'Andorra, Beguería, Santiago [0000-0002-3974-2947], Palazón, Leticia [0000-0002-5773-1723], Grusson, Youen [0000-0001-8454-3130] José Miguel Sánchez Pérez [0000-0002-5650-4879] Sabine Sauvage [0000-0002-6360-1036] Roxelane Cakir [0000-0001-7364-1894] Pere Quintana-Seguí [0000-0002-7107-9671] Anaïs Barella [0000-0001-6049-3044] Jean-Philippe Vidal [0000-0002-3748-6150], Sánchez Pérez, José Miguel [0000-0002-5650-4879], Sauvage, Sabine [0000-0002-6360-1036], Cakir, Roxelane [0000-0001-7364-1894], Quintana-Seguí, Pere [0000-0002-7107-9671] A, Barella, Anais [0000-0001-6049-3044] J, Vidal, Jean Philippe [0000-0002-3748-6150], Beguería, Santiago, Palazón Tabuenca, Leticia, Grusson, Youen, Sánchez Pérez, José Miguel, Sauvage, Sabine, Cakir, Roxelane, Quintana-Seguí, Pere, Barella, Anaïs, Vidal, Jean-Philippe, and POCTEFA-PIRAGUA Team
Abstract: [EN] Geospatial information on the water balance components and river discharge over the Pyrenees for the period 1981-2010. The data is based on the application of two hydrological models (SWAT and SASER), forced with the PIRAGUA_atmos_analysis dataset. It includes information on the following variables: temperature, precipitation, snowfall, snowmelt, potential evapotranspiration, actual evapotranspiration, soil water storage, snowpack, aquifer recharge, runoff generation and river discharge. The temporal resolution is monthly, and the spatial aggregation is at the level of hydrographic sub-basins. The dataset was generated within the project EFA210/16 PIRAGUA Project ("Evaluation and prospective of the water resources of the Pyrenees in a context of climate change, and adaptation measures with impact on the territory")., [ES] Información geoespacial sobre componentes del balance hídrico y caudales sobre los Pirineos para el periodo 1981-2010. Los datos se basan en la aplicación de dos modelos hidrológicos (SWAT y SASER), forzados con el conjunto de datos PIRAGUA_atmos_analysis. Incluye información sobre las siguientes variables: temperatura, precipitación, innivación, fusión nival, evapotranspiración potencial, evapotranspiración real, almacenamiendo de agua en el suelo, paquete de nieve, recarga de acuífero, generación de escorrentía y caudales. La resolución temporal es mensual, y la agregación espacial es a nivel de sub-cuencas hidrográficas. El conjunto de datos fue generado en el contexto del proyecto EFA210/16 PIRAGUA ("Evaluación y prospectiva de los recursos hídricos de los Pirineos en un contexto de cambio climático, y medidas de adaptación con impacto en el territorio")., [FR] Information géospatiale sur les composantes du bilan hydrique et débits fluviales sur les Pyrénées pour la période 1981-2010. Les données sont basées sur l'application de deux modèles hydrologiques (SWAT et SASER), forcés avec le jeu de données PIRAGUA_atmos_analysis. Il comprend des informations sur les variables suivantes : température, précipitations, chutes de neige, fonte des neiges, évapotranspiration potentielle, évapotranspiration réelle, stockage de l'eau dans le sol, manteau neigeux, recharge de l'aquifère, génération de ruissellement et débits. La résolution temporelle est mensuelle, et l'agrégation spatiale se fait au niveau des sous-bassins hydrographiques. Le jeu de données a été généré dans le cadre du projet EFA210/16 PIRAGUA ("Evaluation et prospective des ressources en eau des Pyrénées dans un contexte de changement climatique, et mesures d'adaptation ayant un impact sur le territoire").
Published: 2022

30. The Adour-Garonne basin

Author: Sabine Sauvage, Alain Dauta, Francis Dauba, Doriane Destrieux, Henri Etcheber, Thibaut Feret, Puy Lim, Régis Cereghino, François Delmas, Magali Gerino, Paul Gonthier, Anne Probst, Jean-Pierre Rebillard, Alexandra Coynel, Alain Dutartre, Jean Joachim, José-Miguel Sánchez-Pérez, Eric Tabacchi, and Philippe Vervier
Published: 2022
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31. Contributors

Author: Knut Ola Aamodt, Skuja Agnija, Briede Agrita, Nuray (Emir) Akbulut, Aydın Akbulut, Margarita Alexevnina, Hans E. Andersen, Nikolas A. Arnaut, Sophie Ayrault, Mikhail Baklanov, Carole Barthélemy, Jürgen Bäthe, Christian Baumgartner, Serdar Bayarı, Horst Behrendt, Jean-Nicolas Beisel, Vitali V. Bekh, François Bertrand, Gilles Billen, Thomas Bittl, Hélène Blanchoud, Jürg Bloesch, Jim Bogen, Alberto Borges, Elena Borovikova, Jean-Paul Bravard, Vanessa Bremerich, John E. Brittain, Sturla Brørs, Catherine Carré, Georges Carrel, Emmanuel Castella, Dubravka Čerba, Régis Cereghino, Grigory Chuiko, F. Comiti, Alexandra Coynel, Béla Csányi, Francis Dauba, Alain Dauta, Grigore Davideanu, François Delmas, Ghislain de Marsily, Jean-Pierre Descy, Doriane Destrieux, Martin Dokulil, Marie-José Dole-Olivier, Alain Dutartre, Svetlana Dvinskikh, Jon Arne Eie, Parele Elga, Arturo Elosegi, Tatiana V. Eremkina, Henri Etcheber, null Euvgeny, Etienne Everbecq, Per Einar Faugli, Maria Joao Feio, Thibaut Feret, Helmut Fischer, Nicolas Flipo, Mathieu Floury, Georg Frank, Nikolai Friberg, Aleksandra Gancarczyk, Josette Garnier, Johnny Gasperi, Yury Gerasimov, Magali Gerino, Gavrilova Ģertrūde, Chris N. Gibbins, Stankūnavičius Gintautas, Gísli M. Gíslason, Rosa Gómez, Paul Gonthier, Manuel A.S. Graça, Iulia Grecu, Cecile Grosbois, B. Gumiero, Sprinǵe Gunta, Justyna Hachoł, Svein Haugland, Thomas Hein, Alan G. Hildrew, Carl.C. Hoffmann, Nils Arne Hvidsten, Kokorīte Ilga, Anna Istomina, Druvietis Ivars, Sonja C. Jähnig, Arne J. Jensen, Jean Joachim, Celia Joaquim-Justo, Dmitry Karabanov, Ioannis Karaouzas, Viktor M. Katolikov, Patrick Kestemont, Alexander Kitaev, Sergey. K. Kochanov, Alexander V. Kokovkin, Ludmila Korneva, Vladimír Kováč, Brian Kronvang, Leonid A. Kudersky, Vyacheslav V. Kuzovlev, Jan Henning L'Abée-Lund, Thibault Lambert, Nicolas Lamouroux, Adrien Latli, Valentina Lazareva, Maria Leitao, Laurence Lestel, Rob S.E.W. Leuven, Boris Levin, Puy Lim, Alexander Litvinov, Nataliya S. Loboda, Zalewski Maciej, B. Maiolini, Florian Malard, Iain A. Malcolm, Łapińska Małgorzata, Björn Malmqvist, Melnik Maria, Schletterer Martin, Kjetil Melvold, Michel Meybeck, Tibor Mikuska, Camille Minaudo, Natalya Mineeva, Florentina Moatar, Cédric Morana, F. Moroni, Jean-Marie Mouchel, Isabel Muñoz, Timo Muotka, Iulian Nichersu, Christer Nilsson, Victor Noskov, Franciszek Nowacki, Alexander Okhapkin, Jón S. Ólafsson, Jean-Michel Olivier, Naciye Nur Özyurt, Karin Pall, Vladimir Papchenkov, Isabel Pardo, Momir Paunović, Morten L. Pedersen, Svetlana Perova, Vegard Pettersen, Hervé Piégay, Lise-Marie Pigneur, Vasily I. Ponomarev, Carmen Postolache, Elena Presnova, Anne Probst, Ekaterina Pryanichnikova, Martin Pusch, Maja Raković, Jean-Pierre Rebillard, Skorupskas Ričardas, Gaumiga Ritma, Christopher T. Robinson, Stéphane Rodrigues, Fleur Roland, Anna M. Romaní, Sergi Sabater, Yalcın Sahin, Svein Jakob Saltveit, José-Miguel Sánchez-Pérez, Leonard Sandin, Cristina Sandu, Sabine Sauvage, Martin Schletterer, Laurent Schmitt, Martin Schneider-Jacoby, Franz Schöll, Matthias Scholten, Elena Seletkova, Pierre Servais, Grigory Shcherbina, Oleksandra O. Shumilova, Galina Shurganova, Boris G. Skakalsky, Nikolaos Th Skoulikidis, Nike Sommerwerk, Yves Souchon, Chris Soulsby, Katharina Stefke, Sonja Stendera, Angelina S. Stenina, Irina Stepanova, Alexander N. Sukhodolov, Lars M. Svendsen, Eric Tabacchi, Evelyne Tales, Doerthe Tetzlaff, Henn Timm, Klement Tockner, Ion Toderaş, Diego Tonolla, Alexander Tsvetkov, Urs Uehlinger, Laurent¸ia Ungureanu, Marin A. Usatii, Philippe Usseglio-Polatera, Gerard Van der Velde, Gisèle Verniers, Philippe Vervier, Irina Voroshilova, Karl Mathias Wantzen, Ewa Wnuk-Gławdel, Christian Wolter, Margarita I. Yarushina, Christiane Zarfl, null Zinov'ev, and Stamatis Zogaris
Published: 2022
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32. Continental Atlantic Rivers: The Meuse, Loire and Adour-Garonne Basins

Author: Jean-Pierre Descy, Mathieu Floury, Florentina Moatar, and Sabine Sauvage
Published: 2022
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33. Process formulations and controlling factors of pesticide dissipation in artificial ponds: A critical review

Author: Aya Bahi, Sabine Sauvage, Sylvain Payraudeau, Gwenaël Imfeld, José-Miguel Sánchez-Pérez, Betty Chaumet, and Julien Tournebize
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Published: 2023
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34. Global carbon sequestration through continental chemical weathering in a climatic change context

Author: Jean-Luc Probst, José-Miguel Sánchez-Pérez, Estilita Ruiz-Romera, Juan Luis Lechuga-Crespo, Michelle vanVliet, Sabine Sauvage, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 13. Climate action, Earth science, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Climate change, Environmental science, Context (language use), Weathering, Carbon sequestration
Abstract: Here, we simulate carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration in 300 major world river basins (about 70% of global surface area) through carbonates dissolution and silicate hydrolysis. For each river basin, the daily timescale impacts under both the RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 climate scenarios were assessed relative to a historic baseline (1969-1999) using a cascade of models accounting for the hydrological evolution under climate change scenarios. Here we show that global temporal evolution of the CO2 uptake presents a general increase in the annual amount of CO2 consumed from 0.247 Pg C·y-1 to 0.261 and 0.273 Pg C·y-1, respectively for RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5. Besides, despite showing a general increase for the global daily carbon sequestration, both climate scenarios present a decrease between June and August. Such projected changes have been mapped and evaluated against changes in hydrology, identifying hot spots and moments for the annual and seasonal periods.
Published: 2021

35. Accounting for flow intermittence in freshwater species distribution modelling

Author: Manon Dalibard, Sabine Sauvage, Pascal Laffaille, Laëtitia Buisson, and José-Miguel Sánchez-Pérez
Subjects: Hydrology, Calotriton asper, Ecology, biology, Flow (mathematics), Hydrological modelling, Environmental science, Aquatic Science, Expert judgement, biology.organism_classification, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Earth-Surface Processes, Environmental niche modelling
Published: 2021
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36. Assessment of sediment and organic carbon exports into the Arctic ocean: The case of the Yenisei River basin

Author: G. Espitalier Noël, Jean-Luc Probst, Roman Teisserenc, Clément Fabre, Nikita Tananaev, Sabine Sauvage, J.M. Sanchez Pérez, URePSSS - Activité Physique, Muscle, Santé (APMS), Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport, Santé, Société (URePSSS) - EA 7369 (URePSSS), Université d'Artois (UA)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Université d'Artois (UA)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille, Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (ECOLAB), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Melnikov Permafrost Institute, Ugra Research Institute of Information Technologies (RUSSIA), Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Toulouse INP (FRANCE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT3 (FRANCE), Melnikov Permafrost Institute (RUSSIA), Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (LEFE), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT), and Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT (FRANCE)
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Permafrost, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Carbon Cycle, Yenisei river, Carbon cycle, Rivers, Climate change feedback, Dissolved organic carbon, SWAT, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Waste Management and Disposal, Organic carbon, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Civil and Structural Engineering, Ecologie, Environnement, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Total organic carbon, Hydrology, Arctic Regions, Ecological Modeling, Global warming, Modeling, Sediment, Pollution, Carbon, 020801 environmental engineering, Arctic, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract: International audience; The export of organic carbon export by the rivers to the oceans either as particulate organic carbon (POC) or dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is very sensitive to climate change especially in permafrost affected catchments where soils are very rich in organic carbon. With global warming, organic carbon export in both forms is expected to increase in Arctic regions. It should affect contemporary biogeochemical cycles in rivers and oceans and therefore modify the whole food web. This study tries to understand complex processes involved in sediment, POC and DOC riverine transport in the Yenisei River basin and to quantify their respective fluxes at the river outlet. The SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) hydrological model is used in this study to simulate water and suspended sediment transfers in the largest Arctic river. POC and DOC export have been quantified with empirical models, adapted from literature for the study case. First, the hydrological model has been calibrated and validated at a daily time step for the 2003–2008 and the 2009–2016 periods respectively, and its output has been compared with field data for water and sediment fluxes. Based on conceptualization of transfer processes, calibration on climate and soil properties has been performed in order to correctly represent hydrology and sediment transfer in permafrost basins. Second, calibration of empirical models for DOC/POC transport have been performed by comparing their output with field data, available from 2003 to 2016. Our study reveals that SWAT is capable of correctly representing hydrology, sediment transfer, POC and DOC fluxes and their spatial distribution at a daily timescale, and outlines the links between these fluxes and permafrost features. Our simulation effort results in specific sediment, POC and DOC fluxes of 2.97 t km−2 yr−1, 0.13 t km−2 yr−1 and 1.14 t km−2 yr−1 for the period 2003–2016 which are in the range of previous estimates. About 60% of the total fluxes of sediment, DOC and POC to the Arctic Ocean are exported during the two months of the freshet. Spatial analysis show that permafrost-free areas have returned higher daily organic carbon export than permafrost affected zones, highlighting the thawing permafrost effect on carbon cycle in climate change feedback.
Published: 2019
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37. What Inspiring Elements from Natural Services of Water Quality Regulation Could Be Applied to Water Management?

Author: Magali Gerino, Didier Orange, José Miguel Sánchez-Pérez, Evelyne Buffan-Dubau, Sophie Canovas, Bertrand Monfort, Claire Albasi, Sabine Sauvage, Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (LEFE), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), MODIS Toulouse, Modis, Ceebios SCIC, Laboratoire de Génie Chimique (LGC), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), OBIOM project (Optimisation des filtres plantés par BIOdiversité augmentée: effet sur la Matière organique), ANR-10-LABX-0004,CeMEB,Mediterranean Center for Environment and Biodiversity(2010), Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (ECOLAB), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP)
Subjects: [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, biomimicry, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, water, Geography, Planning and Development, natural regulation service, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, Aquatic Science, Biochemistry, management, Water Science and Technology
Abstract: International audience; Theoretical and functional ecology is a source of useful knowledge for ecological engineering. The better understanding of the natural service of water quality regulation is now inspiring for optimization of water resource management, restoration and bioremediation practices. This transfer with a biomimicry approach applies particularly well in the urban, rural and agricultural areas, but is yet underexplored for water quality purposes. This natural service intensely involves the benthic boundary layer as a biogeochemical hot spot with living communities. A selection of processes related to the bioturbation phenomena is explored because of their influence on properties of the aquatic environment. The applications are valuable in a range of fields, from water treatment technology to management of ecosystems such as constructed and natural wetlands, streams, rivers, lagoons and coastal ecosystems. This paper gathers the more obvious cases of potential applications of bioturbation research findings on the biomimicry of natural services to water practices. These include pollution pumping by bioturbated sediment, water column oxygen saving during early diagenesis of deposits under conveyors transport and conservation of macroporous as well as fine sediment. Some applications for constructed devices are also emerging, including infiltration optimization and sewage reduction based on cross-biological community involvement.
Published: 2022
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38. Assessment of suspended sediment load variability in the Tonle Sap and Lower Mekong Rivers, Cambodia

Author: Sabine Sauvage, G. Mathias Kondolf, Vinhteang Kaing, Ty Sok, José-Miguel Sánchez-Pérez, Chantha Oeurng, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (LEFE), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), and Université de Toulouse (UT)
Subjects: Delta, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Floodplain, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Tonle Sap Lake, 01 natural sciences, Sink (geography), Tributary, 14. Life underwater, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Sand mining, Hydrology, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Aquatic ecosystem, Mekong River, Sediment, Temporal variability, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 6. Clean water, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Sediment load, Sediment transport
Abstract: The Mekong River in Southeast Asia, one of the world’s great rivers, has been facing disruption of its sediment balance and resultant impacts on nutrient fluxes, aquatic ecology, floodplains and the delta. Using monitoring data from 1993 to 2018, we estimated the temporal variability of sediment loads in Tonle Sap and Lower Mekong Rivers in Cambodia, assessing the sediment linkage between the Tonle Sap Lake and the Mekong mainstem, which are connected by a seasonally reversing flow through the Tonle Sap River. We estimated the annual sediment in the Mekong mainstem of 72 ± 38 Mt/year at Kratie (upstream) and 78 ± 22 Mt/year at Chroy Changvar from 1993 to 2018 (just upstream of the Chatumuk confluence). Our sediment load estimation of the Mekong River is consistent with other recent estimates of sediment load on the Lower Mekong. However, the result is lower than reported in some older studies (prior to the 2000s), which is consistent with sediment trapping by dams on Upper Mekong mainstem and major tributaries. Our analysis indicates that Tonle Sap Lake provided 0.65 ± 0.6 Mt/year of sediment annually to the Lower Mekong River from 1995 to 2000. However, since 2001, Tonle Sap Lake has become a sink for sediment, accumulating an average of 1.35 ± 0.7 Mt annually. Net storage of sediment in Tonle Sap Lake reduces the annual sediment transport to the delta, further compounding the effects of reduced sediment delivery to the delta resulting from upstream dam development and instream sand mining.
Published: 2021
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39. Regards croisés sur les pandémies

Author: Patricia Gilbert, Estelle Baehrel, David Biron, Chloé Bourmaud, Vincent Dubreuil, David Giron, Sylvie Guillerme, Jean Nicolas Haas, Evelyne Heyer, Philippe Jarne, Didier Jouffre, Bruno Maureille, Laurent Memery, Frédéric Mery, Pierre Moret, Thomas Perrin, Soizic Prado, Geneviève Prevost, Alain Queffelec, Virginie Rougeron, Sabine Sauvage, Marc-André Selosse, Margareta Tengberg, Frédérique Viard, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Microorganismes : Génome et Environnement (LMGE), Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Littoral, Environnement, Télédétection, Géomatique (LETG - Rennes), Littoral, Environnement, Télédétection, Géomatique UMR 6554 (LETG), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université d'Angers (UA)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Géographie et d'Aménagement Régional de l'Université de Nantes (IGARUN), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN), Institut de recherche sur la biologie de l'insecte UMR7261 (IRBI), Université de Tours (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géographie de l'environnement (GEODE), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck - University of Innsbruck, Éco-Anthropologie (EA), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Évolution, génomes, comportement et écologie (EGCE), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-IRD-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Travaux et recherches archéologiques sur les cultures, les espaces et les sociétés (TRACES), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Territoires, Villes, Environnement & Société - ULR 4477 (TVES), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille, Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes (MCAM), Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés - UMR CNRS 7058 (EDYSAN), Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (LEFE), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT), Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB ), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Archéozoologie, archéobotanique : sociétés, pratiques et environnements (AASPE), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Patricia Gibert, Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université d'Angers (UA)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Géographie et d'Aménagement Régional de l'Université de Nantes (IGARUN), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Innsbruck, Éco-Anthropologie (EAE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IRD-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (ECOLAB), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226, Patricia GIBERT, Université de Tours-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lille-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], [SDE]Environmental Sciences, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: International audience; La grave crise pandémique que nous vivons n’est pas seulement sanitaire, elle est aussi écologique et sociale. Si elle remet en cause le dualisme nature/culture, elle appelle également à renouveler les rapports qu’entretiennent science et société. Changement d’usage des terres, déforestation et fragmentation, élevage intensif, exploitation minière ou forestière, chasse, urbanisation, diminution de la biodiversité : autant d’éléments qui perturbent la faune sauvage, et favorisent les transferts de pathogènes entre espèces. La mondialisation des échanges rend ensuite possible la diffusion de virus à l’échelle planétaire.Mais les sociétés humaines ne sont pas toutes égales face au risque infectieux. Il y a à cela des causes génétiques, parce que les populations humaines ne sont pas génétiquement uniformes et que les pathogènes ont une grande capacité d’adaptation, mais aussi des causes culturelles et sociales, en raison du rôle majeur des comportements. Si les épidémies d’ampleur sont relativement fréquentes dans l’histoire humaine, celles du passé, et leur gestion par les sociétés d’alors, ne sont que depuis peu étudiées en profondeur. Or cette étude est un élément indispensable pour modéliser, et donc prévoir, l’évolution de la pandémie actuelle comme des prochaines, et l’impact qu’elles auront sur nos sociétés.L’Institut Écologie et Environnement du CNRS, dont l’objectif est de répondre aux enjeux planétaires posés par le changement global aux interfaces entre les sciences de la Terre, de la vie, de l’Homme et de la société, réunit toutes les compétences nécessaires pour étudier cet ensemble.
Published: 2021

40. Functional role of earthworms to control the hydraulic conductivity of constructed wetlands

Author: Frédéric Julien, Dan Tam Costa, Sabine Sauvage, Magali Gerino, Yvan Capowiez, Didier Orange, and Océane Gilibert
Subjects: Functional role, Hydrology, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Hydraulic conductivity, Environmental science, Wetland
Abstract: Wetlands are known for their natural service of water quality regulation. The hyporheic zones of the rivers filter and purify the surface water from the stream and infiltrated waters in soil nearby through the riparian zone. This purification service occurs because of a synergy between the substrate and its biodiversity (including plants, bacteria and other invertebrates). Our study deals with constructed wetlands (CW) as a nature-based solution mimicking wetlands water purification process, to purify wastewaters. The REUSE technology of CW is based on the use of specific layers of gravels and sands inside a close concrete structure, planted with specific sub-aquatic plants, where wastewaters or runoff of stormwaters are introduced to be filtered. The technology of Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands (VFCW) reproduces the water flux observed in the riparian zone with a gravity flow of water. It is composed of reeds planted on a sandy layer (Ø 0-4 mm) and succession of gravel layers. This substrate can be saturated or unsaturated to reproduce the functioning of the hyporheic zone or the riparian zone respectively. By the time, the substrate is colonized by a community of bacteria producing biofilms which capture the residual organic matter from wastewaters to mineralize them. However, the VFCW substrates tend to clog over time due to the accumulation of organic matter and biofilms. Many studies consider earthworms as one of the solutions to alleviate this clogging, thanks to their burrows recreating macropores and preferential channels which help to improve the dispersion of water into the deep soil. The main goal of this study is to assess the impact of earthworm activities on the hydraulic conductivity of columns composed with the same substrate used in the VFCW. Different densities of earthworms (Eisenia fetida) were introduced (0, 100, 500, 1000 g of earthworms/m²) in these columns to be monitored for 37 days. The hydraulic conductivity was measured every 7 days, aside from day 23 with the addition of 40 g of peat bedding on column surfaces to simulate a high organic matter input. Columns with earthworm density superior to 500 g/m² shows an amelioration of their hydraulic conductivity after 21 days. These densities are also able to restore the hydraulic conductivity of the column in less than 7 days after the setting of clogged condition due to the organic matter input (peat bedding) at the sediment surface. This study showed that the burrowing activity of E. fetida improves the hydraulic flux of a sandy substrate and this impact is dependent on the earthworm density introduced. So, the addition of earthworms in the VFCW could serve as a prevention against clogging.
Published: 2021
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41. Comparison and validation of the Pyrenean hydrological cycle simulated by different modeling approaches using in-situ and remote sensing data

Author: Maria Carmen Llasat, Sandra Lanini, Sabine Sauvage, Leticia Palazón, Pere Quintana-Seguí, Javier Luis Lambán, Benoît Dewandel, Roxelane Cakir, Jorge Jódar, Yvan Caballero, Santiago Beguería, Youen Grusson, José-Miguel Sánchez-Pérez, Ane Zabaleta, and Pierre Le Cointe
Subjects: In situ, Remote sensing (archaeology), Environmental science, Water cycle, Remote sensing
Abstract: In the Mediterranean, mountainous areas are an important source of water resources. Not only do mountains generate most of runoff, but they also store water in soils, as groundwater in aquifers and as snowpack which melts in spring where it can be diverted and used for agriculture. However, climate change and local anthropic processes are changing the behaviour of the Mediterranean mountainous basins, which is adding uncertainty to water management in an area where water management is already difficult. This is the case of the Pyrenees range between France, Spain and Andorra.Hydrological modelling is a valuable tool in order to quantify the continental water cycle and, hence, the water resources as green and blue water. It helps understanding the underlying processes, simulating variables that are difficult or impossible to observe (e.g. soil moisture, snowpack, or land evaporation), and performing experiments impossible to conduct in the real-world (e.g.: fix the land use in order to assess the impacts of climate change only). However, all that valuable contributions are subjected to model uncertainty, an issue that should not be neglected and carefully assessed.The PIRAGUA project aims at assessing the water resources of the Pyrenees in the past and in the future. To this aim, different models are being deployed and compared with past dataset in a first step (period September 1979 to August 2014). At the scale of the whole Pyrenees, we use the physical-based and semi-distributed hydrological model SWAT and the fully distributed, physically-based, hydrological chain SASER (based on the SURFEX LSM). Furthermore, potential groundwater recharge is also evaluated using a simple water balance approach (RECHARGE). In some selected river basins, including karst systems, the GIS-BALAN hydrogeological model has also been applied. The agreement and disagreement of the models with the observations (when available), and between them, will allow a the detection and quantification of the main sources of uncertainty.In this study, we have first validated the simulated streamflow at a selection of non-influenced gauging stations. Not only have we used the usual scores (i.e. KGE), but we have also validated the model temporal trends, comparing them to the observed ones. This will allow attributing (assess the link with climate change) trend changes in influenced stations, where models simulate the natural flow and observations also include human processes. KGE comparisons shown that the models are able to correctly simulate daily streamflow on most natural sub-basins. Then, the main fluxes (evaporation, drainage and runoff) and stocks (soil moisture and snowpack) of the models have been compared at the sub-basin scale, showing the rate of agreement between them. Finally, some variables have been compared to remote sensing products (evaporation, soil moisture and snow cover), in order to expand the validation to other relevant variables.
Published: 2021
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42. A modelling-based assessment of suspended sediment transport related to new damming in the Red River basin from 2000 to 2013

Author: Sylvain Ouillon, Thi Phuong Quynh Le, José-Miguel Sánchez-Pérez, Sabine Sauvage, Didier Orange, Marine Herrmann, Xi Wei, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (ECOLAB), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Echanges Côte-Large (ECOLA), Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), University of sciences and technologies of hanoi (USTH), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Land-Ocean-aTmosphere regional coUpled System study center (LOTUS), an international joint Vietnamese/French laboratory (http://lotus.usth.edu.vn/) funded by the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)., China Scholarship Council (CSC), grant number 201606240088., Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (LEFE), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)
Subjects: Short-term climate, Delta, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Drainage basin, Flux, Short-term climate variability, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, Structural basin, 01 natural sciences, Modelling, Tributary, The Red River, Precipitation, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Hydrology, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Dam, variability, Sediment, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, 6. Clean water, 13. Climate action, Suspended sediment, Soil erosion, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Sediment transport
Abstract: International audience; The Red River is an Asian river system strongly affected by global changes. This paper aims to characterize and quantify the suspended sediment flux (SF) over the basin under the influences of short-term climate variability and dam constructions. SF was evaluated at the outlets of main tributaries and along the main course of the Red River from 2000 to 2013 based on daily simulations from a modelling study. A reference scenario (without dams) was carried out to disentangle the impacts of short-term climate variability and damming by comparing to actual conditions. Without dams (reference scenario), the basin would generate 106.9 Mt yr−1 of SF to the downstream delta from 2000 to 2013, with a specific sediment yield (SSY) of 778.8 t km−2 yr−1. However, under the impacts of short-term climate variability and dams, the mean annual SSY decreased to 84.5 t km−2 yr−1. At the outlet of the basin, the annual mean SF of 2008–2013 (after new dam constructions) got reduced by 90% (10% related to short-term climate or atmospheric variability and 80% to dam constructions) compared to the reference scenario (without dams) during 2000–2007. The Thao tributary is the most sensitive to short-term climate variability while the Da tributary is mostly affected by the huge-capacity dams. Mean annual retentions of sediment by dams ranged from 7.1 to 111.0 Mt yr−1. Simple rating curves between monthly mean discharge (Q) and SF were established for estimating SF at the outlet of the tributaries and the Red River. High soil erosion (above 2000 t km−2 yr−1) occurred in the middle Thao and the lower Da tributaries. Precipitation, slope and agriculture practices are the key influence factors for soil erosion in the basin.
Published: 2021
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43. Evolution of N-balance with qualitative expert evaluation approach

Author: José-Miguel Sánchez-Pérez, Roxelane Cakir, Maritxu Guiresse, Romain Walcker, Magali Gerino, Sabine Sauvage, Eva Rabot, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, Watershed, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Wetland, 02 engineering and technology, Land cover, 010501 environmental sciences, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Soil, Nitrate, Rivers, Waste Management and Disposal, Spatial organization, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Natural landscape, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Nitrates, Land use, Soil organic matter, Agriculture, General Medicine, 15. Life on land, 6. Clean water, 020801 environmental engineering, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, France, Water resource management, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract: Pollution of rivers by nitrate is a major issue. Many land use units are considered as net nitrate producers when the input dominates the uptake (e.g. agricultural areas), or in the opposite, net consumers (e.g. wetlands), but the role of their spatial organization and temporal dynamics together across the watershed is unclear. Here, we used a Nitrate-related Ecological Functions (NEF) concept, together with an expert-based analysis in a Geographical Information System, to investigate the role of two opposite landscape types in the nitrate regulation across the Garonne river watershed (France). At any point in a watershed, there is nitrate production (NP) and nitrate removal (NR). The nitrate net balance (NNB) between NP and NR functions can be neutral (NB, Neutral Balance) when nitrate fluxes balance over space and time. The first landscape type, called Actual, was obtained using a set of 7 actual environmental variables, as land cover types, soil organic matter content and wetlands presence. The second landscape type, called Natural, described a non-anthropized landscape, using the same layer types as the Actual landscape. Potentials in NP and NR for each class in each map layer were rated by a set of experts according to their scientific knowledge. NP, NR and by difference, NNB maps were obtained, overlaid and compared to provide an evaluation of the potential for each landscape. In both landscapes, NNB were largely balanced (Actual = 48% and Natural = 67%). In the Actual landscape, NNB were secondly dominated by an imbalance toward NP (43%) and in the Natural landscape secondly imbalanced toward NR (32%). We constructed ‘maps of disagreement’ between both landscapes to provide a spatially explicit assessment of NNB evolution caused by changing land cover. We found that 67% of the agricultural areas and 60% of the artificial areas of the watershed had been subjected to a loss of nitrate ecological functions from Natural to Actual landscapes. Some management practices able to modify these factors may improve ecological functions and diminish the NEF disagreement of the watershed.
Published: 2021
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44. Assessing nitrate, carbon and sediment fluxes by coupling SWAT and RIVE models : the case of Vienne watershed (France)

Author: Gilles Billen, Céline Monteil, Roxelane Cakir, René Samie, José-Miguel Sánchez-Pérez, Vincent Thieu, Sabine Sauvage, Josette Garnier, and Sarah Manteaux
Subjects: Coupling (electronics), Hydrology, chemistry.chemical_compound, Watershed, chemistry, Nitrate, Environmental science, chemistry.chemical_element, Sediment, Carbon
Published: 2021
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45. SWATLitho: A hydrogeochemical model to estimate daily geochemical loads at the catchment scale

Author: Sabine Sauvage, Juan Luis Lechuga-Crespo, Chris George, Estilita Ruiz-Romera, José-Miguel Sánchez-Pérez, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Hydrology, geography, Data resolution, Environmental Engineering, geography.geographical_feature_category, Soil and Water Assessment Tool, Lithology, Ecological Modeling, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 0207 environmental engineering, Weathering, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, 6. Clean water, Catchment scale, Tributary, Environmental science, Catchment area, 020701 environmental engineering, Software, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The increase in water salinisation in catchments has led to increased concern in assessing major ion loadings in freshwater environments. In this study, we couple a globally fitted model on chemical weathering to the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) for the estimation of daily geochemical loadings at the catchment scale, “SWATLitho”. The enhancements include i) a modification on the discretisation of the catchment area by integrating a layer describing lithology (QSWATLitho), and ii) the development of an extra module to compute the ionic loads derived from the chemical weathering of rocks. The model is sensitive to input data resolution, yielding the best results when including local data. Larger spatial and temporal discrepancies are found in one tributary, associated with point sources impacting the loadings; while these discrepancies are lower at headwater subbasins. Results suggest that, despite of these discrepancies, the average simulation of the daily ionic loadings is reasonable.
Published: 2021
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46. The Role of Ponds in Pesticide Dissipation at the Agricultural Catchment Scale: A Critical Review

Author: Cédric Chaumont, Gwenaël Imfeld, José-Miguel Sánchez-Pérez, Jean-Luc Probst, Julien Tournebize, Tetyana Gilevska, Aya Bahi, Anne Probst, Sylvain Payraudeau, Sabine Sauvage, Hugues Alexandre, Betty Chaumet, Francis Macary, Institut Terre Environnement Strasbourg (ITES), École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Hydrosystèmes continentaux anthropisés : ressources, risques, restauration (UR HYCAR), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (ECOLAB), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Observatoires de la zone critique - OZCAR (FRANCE), Environnement, territoires et infrastructures (UR ETBX), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE), Ecole Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg - ENGEES (FRANCE), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Toulouse INP (FRANCE), Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE (FRANCE), Université Paris-Saclay (FRANCE), Université de Strasbourg - UNISTRA (FRANCE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT3 (FRANCE), Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (LEFE), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT), and ANR-18-CE32-0007,PESTIPOND,Rôle des retenues d'eau artificielles et naturelles dans le transfert et l'impact des pesticides dans les eaux de surface de la zone critique en milieu agricole(2018)
Subjects: Underpinning, Biogeochemical processes, Geography, Planning and Development, 0207 environmental engineering, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, Aquatic Science, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, Catchment scale, 020701 environmental engineering, Ponds, TD201-500, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Pesticide transport, Ecologie, Environnement, Agricultural catchment, Agro-ecological modelling, Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes, business.industry, Scale (chemistry), Hydraulic engineering, 15. Life on land, Pesticide, Dissipation, 6. Clean water, Pesticide transformation and dissipation, 13. Climate action, Agriculture, Environmental science, Spatial prediction, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Water resource management, business, TC1-978, [CHIM.OTHE]Chemical Sciences/Other
Abstract: International audience; Ponds in agricultural areas are ubiquitous water retention systems acting as reactive biogeochemicalhotspots controlling pesticide dissipation and transfer at the catchment scale. Several issues need to be addressed in order to understand, follow-up and predict the role of ponds in limiting pesticide transfer at the catchment scale. In this review, we present a critical overview of functional processes underpinning pesticide dissipation in ponds. We highlight the need to distinguish degradative and non-degradative processes and to understand the role of the sediment-water interfacein pesticide dissipation. Yet it is not well-established how pesticide dissipation in ponds governs the pesticide transfer at the catchment scale under varying hydro-climatic conditions and agricultural operation practices. To illustrate the multi-scale and dynamic aspects of this issue, we sketch a modelling framework integrating the role of ponds at the catchment scale. Such an integratedframework can improve the spatial prediction of pesticide transfer and risk assessment across the catchment-ponds-river continuum to facilitate management rules and operations.
Published: 2021
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47. Investigating the role of the Cuvette Centrale in the hydrology of the Congo

Author: Vanessa Dos-Santos, Moukandi N'kaya, Pankyes Datok, Sabine Sauvage, Adrien Paris, José-Miguel Sanchez Perez, Clément Fabre, and Alain Laraque
Subjects: Hydrology, Cuvette, geography, Hydrology (agriculture), geography.geographical_feature_category, Environmental science, Wetland, Balance of nature
Abstract: 15 The increasing pressure on wetland resources continues to threaten the role wetlands play in 16 maintaining the ecological balance of watersheds. The Cuvette Centrale of the Congo is the 17 grea...
Published: 2020
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48. Assessment of Hydrology and Sediment Yield in the Mekong River Basin Using SWAT Model

Author: Ilan Ich, José-Miguel Sánchez-Pérez, Chantha Oeurng, Sabine Sauvage, Ty Sok, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (LEFE), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), and Université de Toulouse (UT)
Subjects: Delta, lcsh:Hydraulic engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Geography, Planning and Development, 0207 environmental engineering, hydrology, 02 engineering and technology, Aquatic Science, Structural basin, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, sediment yield, Hydrology (agriculture), lcsh:Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes, lcsh:TC1-978, Streamflow, Tributary, SWAT, SWAT model, 020701 environmental engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Hydrology, geography, lcsh:TD201-500, geography.geographical_feature_category, Mekong River, Sediment, 15. Life on land, 6. Clean water, Environmental science, Surface runoff
Abstract: The Mekong River Basin (MRB) in Southeast Asia is among the world&rsquo, s ten largest rivers, both in terms of its discharge and sediment load. The spatial and temporal resolution to accurately determine the sediment load/yield from tributaries and sub-basin that enters the Mekong mainstream still lacks from the large-scale model. In this study, the SWAT model was applied to the MRB to assess long-term basin hydrology and to quantify the sediment load and spatial sediment yield in the MRB. The model was calibrated and validated (1985&ndash, 2016) at a monthly time step. The overall proportions of streamflow in the Mekong River were 34% from surface runoff, 21% from lateral flow, 45% from groundwater contribution. The average annual sediments yield presented 1,295 t/km2/year in the upper part of the basin, 218 t/km2/year in the middle, 78 t/km2/year in the intensive agricultural area and 138 t/km2/year in the highland area in the lower part. The annual average sediment yield for the Mekong River was 310 t/km&sup2, /year from upper 80% of the total MRB before entering the delta. The derived sediment yield and a spatial soil erosion map can explicitly illustrate the identification and prioritization of the critical soil erosion-prone areas of the MR sub-basins.
Published: 2020
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49. Global-scale daily riverine DOC fluxes from lands to the oceans with a generic model

Author: Sabine Sauvage, Jean-Luc Probst, Clément Fabre, José-Miguel Sánchez-Pérez, Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (ECOLAB), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Toulouse INP (FRANCE), and Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT3 (FRANCE)
Subjects: Generic model, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Hydrological modelling, Climate change, Context (language use), Daily, 02 engineering and technology, DOC, Riverine exports, Oceanography, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Dissolved organic carbon, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Temperate climate, Global scale, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Ecologie, Environnement, Global and Planetary Change, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 020206 networking & telecommunications, Estuary, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, Modélisation et simulation, 6. Clean water, Arctic, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science
Abstract: The export of riverine dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to the oceans is determinant in carbon exchanges of the estuaries and oceanic food webs. Past research returned a global DOC export around 160–450 TgC.yr−1 by using complex process-based models or yearly average estimates that could have been misjudged. In this study, we try to understand the complex processes explaining daily DOC exports among 341 exoreic watersheds covering 71% of freshwater flows to the oceans. Based on a dataset of DOC concentrations among rivers at the global scale, we were able to link DOC concentrations to daily discharge, the ration between the soil organic carbon content and the amount of precipitations and the average air temperature in the watersheds. We have found a global riverine DOC flux of 131.6 TgC.yr−1 based on daily data and a generic model. Tropical and cold watersheds are the main contributors with 49.5% and 33.3% of the global riverine DOC flux on the two last decades while temperate, semi-arid and polar basins represent 15.9%, 0.7% and 0.6%, respectively. Temporal exports range from 0.1 to 0.16 TgC.day−1 in tropical areas, 0.03–0.32 TgC.day−1 in cold areas and 0.03–0.08 TgC.day−1 in temperate areas. Atlantic and Arctic oceans receive the most important fluxes (0.12–0.2 and 0.01–0.26 TgC.day−1). In a climate change context, this generic equation could be introduced in hydrological modelling tools to predict future DOC fluxes trends.
Published: 2020
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50. A model for evaluating continental chemical weathering from riverine transports of dissolved major elements at a global scale

Author: Juan Luis Lechuga-Crespo, Jean-Luc Probst, P. Amiotte Suchet, Estilita Ruiz-Romera, Jens Hartmann, Sabine Sauvage, José-Miguel Sánchez-Pérez, Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (ECOLAB), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (LEFE), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT), University of the Basque Country/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Universität Hamburg (UHH), Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Basque Government (Consolidated Group IT 1029–16), the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) (UFI 11/26), the Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse (INPT), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany's Excellence Strategy – EXC 2037 ‘Climate, Climatic Change, and Society’ – Project Number: 390683824, and contributes to the Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN) of the Universität Hamburg., Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of the Basque Country [Bizkaia] (UPV/EHU), Institut für Geologie, Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] [Dijon] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Toulouse INP (FRANCE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT3 (FRANCE), Universität Hamburg (GERMANY), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté - UBFC (FRANCE), University of the Basque Country - UPV/EHU (SPAIN), and Biogéosciences (Dijon, France)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Lithology, Alkalinity, Weathering, Soil science, 02 engineering and technology, Mineral composition, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Ion, Empirical model, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Hotspot (geology), 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Global scale, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, Ionic flux, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Hydrologie, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Global and Planetary Change, Chemical weathering, 020206 networking & telecommunications, Regolith, 6. Clean water, 13. Climate action, Environmental science
Abstract: 14 pages; International audience; This study presents a process-based-empirical model for the assessment of ionic fluxes derived from chemical weathering of rocks (ICWR) at a global scale. The equations are designed and the parameters fitted using riverine transport of dissolved major ions Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Cl−, SO42−, and alkalinity at a global scale by combining point sampling analysis with spatial descriptions of hydrology, climate, topography, lithology and soil variables such as mineral composition and regolith thickness. Different configurations of the model are considered and the results show that the previously reported “soil shielding” effect on chemical weathering (CW) of rocks presents different values for each of the ions considered. Overall, there is good agreement between median and ranges in observed and simulated data, but further analysis is required to downscale the model to catchment scale. Application to the global scale provides the first global ICWR map, resulting in an average cationic flux derived from chemical weathering of 734·106 Mg·y−1, where 58% is Ca2+, 15% is Mg2+, 24% is Na+ and 3% is K+, and an average anionic flux derived from chemical weathering of 2640·106 Mg·y−1, where 74% is alkalinity, 18% is SO42−, and 8% is Cl−. Hyperactive and hotspot areas are elucidated and compared between ions.
Published: 2020
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