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A detailed examination of the effects of double stratification on the magnetized second grade nanofluid created by a stretching sheet within the porous medium has been carried out in this study. The CBC (convective boundary conditions) and NH (Newtonian heating) conditions are utilized for the analysis. The relevant similarity transformations are defined in order to transform the governing nonlinear PDEs into dimensionless ODEs. The transformed equations are numerically treated with bvp4c in Matlab software package. The computations are expressed in tabular and graphical forms. The flow parameters involved in the modeling are demonstrated on temperature, velocity, and concentration of nanofluid. The calculations of Nusselt number − θ ′ ( 0 ) , Sherwood number − ϕ ′ ( 0 ) and skin-friction coefficient C fx ( 0 ) against the distinct values ofconstraints for general, CBC and NH are expressed to examine the flow situation. The numeric computations are matched with the literature published earlier for particular cases which shows the validity of current computations. It is noted that the skin friction is decreasing with an increment in second grade parameter. Flow velocity is increased by rising the second grade parameter.

This study investigates the relationship between cultural diversity awareness and achievement-oriented goals among undergraduate medical students at the university level. Utilizing the Achievement Motivation Model by McInerney et al. (2003) and the General Fulfillment Aims Orientation Scale (GAGOS), it examines mastery, performance, and social goals. Additionally, it incorporates Ennejar's (2021) cultural diversity awareness model to assess students' attitudes toward cultural diversity. Data were collected from 80 final-year MBBS students through a survey and analyzed using SPSS for descriptive and inferential statistics. Results show that students have a high level of cultural diversity awareness and recognize biases, supporting diverse voices and cultural differences. A significant positive correlation (r = 0.948, p < 0.05) between cultural diversity awareness and achievement motivation was found, although no significant differences were observed based on gender or age. These findings suggest that enhancing personal development, altruism, and social recognition may boost motivation and that diversity and inclusion programs are crucial for fostering environments that promote achievement motivation.

In this study, an investigation is made to evaluate the heat transport properties of Casson fluid over an infinite flat plate. Initially, the plate accelerates within its plane, only to gradually decelerate until it comes to a complete stop. This variation in plate velocity introduces a dynamic component to the problem, enriching the understanding of heat transport phenomena. To accurately convert the governing partial differential equations, the study employs a mathematical transformation that converts them into a set of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The numerical solution of these ODEs is carried out using the computational software MAPLE 2022, with a stringent convergence control threshold set at 10−6. This numerical approach ensures precision in analyzing the complex fluid dynamics and heat transfer phenomena under consideration. The study contributes to understanding heat transport in Casson fluids, especially in scenarios involving plate acceleration and deceleration.

The study and investigation of the behavior of monetary phenomena is an interesting subject for actuaries and practitioners. In the recent age and development in the monetary and financial phenomena, cryptocurrency has gained much attention from actuaries. Over the past decade, several research studies have emerged on modeling and forecasting cryptocurrency exchange rates. This paper also contributes to the modeling of cryptocurrency exchange rates using a new version of the Logistic distribution, namely, a new cotangent-Logistic distribution. The mathematical properties and estimators of the new cotangent-logistic distribution's parameters are obtained. We illustrate the new cotangent-Logistic distribution using two financial data sets representing the log-returns of the Bitcoin and Ethereum prices. We compare the new cotangent-Logistic distribution with the baseline Logistic distribution and its modified version. Using the p-value and three other statistical tests, we show that the new cotangent-Logistic distribution repeatedly provides the optimal fit to cryptocurrency exchange rates.

Abstract Background: Vitamin D deficiency is a prevalent global health concern. To investigate the relationship between serum vitamin D levels and lipid parameters. Methodology: A prospective observational cohort study was carried out at Sindh Government Hospital Liaquatabad from October 2021 to February 2022. The study included a total of 171 participants, comprising both males and females aged 18 years or older, with vitamin D levels falling below 30 ng/ml. Participant selection employed a consecutive non-probability sampling method. Serum vitamin D levels were quantified using the COBAS method. Dyslipidemia and hypertriglyceridemia were defined based on established clinical guidelines. Exclusion criteria encompassed individuals with specific medical conditions and those currently using medications. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS version 22.0. Results: Out of the 171 participants, the majority were female, constituting 129 (75.43%), while 42 (24.56%) were male. Interestingly, a higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was observed among younger patients, with the age group of 30-39 years displaying the highest rate of vitamin D deficiency. Regarding lipid profiles, dyslipidemia was significantly more common in female patients (50.87%) compared to their male counterparts (5.26%). However, it's noteworthy that male patients exhibited higher triglyceride levels (167.21 ± 89.64 mg/dl) than females. Conclusion: This study reveals a strong relationship between vitamin D deficiency and lipid parameters.

This work aims to analyze the transfer of heat through new fractional-order convective straight fins by using the Riemann-Liouville type fractional derivatives. The convection through the fins is considered in such a way that the thermal conductivity depends on the temperature. The transformed fractional-order problems are constituted through an optimization problem in such a way that the L2 norm remains minimal. The objective functions are further analyzed with the hybrid Cuckoo search (HCS) algorithm that use the artificial neural network (ANN) mechanism. The impacts of the fractional parameter β, the thermo-geometric parameter of fin ψ, and dimensionless thermal conductivity α are explained through figures and tables. The fin efficiency during the whole process is explained with larger values of ψ. It is found that the larger values of ψ decline the fin efficacy. The fractional parameter declines the thermal profile as we approach the integer order. The convergence of HCS algorithm is performed in each case study. The residual error touches E−14 for the integer order of α. The present results are validated through Table 6 by comparing with HPM, VIM and LHPM, while the error for HCS-ANN touches E−13. This proves that the proposed HCS is efficient.

The comparative analysis of non-Newtonian nanofluids with Newtonian conditions are addressed in this research. Oldroyd-B and Casson fluids are adopted as the non-Newtonian fluids (NNF). The generation of flow is due to bidirectionally movement of magnetized surface. Radiation and chemical reactive processes are accounted in energy and mass transportation equations. Buongiorno’s theory of nanoparticles is developed for the nanofluids analysis. The basic formulas of fluid dynamics are incorporated to formulate the physical model. The assumption of boundary-layer is utilized for the simplification of mathematical model. The arising nonlinear model of three independent variables are converted into one independent variable model using similarity constraints. The simplified mathematical model is treated analytically through the implementation of homotopic approach. The convergence of this scheme is verified through numerical benchmark and graphic illustration. The results of versatile constraints on physical quantities are addressed numerically and graphically. The comparison of results with previous published outcomes is provided in limiting approach.

Thermal mechanism of non-Newtonian nanofluid coated by lubricated power law material has been theoretically worked out. The slip interaction constraints have been proposed for inspecting the thermal transport. The concept of microorganism is utilized to achieve the stabilization of the suspension of nanoparticles. The rheological constraints of nonlinear model are observed by second grade fluid. The flow phenomenon is governed by stagnation point flow. The second-grade (SG) axisymmetric bio-convective nanofluid flow across a moving surface is considered. The flow equations are simplified by the implementation of compatible similarity transformations. The resulting system is solved numerically and analytically by using a hybrid homotopy technique. With the use of a graph and tabular data, the importance of influencing parameters in relation to the velocity field, motile density microorganism’s, temperature and concentration profiles is investigated. The thermal profile is observed to be lowering with higher Prandtl number values. There is a noticeable drop in concentration and thermal profiles against higher viscoelastic parameter values. The microorganism profile is lower in the presence of bio-convected Lewis number. Moving from Newtonian fluid to non-Newtonian fluid, a decrease in motile organism and Nusselt number.

Marangoni convection is discovered by varying gradients of surface tension. Marangoni induced flow plays a vital role in melting of coating flow technology, drying wafers, crystals, soap film stabilization, wielding and microfluidics, in which the flow creates unwanted impacts under gravity on micro-level in the same manner as buoyancy-induced natural convection. The Magneto-Marangoni convective flow of Walter-B fluid over a vertical permeable surface is addressed in the current research. The Dufour–Soret effects are taken into account along with activation energy and radiation. Flow through a porous media is modeled via Darcy and Forchheimer theory. The surface tension gradient becomes stronger by increasing the Marangoni convection parameter, which results in stronger induced flows and more efficient heat and mass movement inside the liquid. The result is a more uniform distribution of these qualities throughout the liquid as the temperature and concentration profiles drop. With higher viscoelastic parameter levels, the fluid accelerates and the velocity profile increases due to decreased viscosity. Due to an augmentation in the Dufour and Soret number, the thermal and concentration of the Walter-B fluid boost up respectively.

The initial COVID-19 vaccinations were created and distributed to the general population in 2020 thanks to emergency authorization and conditional approval. Consequently, numerous countries followed the process that is currently a global campaign. Taking into account the fact that people are being vaccinated, there are concerns about the effectiveness of that medical solution. Actually, this study is the first one focusing on how the number of vaccinated people might influence the spread of the pandemic in the world. From the Global Change Data Lab "Our World in Data", we were able to get data sets about the number of new cases and vaccinated people. This study is a longitudinal one from 14/12/2020 to 21/03/2021. In addition, we computed Generalized log-Linear Model on count time series (Negative Binomial distribution due to over dispersion in data) and implemented validation tests to confirm the robustness of our results. The findings revealed that when the number of vaccinated people increases by one new vaccination on a given day, the number of new cases decreases significantly two days after by one. The influence is not notable on the same day of vaccination. Authorities should increase the vaccination campaign to control well the pandemic. That solution has effectively started to reduce the spread of COVID-19 in the world.

Abstract Background Event-based surveillance (EBS) is an essential component of Early Warning Alert and Response (EWAR) as per the International Health Regulations (IHR), 2005. EBS was established in Sudan in 2016 as a complementary system for Indicator-based surveillance (IBS). This review will provide an overview of the current EBS structure, functions and performance in Sudan and identify the gaps and ways forward. Methods The review followed the WHO/EMRO guidelines and tools. Structured discussions, observation and review of records and guidelines were done at national and state levels. Community volunteers were interviewed through phone calls. Directors of Health Emergency and Epidemic Control, surveillance officers and focal persons for EBS at the state level were also interviewed. SPSS software was used to perform descriptive statistical analysis for quantitative data, while qualitative data was analysed manually using thematic analysis, paying particular attention to the health system level allowing for an exploration of how and why experiences differ across levels. Written and verbal consents were obtained from all participants as appropriate. Results Sudan has a functioning EBS; however, there is an underestimation of its contribution and importance at the national and states levels. The link between the national level and states is ad hoc or is driven by the need for reports. While community event-based surveillance (CEBS) is functioning, EBS from health facilities and from non-health sectors is not currently active. The integration of EBS into overall surveillance was not addressed, and the pathway from detection to action is not clear. The use of electronic databases and platforms is generally limited. Factors that would improve performance include training, presence of a trained focal person at state level, and regular follow-up from the national level. Factors such as staff turnover, income in relation to expenses and not having a high academic qualification (Diploma or MSc) were noticed as inhibiting factors. Conclusion The review recommended revisiting the surveillance structure at national and state levels to put EBS as an essential component and to update guidelines and standard operation procedures SOPs to foster the integration between EBS components and the overall surveillance system. The need for strengthening the link with states, capacity building and re-addressing the training modalities was highlighted.

ZnO, MoS2, MoS2/ZnO/glass, and ZnO/MoS2/glass thin films have been deposited on glass substrates by chemical bath deposition techniques (CBD). XRD results confirmed the formation of MoS2, ZnO, MoS2/ZnO/glass, and ZnO/MoS2/glass films. All the films have a hexagonal structure. The grain size of heterostructured (MoS2/ZnO/glass and ZnO/MoS2/glass) films is larger than pure (ZnO and MoS2) films. The band gap energy of ZnO, MoS2, MoS2/ZnO/glass and ZnO/MoS2/glass is 3.14 eV, 1.52 eV, 1.62 eV and 2.67 eV, respectively. Photoluminescence (PL) emission peaks of ZnO are observed in the visible region. When ZnO film is deposited on MoS2 film, PL peaks are shifted to smaller wavelengths. A very high PL intensity peak of MoS2 is observed. When MoS2 film was deposited on ZnO film the peak intensity was reduced. The average sheet resistivity of glass/MoS2, glass/ZnO, MoS2/ZnO/glass and ZnO/MoS2/glass films is 6.44 × 104, 7.89 × 103, 5.65 × 104, and 2.45 × 103 (ohm-m), respectively. These materials have potential applications in perovskite solar cells.

ZnO − SAE 50 nanolubricant is one of the most important nanolubricants having widespread uses in heat exchange systems and automobiles. It minimizes friction between moving parts and prevents them from corrosion and scrape, improves durability and performance of the system and also minimizes the consumption of fuel. This work investigates the rheological behavior of magnetized ZnO − SAE 50 nanolubricant over moving/stationary Riga plate with viscous dissipation and nonlinear heat generation. The novel features of the current work are the use of ZnO − SAE 50 nanolubricant as a flow fluid across a Riga plate and the application of the Patel model to boost the thermal conductivity of the nanolubricant. The governing system of equations is transformed to nonlinear ODEs and then treated analytically by using HAM. The augmentation in the velocity of nanolubricant ZnO − SAE 50 is observed due to increasing values of Grashof number. The higher values of nonlinear thermal radiation and nonlinear heat generation parameters upsurge the temperature profile. The value of skin friction increases by increasing modified Hartman number and velocity slip parameter while reverse trend is observed by enhancing magnetic parameter. The radiation parameter, temperature dependent heat source parameter and solid volume fraction tend to augment Nusselt number at the Riga surface.

In this study, a new fractional-order model for human skull heat conduction is tackled by using a neural network, and the results were further modified by using the hybrid cuckoo search algorithm. In order to understand the temperature distribution, we introduced memory effects into our model by using fractional time derivatives. The objective function was constructed in such a way that the L2−error remained at a minimum. The fractional order equation was then calculated by using the proposed biogeography-based hybrid cuckoo search (BHCS) algorithm to approximate the solution. When compared to earlier simulations based on integer-order models, this method enabled us to examine the fractional-order (FO) cases, as well as the integer order. The results are presented in the form of figures and tables for the different case studies. The results obtained for the various parameters were validated numerically against the available literature, where our proposed methodology showed better performance when compared to the least squares method (LSM).

Marangoni convection is very useful in coating flow technology, surfactant replacement therapy for neonatal children, microfluidics, drying of semi-conductor vapors in microelectronics, foams, and film drainage in emulsions. The behavior of gyrotactic microorganisms and chemical reaction on the Marangoni convected Carreau-Yasuda liquid flowing over Riga plate with thermophoretic particle deposition is reported in this research. The Riga plate is self-possessed of magnets and electrodes. The fluid conducted electricity and the vertical Lorentz force has been exponentially increased. Thermal and mass species phenomena are investigated within the context of Dufour and Soret impacts. The PDEs are transformed into ODEs by the implication of suitable transformations. The resulting system of equations is solved by using homotopy analysis method (HAM). Using tables and graphs, the effects of dimensionless parameters on flow fields are described. The wall drag coefficient and pertinent flow rates are organized and stated. The results revealed that the temperature, concentration, and microorganisms profiles decay but the velocity profile augmented as the Marangoni ratio parameter increases.

Although antimicrobial resistance before the Covid-19 pandemic is a top priority for global public health, research is already ongoing on novel organic compounds with antimicrobial and antiviral properties in changing medical environments in connection with Covid 19. Thanks to the Biginelli reaction, which allows the synthesis of pyrimidine compounds, blockers of calcium channels, antibodies, antiviral, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, or antioxidant therapeutic compounds were investigated. In this paper, we aim to present Biginelli's synthesis, its therapeutic properties, and the structural–functional relationship in the test compounds that allows the synthesis of antimicrobial compounds. Both the DFT and TD-DFT computations of spectral data, molecular orbitals (HOMO, LUMO) analysis, and electrostatic potential (MEP) surfaces are carried out as an add-on to synthetic research. Hirshfeld surface analysis was also used to segregate the different intermolecular hydrogen bonds involved in the molecular packing strength. Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) investigation endorses the existence of intermolecular interactions mediated by lone pair, bonding, and anti-bonding orbitals. The dipole moment, linear polarizability, and first hyperpolarizabilities have been explored as molecular parameters. All findings based on DFT exhibit the best consistency with experimental findings, implying that synthesized molecules are highly stable. To better understand the binding mechanism of the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, we performed molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and binding free energy calculations.

This study examines the time-dependent, three-dimensional, laminar, incompressible, and inclined hydromagnetic flow of viscous fluid above a rotating disk. The disk is saturated in a porous space and moves vertically along axial direction. Heat transfer process is analyzed by the thermal radiation and convective boundary condition. Thermophoresis process is illustrated in the flow stream by mass equation. The similarity functions are exerted to transform the system of partial differential equations into a one independent variable expressions. The finite differences scheme is applied to the resultant dimensionalized system and then solved in iterative manner using Successive over Relaxation (SOR) method. The physical quantities are illustrated graphically in terms of velocity, thermal and concentration fields. Two-dimensional contour phenomenon and three-dimensional flow visualizations for some parameters are also sketched. The skin-friction co-efficient, frictional torque, Nusselt number and Sherwood number against selected parameters are discussed in tabular format.

Air quality has a significant influence on the environment and health. Instruments that efficiently and inexpensively detect air quality could be extremely valuable in detecting air quality indices. This study presents a robust deep learning model named AQE-Net, for estimating air quality from mobile images. The algorithm extracts features and patterns from scene photographs collected by the camera device and then classifies the images according to air quality index (AQI) levels. Additionally, an air quality dataset (KARACHI-AQI) of high-quality outdoor images was constructed to enable the model’s training and assessment of performance. The sample data were collected from an air quality monitoring station in Karachi City, Pakistan, comprising 1001 hourly datasets, including photographs, PM2.5 levels, and the AQI. This study compares and examines traditional machine learning algorithms, e.g., a support vector machine (SVM), and deep learning models, such as VGG16, InceptionV3, and AQE-Net on the KHI-AQI dataset. The experimental findings demonstrate that, compared to other models, AQE-Net achieved more accurate categorization findings for air quality. AQE-Net achieved 70.1% accuracy, while SVM, VGG16, and InceptionV3 achieved 56.2% and 59.2% accuracy, respectively. In addition, MSE, MAE, and MAPE values were calculated for our model (1.278, 0.542, 0.310), which indicates the remarkable efficacy of our approach. The suggested method shows promise as a fast and accurate way to estimate and classify pollutants from only captured photographs. This flexible and scalable method of assessment has the potential to fill in significant gaps in the air quality data gathered from costly devices around the world.

The most aggressive and deadliest form of cancer for adolescence and young adults is osteosarcoma. Current treatment of osteosarcoma mainly consists of chemotherapy along with surgery has dramatically improved survival rate. However unfortunately, the survival-rate remained unchanged in its metastatic stages that might be due to chemoresistance against the treatment of osteosarcoma. Till date, in clinical applications, there is no precise diagnostic/prognostic marker of osteosarcoma. Metallothioneins are thiol rich intracellular proteins, which binds to several cytotoxic agents. Metallothionein isoforms participate actively in numerous physiological and patho-physiological processes like proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and the heavy metals detoxification. There are many evidences in literature which are suggestive of participation of these proteins in carcinogenesis and antitumor therapy. Furthermore, a number of studies also reveal the important role of metallothioneins in tumor cell defense mechanism against the radiotherapy by preventing apoptosis. Also in osteosarcoma patients in comparison to healthy controls, the higher level of metallothioneins levels further indicates their significant role. Moreover higher level of metallothionein-2A in chemotherapy resistance patients with osteosarcoma further becomes potential supportive evidence. According to the information available in the literature, one may accomplish that metallothioneins has a role in osteosarcoma progression and chemoresistance and may become a potential diagnostic marker as well as a reliable therapeutic target. However, further multicentric studies are needed in support. A better knowledge of the communication among metallothioneins in osteosarcoma as well as with chemotherapeutic agents is necessity and may exposed new perspectives in cancer treatment. Keywords: Osteosarcoma, Metallothionein, Biomarkers, Chemoresistance

Background: Osteosarcoma is the most prevalent type of primary bone sarcoma and is the major cause of deaths associated with cancer in children and adolescents. Despite novel and innovative therapies, early diagnosis of the osteosarcoma is still critically needed. Our study aimed to analyse the CCN3 proteins as a diagnostic marker and correlate their expression level with the severity of primary osteosarcoma patients. Methods: In this prospective case-control study, after ethical clearance and informed consent, a total of 35 cases with primary osteosarcoma and ten otherwise healthy controls were enroled according to our strict inclusion-exclusion criteria. Tissue samples were collected during biopsy procedures in suspected cases and in controls during bone grafting procedures. The CCN3 expression level was measured by the western blotting assay. The clinic-radiological examinations were done in cases and graded according to the AJCC classification. Comparisons of CCN3 expression were measured between cases and controls, followed by correlation of their expression level with severity/grade of osteosarcoma in cases. Results: All the demographic parameters showed insignificant differences. The CCN3 protein expressions were significantly upregulated in tissue samples of osteosarcoma patients (cases) compared to controls. The mean difference (p

Introduction. The treatment of long bone shaft nonunions is challenging. The technique of osteoperiosteal decortications flap for approaching the nonunion site coupled with fixation modalities was first described by Judet in 1963. Despite promising clinical and radiological union, this technique is not popular among orthopaedic surgeons. Our study aimed to evaluate the radiological union and functional results of shaft tibia nonunions treated by the osteoperiosteal decortication approach. Methods. This retrospective study included all the cases with established tibial shaft nonunion following stringent inclusion and exclusion criteria and operated upon by following the principle of osteoperiosteal flap technique from April 2015 to July 2019. Further subgroups were made based on nonunions complexity based on nonunion scoring system (NUSS) score. The outcome measures included radiological union scale in tibial fractures (RUST) and lower extremity functional scale (LEFS). The preoperative scores for union and function were recorded, and the subsequent scores were obtained at three, six, and nine months and one year. Appropriate statistical analysis of the data was done. Results. Thirty-four cases were shortlisted for analysis, fulfilling our inclusion and exclusion criteria. There were 22 males (64.7%) and 12 females (35.3%) with a mean age of 34.17 ± 10.3 years. Subgroup analysis based on the complexity of nonunion (NUSS score) revealed 14 cases in group A, 10 cases in group B, 10 cases in group C, and 0 cases in group D. The average time from fracture to surgery in these cases was 14.6 months. The average time to achieve union was 9.6 months, with patients in groups A, B, and C, having a mean duration of 9, 10.5, and 12 months, respectively. Statistically, significant improvement was seen in both RUST scores and LEFS score. Complications included infection in seven cases, wound dehiscence in two cases, and four cases of persistent nonunion. Conclusion. Osteoperiosteal decortication remains a highly effective surgical technique in the management of nonunion of long bones. NUSS scoring is an essential tool for prognosticating nonunion cases. This score is inversely related to the radiological union (RUST score) of the bone and functional recovery (LEFS score) of the patient.

Unsteady three-dimensional flow of an incompressible Oldroyd-B nanomaterial is reported in this article. The origin of flow is time-dependent surface spreading in lateral directions transversely taking nanoparticles with zero mass flux. The formulated partial differential system is reframed by similarity variables into ordinary differential system. The obtained system is solved by the process of homotopy analysis for dimensional temperature and concentration of nanoparticles. Physical parameter behavior on temperature and concentrations of nanoparticles is examined using graph and tabular data. The surface temperature is also measured and evaluated, and it is found that the temperature is reduced for greater unsteadiness parameter values. We found that the higher β 1 enhances the curves of nanoparticle concentration and temperature while these curves retard for the incrementing values of β 2 . The increasing nature of Brownian movement N b and Lewis number Le corresponds to lower profiles of nanoparticles concentration.

Recent progress in nanotechnology and nanoscience has attended the researchers’ interest due to its inspiring industrial and technological applications. This contribution investigates the bioconvection flow of Carreau fluid over a periodically moving stretched surface with important feature of magnetic field and thermal radiation. Bioconvection in non-Newtonian nanofluid is utilized with sustaining the joint features of buoyancy and magnetic forces. In addition, thermal radiation consequences are summarized in the energy equation while further computations have been operated under “one parametric approach.” The attended problem is contested with a famous convergent technique having excellent accuracy. A comprehensive graphical approach is constituted to describe the thermo-physical features of interesting physical parameters. The reported results may use in enhancement of extrusion system, bio-fuels, and biotechnology.

Macrocyclic Schiff base ligand through the condensation of 1,3-dicarbonyl-phenyl-dihydrazide with 4,4′-difluorobenzil and its Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) metal complexes have been synthesized. The ligand and metal complexes were characterized by analytical and physicochemical methods. An octahedral geometry arising from coordination of N2O2 donor atoms from the macrocyclic framework has been proposed for all metal complexes. Synthesized ligand and metal complexes were investigated for in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Complex [Ni(C22H14N4F2O2)(OCOCH3)2] has shown remarkable antibacterial activity (Minimum inhibitory concentration 8–16 μg/ml) comparable to commercial antibiotic Ciprofloxacin. Anticancer activity of synthesized compounds against Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC4), head and neck cancer cell line has also been studied at different concentrations and at different time points. Complexes [Co(C22H14N4F2O2)(NO3)2] and [Cu(C22H14N4F2O2)(OCOCH3)2] have shown remarkable anticancer results (IC50 31.1 and 43.1 μM) against the tested cell line in concentration dependent manner. Molecular docking studies were carried out to find the binding mode of the synthesized macrocyclic Schiff base ligand to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Kinase (PDB ID: 1M17). Keywords: Anticancer, Macrocyclic complexes, Schiff base, Antioxidant, Molecular docking

The consequence of thermal radiation in laminar natural convective hydromagnetic flow of viscous incompressible fluid past a vertical cone with mass transfer under the influence of chemical reaction with heat source/sink is presented here. The surface of the cone is focused to a variable wall temperature (VWT) and wall concentration (VWC). The fluid considered here is a gray absorbing and emitting, but non-scattering medium. The boundary layer dimensionless equations governing the flow are solved by an implicit finite-difference scheme of Crank–Nicolson which has speedy convergence and stable. This method converts the dimensionless equations into a system of tri-diagonal equations and which are then solved by using well known Thomas algorithm. Numerical solutions are obtained for momentum, temperature, concentration, local and average shear stress, heat and mass transfer rates for various values of parameters Pr, Sc, λ, Δ, Rd are established with graphical representations. We observed that the liquid velocity decreased for higher values of Prandtl and Schmidt numbers. The temperature is boost up for decreasing values of Schimdt and Prandtl numbers. The enhancement in radiative parameter gives more heat to liquid due to which temperature is enhanced significantly. Keywords: Chemical reaction, Heat generation/absorption, MHD, Radiation, Vertical cone

The present research article focuses on three-dimensional flow of viscoelastic(second grade) nanofluid in the presence of Cattaneo-Christov double-diffusion theory. Flow caused is due to stretching sheet. Characteristics of heat transfer are interpreted by considering the heat generation/absorption. Nanofluid theory comprises of Brownian motion and thermophoresis. Cattaneo-Christov double-diffusion theory is introduced in the energy and concentration expressions. Such diffusions are developed as a part of formulating the thermal and solutal relaxation times framework. Suitable variables are implemented for the conversion of partial differential systems into a sets of ordinary differential equations. The transformed expressions have been explored through homotopic algorithm. Behavior of sundry variables on the velocities, temperature and concentration are scrutinized graphically. Numerical values of skin friction coefficients are also calculated and examined. Here thermal field enhances for heat generation parameter while reverse situation is noticed for heat absorption parameter. Keywords: Viscoelastic(second grade) nanofluid, Cattaneo-Christov double-diffusion model, Heat generation/absorption

The aim of this article is to highlight the unsteady mixed convective couple stress nanoliquid flow passed through stretching surface. The flow is generated due to periodic oscillations of sheet. An appropriate set of dimensionless variables are used to reduce the independent variables in governing equations arising from mathematical modeling. An analytical solution has been computed by employing the technique of homotopy method. The outcomes of various sundry parameters like couple stress parameter, the ratio of angular velocity to stretching rate, thermophoresis parameter, Hartmann number, Prandtl number, heat source/sink parameter, Schmidt number described graphically and in tabular form. It is observed that the velocity profile increases by increasing mixed convection parameter and concentration buoyancy parameter. The temperature enhances for larger values of Hartmann number and Brownian. The concentration profile increases by increasing thermophoresis parameter. Results show that wall shear stress increases by increasing couple stress parameter and ratio of oscillating frequency to stretching rate. Keywords: Oscillatory surface, Couple stress fluid, Nanoparticles, Heat absorption/generation

The present research explores the three-dimensional stretched flow of viscous fluid in the presence of prescribed heat (PHF) and concentration (PCF) fluxes. Mathematical formulation is developed in the presence of chemical reaction, viscous dissipation and Joule heating effects. Fluid is electrically conducting in the presence of an applied magnetic field. Appropriate transformations yield the nonlinear ordinary differential systems. The resulting nonlinear system has been solved. Graphs are plotted to examine the impacts of physical parameters on the temperature and concentration distributions. Skin friction coefficients and local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are computed and analyzed. Keywords: Three-dimensional flow, MHD, Flux conditions, Viscous dissipation, Joule heating, Exponentially stretching surface

Background: Helmet, as a protective gear to prevent fatal injuries while riding two-wheelers, needs to be evaluated by quality data. The aim of the study was to find out spectrum of injuries sustained with downstream outcomes in relation to acceptable ways of use of crash-proof helmet among motorized two-wheeler riders compared to nonuse following road traffic accidents. Methods: The present study was an analytical cross-sectional multicentric study conducted at three dedicated trauma care centers of India: (a) Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, (b) King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, and (c) Narayana Medical College and Hospital, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh. Detailed information was collected on correct use of crash-proof helmets versus nonusers. Results: Among 317 traumatic brain injury victims (mean age 31.4 ± 12.5 years; range 11–70 years; highest (38%) in the 21–30 years age group), majority were from urban areas (84%), were brought directly to trauma center (76%), and were “Drivers” (73.50%), and their vision was “normal with or without using corrective lenses” (96%). Two-thirds of the victims were carrying “Formal driving licenses,” one-thirds were “Primary earning member of the family,” and one-tenths were under influence of alcohol. Half of the two-wheeler riders were using helmet, still lesser fastened helmet properly (45%), and few others used ISI quality “Crash proof” (38.5%). Helmet use during accidents had significantly better outcomes and significantly low clinical symptoms such as loss of consciousness, vomiting, ear/nose/oral bleed, headache, seizures with associated bony, abdominal, and chest injuries. Conclusions: Helmets have protective effects on riders if helmets are of crash-proof quality, fastened properly, and consistently used even for short spells and distances of rides.

Background: Angiogenesis is a prerequisite for fracture repair, whereas insufficient blood supply is likely to result in impaired healing. In the present study, we aimed to determine the correlation of simple tibial fracture healing outcome with serial estimation of CYR61 expressions in the early phase of healing. Methods: In total, 107 adult fractured patients and 97 healthy controls were analysed. Peripheral blood samples were taken from controls (at once) and fractured patients at 4th, 7th, 10th, 15th, 20th and 28th days of post-fracture follow-ups to quantify the CYR61 mRNA and protein expression by qRT-PCR and Western blotting assay, respectively. Clinic-radiological follow-up was done at 6th, 10th, 16th, 20th, and 24th weeks of post-fracture follow-ups using RUST scores to analyse the fracture healing progression and their final outcomes. Results: By considering controls as Group I (n = 97), as per the clinico-radiological status at 24th week, fracture patients were divided into two groups: Group II (normal healing, n = 91) and Group III (impaired healing, n = 16). Both CYR61 mRNA and protein expressions were lower (baseline) in Group I than in Groups II and III; however, a significant difference was observed only with the Group II. In both groups, expressions of CYR61 mRNA as well as protein gradually upregulated from the baseline to a peak and then declined. Both, the CYR61 mRNA as well as protein expressions were significantly higher at all follow-ups in Group II than in Group III. Mean RUST scores between Group II and Group III showed a significant statistical difference at each follow-up. Significant correlation was found between the CYR61 expressions and the RUST score (fracture healing progression). Conclusion: We conclude that CYR61 expression provides an early prediction of the healing outcomes of simple diaphyseal tibial fractures. The translational potential of this article: Such an approach would benefit not only the patients' wellbeing but also the entire health care system in terms of the cost implications associated with long lasting treatment interventions and hospitalisation. However, the authors recommend further multicentric study with a large sample size to increase the validity, reliability, and generalisability of our observation and inferences.

Three-dimensional flow of nanoliquid characterizing porous space by Darcy-Forchheimer expression is studied. Zero nanoparticles mass flux and thermal convective conditions are implemented at the boundary. The modeled equations are reduced into dimensionless quantities. The governing mathematical phenomenon is tackled via optimal homotopic procedure. Importance of physical constraints is described through the plots. Numerical benchmark is presented to study the values of skin-friction coefficients and local Nusselt number. Skin-friction coefficients are declared increasing functions of porosity and Forchheimer parameters. Moreover the local Nusselt number is reduced for larger values of porosity and Forchheimer parameters. Keywords: Three-dimensional flow, Darcy-Forchheimer porous medium, Nanoparticles, Convective boundary condition, OHAM

Main objective of present article is to investigate the Cattaneo-Christov double-diffusion theory for the flow of Walters-B nanofluid over an impermeable stretching surface. Cattaneo-Christov double-diffusion definitions are utilized in the energy and concentration expressions. The Cattaneo-Christov diffusion model is introduced in describing the temperature and concentration diffusions with thermal and solutal relaxation times respectively. Heat and mass transfer analysis is carried out with the effects of heat generation/absorption and chemical reaction. Nanofluid model includes Brownian motion and thermophoresis. Dimensional nonlinear equations of momentum, energy and concentration are converted into dimensionless systems by invoking appropriate variables. The series solutions are obtained through homotopy analysis method (HAM). Effect of sundry variables on the velocity, temperature and nanoparticles concentration are scrutinized graphically. Numerical values of skin friction coefficients are computed and analyzed. Temperature field and layer thickness are quite reverse for heat generation/absorption. Keywords: Walters-B nanofluid, Cattaneo-Christov double-diffusion model, Heat generation/absorption, Chemical reaction

A numerical investigation of unsteady stagnation point flow of bioconvective nanofluid due to an exponential deforming surface is made in this research. The effects of Brownian diffusion, thermophoresis, slip velocity and thermal jump are incorporated in the nanofluid model. By utilizing similarity transformations, the highly nonlinear partial differential equations governing present nano-bioconvective boundary layer phenomenon are reduced into ordinary differential system. The resultant expressions are solved for numerical solution by employing a well-known implicit finite difference approach termed as Keller-box method (KBM). The influence of involved parameters (unsteadiness, bioconvection Schmidt number, velocity slip, thermal jump, thermophoresis, Schmidt number, Brownian motion, bioconvection Peclet number) on the distributions of velocity, temperature, nanoparticle and motile microorganisms concentrations, the coefficient of local skin-friction, rate of heat transport, Sherwood number and local density motile microorganisms are exhibited through graphs and tables. Keywords: Unsteadiness, Bio-convection, Slip regime, Stagnation point flow, Numerical modeling

Mathematical analysis of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) three-dimensional nonlinear convective flow of Maxwell nanofluid towards a stretching surface is made in this article. Characteristics of heat transfer are examined under thermal radiation, heat generation/absorption and prescribed heat flux condition. Nanofluid model includes Brownian motion and thermophoresis. Dimensional nonlinear expressions of momentum, energy and concentration are converted into dimensionless systems by invoking suitable similarity variables. A well-known homotopic technique is implemented for dimensionless expressions. Impact of different quantities on velocities, temperature and concentration are scrutinized graphically and discussed in detail. The expressions of Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are calculated and addressed comprehensively. It is also seen that thermal radiation parameter enhances the temperature field and heat transfer rate. Keywords: Maxwell nanofluid, Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD), Thermal radiation, Nonlinear convection, Flux conditions, Heat generation/absorption

Objective of present article is to describe magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) non-linear convective flow of Powell-Erying nanofluid over a stretching surface. Characteristics of Newtonian heat and mass conditions in this attempt is given attention. Heat and mass transfer analysis is examined in the frame of thermal radiation and chemical reaction. Brownian motion and thermophoresis concept is introduced due to presence of nanoparticles. Nonlinear equations of momentum, energy and concentration are transformed into dimensionless expression by invoking suitable variables. The series solutions are obtained through homotopy analysis method (HAM). Impact of embedded variables on the velocity, temperature and nanoparticles concentration is graphically presented. Numerical values of skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are computed and analyzed. It is concluded that velocity field enhances for fluid variable while reverse situation is noticed regarding Hartman number. Temperature and heat transfer rate behave quite reverse for Prandtl number. It is also noted that the concentration and local Sherwood number have opposite behavior in the frame of Brownian motion. Keywords: Powell-Erying nanofluid, Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD), Nonlinear convection, Thermal radiation, Chemical reaction, Newtonian heat and mass conditions

Background: This retrospective study examined the effectiveness and safety of polygeline in adult patients with hypovolemia due to traumatic injury. Materials and Methods: Polygeline was administered after evaluating the amount of blood loss and estimating hematological and biochemical parameters. Changes in vital signs, serum electrolytes, arterial pH, and serum lactate were evaluated. The safety was evaluated by recording the adverse events if any. Results: Sixty patients with the mean age 37.5 ± 11.26 years were included in the study. All patients had blood loss < 20%. The mean total polygeline administered was 1025.0 ± 464.18 ml. Blood transfusion was required in 3.33% of patients. Diastolic, systolic, and mean arterial blood pressure and pulse rate significantly increased after 1 h of polygeline administration (P < 0.0001). There was a trend toward increase in urine output (P = 0.0715) after 1 h. The improvement in vital parameters was consistent at 6, 14, and 18 h after administration of polygeline. Arterial pH significantly increased from 7.2 ± 0.12 to 7.3 ± 0.11 after 1 h of administration (P < 0.0001) and was consistent till 24 h (P = 0.035). Blood lactate decreased after 1 h (P < 0.0001). Changes in laboratory parameters were not clinically significant. After mean duration hospital stay of 10.5 ± 4.63 days all patients were discharged without any clinically significant abnormality or adverse event. Conclusion: Polygeline improved hemodynamic stability in patients with hypovolemia due to traumatic injury. The improvement was seen within 1 h (golden hour) of polygeline administration and maintained consistently. Polygeline can be safely administered to patients with traumatic injury to improve hemodynamic parameters and achieve stability.

This paper communicates the analysis of MHD three-dimensional flow of Jeffrey nanoliquid over a stretchable surface. Flow due to a bidirectional surface is considered. Heat and mass transfer subject to volume fraction of nanoparticles, heat generation and nonlinear solar radiation are examined. Newtonian heat and mass transportation conditions are employed at surface. Concept of boundary layer is utilized to developed the mathematical problem. The boundary value problem is dictated by ten physical parameters: Deborah number, Hartman number, ratio of stretching rates, thermophoretic parameter, Brownian motion parameter, Prandtl number, temperature ratio parameter, conjugate heat and mass parameters and Lewis number. Convergent solutions are obtained using homotopic procedure. Convergence zone for obtained results is explicitly identified. The obtained solutions are interpreted physically. Keywords: Hydromagnetic flow, Viscoelastic nanofluid, Thermophoretic and Brownian moment, Nonlinear thermal radiation, Heat generation

The present study aimed to develop the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using the green method, with Aloe barbadensis leaf extract as a stabilizing and capping agent. In vitro antitumor cytotoxic activity, as well as the surface-functionalization of ZnO-NPs and their drug loading capacity against doxorubicin (DOX) and gemcitabine (GEM) drugs, were also studied. Morphological and structural properties of the produced ZnO-NPs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersion X-ray diffraction (EDX), UV-Vis spectrophotometry, Fourier-transform infrared analysis (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The prepared ZnO-NPs had a hexagonal shape and average particle size of 20–40 nm, with an absorption peak at 325 nm. The weight and atomic percentages of zinc (50.58% and 28.13%) and oxygen (26.71% and 60.71%) were also determined by EDAX (energy dispersive x-ray analysis) compositional analysis. The appearance of the FTIR peak at 3420 m–1 confirmed the synthesis of ZnO-NPs. The drug loading efficiency (LE) and loading capacity (LC) of unstabilized and PEGylated ZnO-NPs were determined by doxorubicin (DOX) and gemcitabine (GEM) drugs. DOX had superior LE 65% (650 mg/g) and higher LC 32% (320 mg/g) than GEM LE 30.5% (30 mg/g) and LC 16.25% (162 mg/g) on ZnO-NPs. Similar observation was observed in the case of PEG-ZnO-NPs, where DOX had enhanced LE 68% (680 mg/g) and LC 35% (350) mg/g in contrast to GEM, which had LE and LC values of 35% (350 mg/g) and 19% (190 mg/g), respectively. Therefore, DOX was chosen to encapsulate nanoparticles, along with the untreated nanoparticles, to check their in vitro antiproliferative potential against the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line (MDA-MB-231) through the MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-Yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) assay. This drug delivery strategy implies that the PEGylated biogenically synthesized ZnO-NPs occupy an important position in chemotherapeutic drug loading efficiency and can improve the therapeutic techniques of triple breast cancer.

Osteoarticular tuberculosis constitutes about 3% of all tuberculosis cases. Early and accurate diagnosis of tuberculosis is a challenging problem especially in the case of osteoarticular tuberculosis owing to the lower number of bacilli. However, an accurate and timely diagnosis of the disease results in an improved efficacy of the given treatment. Besides the limitations of conventional methods, nowadays molecular diagnostic techniques have emerged as a major breakthrough for the early diagnosis of tuberculosis with high sensitivity and specificity. Alpha-crystallin is a dominantly expressed protein responsible for the long viability of the pathogen during the latent phase under certain stress conditions such as hypoxia and nitric oxide stress. Two other proteins—early secreted antigenic target-6 and culture filtrate protein-10—show high expression in the active infective phase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In this article, we focus on the different proteins expressed dominantly in latent/active tuberculosis, and which may be further used as prognostic biomarkers for diagnosing tuberculosis, both in latent and active phases.

Aims: To quantify the serum albumin level and its correlation with fracture healing progression and outcomes in adult patients. Settings and Design: A prospective cohort study at an institutional trauma center. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 adult patients with simple, fresh traumatic diaphyseal fractures of both bones of the leg managed conservatively were included in the study. Serum albumin was measured initially and at the 6 th week postfracture. The clinico-radiological follow-up was done to analyze the fracture healing progression and their final outcomes, which were correlated with the quantified serum albumin level of the patients. Statistical Analysis Used: Student t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: As per the last clinico-radiological follow-up at the 24 th week, patients were grouped into two groups: Group I (normal union n = 38) and Group II (impaired healing n = 12). The mean serum albumin levels were significantly higher in Group I when compared to Group II. The association between the serum albumin level at baseline and at the 6 th week was moderate. The best cut-off measure of serum albumin level was 3.45 g/dL, both at baseline and at the 6 th week after fracture to predict the healing outcome. The correlation of serum albumin levels with fracture healing outcomes was statistically significant. Conclusion: Serum albumin is moderately associated with the baseline and 6 th -week values and showed a positive correlation with the bony healing progression and may provide an early predictor of the healing outcomes of simple diaphyseal tibial fractures.

The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) three-dimensional boundary layer flow of an incompressible Casson fluid in a porous medium is investigated. Heat transfer characteristics are analyzed in the presence of heat generation/absorption. Laws of conservation of mass, momentum and energy are utilized. Results are computed and analyzed for the velocities, temperature, skin-friction coefficients and local Nusselt number.

This article is concerned with the flow of micropolar fluid over an unsteady stretching surface with convective boundary condition. The governing partial differential equations are first converted into ordinary differential equations using appropriate transformations and then solved for the series solutions. Influence of micropolar parameter, unsteadiness parameter, boundary parameter, Prandtl number and Biot number on the flow and heat transfer characteristics is examined. Numerical values of local Nusselt number and skin friction coefficient are presented and analyzed. It is observed that temperature is an increasing function of Biot number.

In this article, we have studied the combined effects of Newtonian and Joule heating in two-dimensional flow of Williamson fluid over the stretching surface. Mathematical analysis is presented in the presence of viscous dissipation. The governing partial differential equations are reduced into the ordinary differential equations by appropriate transformations. Both series and numerical solutions are constructed. Graphical results for the velocity and temperature fields are displayed and discussed for various sundry parameters. Numerical values of local skin friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number are tabulated and analyzed.

The present investigation addresses the effect of Newtonian heating in the laminar flow of power law nanofluid. The flow is induced by a stretching surface. The nonlinear analysis comprising flow and energy equations is computed. The problems are solved for the series solutions of velocity and temperature. Skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number are computed. A parametric study is performed for the influential parameters on the velocity and temperature. Physical interpretation of the derived solutions is presented.

The present study addresses the mixed convection flow of non-Newtonian nanofluid over a stretching surface in presence of thermal radiation, heat source/sink and first order chemical reaction. Casson fluid model is adopted in the present study. Magnetic field contribution is incorporated in the momentum equation whereas the aspects of nanoparticles are considered in the energy and concentration equations. Convective boundary conditions for both heat and mass transfer are utilized. Similarity transformations are employed to reduce the partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations. Series solutions of the resulting problem are obtained. Impacts of all the physical parameters on the velocity, temperature and concentration fields are analyzed graphically. Numerical values of different involved parameters for local skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are obtained and discussed.