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Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a significant public health issue in the United States. It affects millions of individuals and their families and contributes to substantial societal and economic burdens. Despite the availability of some pharmacological treatments, there is still a pressing need to develop more effective therapeutic strategies to address the diverse range of symptoms and challenges associated with AUD. Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibition recently emerged as a promising new approach to treating AUD due to its potential to improve cognitive effects commonly associated with AUD. Tolcapone, an FDA-approved COMT inhibitor, has shown some promise for treating AUD; however, its ability to decrease drinking in ethanol-dependent rats has not been well-established. In this study, we evaluated the effects of tolcapone on operant, oral ethanol self-administration in non-dependent and dependent rats, and in rats that self-administered oral saccharin. To induce dependence, rats underwent the chronic intermittent exposure to vapor model, and their drinking levels were assessed during acute withdrawal from ethanol. Our results demonstrated that tolcapone attenuated responding for ethanol in dependent rats only, without affecting self-administration in non-dependent rats or rats self-administering saccharin. Moreover, we found that tolcapone was differentially effective in different estrous phases in female rats. These findings suggest that COMT inhibition, specifically using tolcapone, may be a valuable pharmacotherapy for treating AUD, particularly in individuals who are physically dependent on alcohol. Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms underlying the observed effects and to assess the potential of COMT inhibitors in a broader population of individuals with AUD.

Ultralong organic phosphorescence (UOP) is essential for potential applications in bioelectronics and optoelectronics. However, the precise design of UOP materials remains a formidable challenge. Herein, a facile strategy is presented to confine dimeric chromophores for triggering UOP emission, based on the manipulation of the carbonyl, sulfonyl, and amino groups within organic phosphors. The experimental data reveal that saccharin analogs in crystals containing dimeric chromophores, confined by the (3D) hydrogen‐bonded networks, exhibit ultralong emission lifetime of up to 635 ms under ambient conditions. Whereas for saccharin analogue crystals lacking dimeric chromophores, the lifetime decreases to 54 ms, resulting in the absence of UOP emission. Moreover, the non‐toxic saccharin crystals with UOP have succeeded in drug anti‐counterfeiting. These findings will open a novel avenue for the design UOP materials and broaden the domain of UOP to diverse applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The degree of fluid satiety differentially affects taste-aversive memory formation. • H3 receptor activation in the insular cortex disrupted CTA only under fluid deprivation regimen. • RAMH in the insular cortex decreases novel appetitive response only in the ad libitum regime. • H3 receptor activation during ad libitum conditioning accelerates aversive memory extinction. Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a robust associative learning; liquid deprivation during this conditioning allows researchers to obtain readable measures of associative learning. Recent research suggests that thirst could be a crucial motivator that modulates conditioning and memory extinction processes, highlighting the importance of the body's internal state during learning. Furthermore, the histaminergic system is one of the major modulatory systems controlling several behavioral and neurobiological functions, such as feeding, water intake, and nociception. Therefore, this research aimed to assess the effect of H3 histaminergic receptor activation in the insular cortex (IC) during CTA. For this, we conditioned adult male Wistar rats under two regimens: water deprivation and water ad libitum. A classical CTA protocol was used for water deprivation. Before CTA acquisition, 10 μM R-α-methylhistamine (RAMH), an H3 receptor agonist, was injected into the IC. Results showed that RAMH injections decreased CTA in water-deprived rats without affecting the significant aversion conditioning in rats that were given water ad libitum. Moreover, RAMH accelerated the process of aversive memory extinction under ad libitum water conditions. According to our findings, the degree of liquid satiety differentially affected taste-aversive memory formation, and H3 histamine receptors were more involved under water deprivation conditions during acquisition. However, these receptors modulated the strength of aversive conditioning by altering the rate of aversive memory extinction in the absence of deprivation. In conclusion, histaminergic activity in the IC may influence taste memory dynamics through different mechanisms depending on the degree of liquid satiety or deprivation during conditioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbamazepine-saccharin (CBZ-SAC) co-crystal is one of the most studied co-crystals to date. It is proven to be polymorphic, consisting of Form I (plate-like shape) and Form II (needle-like shape), which is rarely reported by researchers. The present study aimed to study the effect of SAC:CBZ ratio on the polymorphic transformation and morphology of CBZ-SAC co-crystals using ice bath fast cooling crystallization. A series of CBZ-SAC co-crystals were produced from different SAC:CBZ mol ratios (1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1) and were compared in terms of their crystal form and morphology under microscope. The polymorphic changes were also studied from the CBZ-SAC suspension during co-crystallization process. The polymorphs of CBZ-SAC co-crystals were identified using PXRD, DSC, ATR-FTIR. The results showed that at lower ratio (1:1, 2:1, 3:1), only plate-like shaped crystals (Form I) was present. For higher mol ratio (4:1, 5:1, 6:1), mixture of Form I and II of CBZ-SAC co-crystals were observed and further confirmed by DSC and ATR-FTIR. The nucleation process showed that Form II could convert to Form I when varying the SAC:CBZ ratio. Hence, it is proven that SAC:CBZ mol ratio can affect the polymorphic transformation and morphology of CBZ-SAC co-crystals. Nonetheless, other parameters should be used to further study the formation of CBZ-SAC co-crystals since pure CBZ-SAC Form II co-crystals were not obtained in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the association between mucociliary function of the Eustachian tube using the Saccharin test preoperatively and its correlation with dynamic slow-motion video endoscopy on the outcome of Type-I Tympanoplasty in patients with inactive mucosal chronic otitis media. Methodology: Eighty patients diagnosed with inactive mucosal chronic otitis media who underwent Type-I Tympanoplasty were included in the study. Preoperative assessment of Eustachian tube function was conducted using the Saccharin test. Results of this test were categorized as normal, partial, or gross dysfunction. Dynamic slow-motion video endoscopy was performed to assess motion and pathological factors of the Eustachian tube. Results were evaluated based on a previously validated Visual Analogue Score (VAS). Patients were followed up postoperatively for 3 months. Results: The proportion of patients with surgical failure at the end of the 1st and 3rd month postoperatively was significantly higher in cases of gross Eustachian tube dysfunction compared to those with normal and partial dysfunction (p-value < 0.0001 and p-value = 0.0001, respectively). Preoperative VAS scores in normal Eustachian tubes were significantly higher compared to those with partial dysfunction and gross dysfunction. Conclusion: The Saccharin test is a valuable tool for preoperative evaluation of mucociliary clearance of the Eustachian tube, and dynamic slow-motion video endoscopy serves as a useful adjunct in predicting the outcome of Type-I Tympanoplasty. Routine evaluation of mucociliary clearance function of the Eustachian tube should be included in the preoperative workup for patients undergoing Tympanoplasty to achieve optimal surgical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A tandem oxidative radical functionalization/annulation of N‐acryloyl amino saccharin is disclosed. This strategy allows the facile construction of diversely functionalized 3,4‐fused tricyclic benzosultams that previously have not been reported. A wide range of functionalities were installed through the formation of C−C, C−S and C−P bond enabled by the respective radicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous experiments found that acceptance of saccharin by rats was reduced if they had prior experience of sucrose or some other highly palatable solution. This study tested whether such successive negative contrast (SNC) effects involve acquisition of an aversion to the new taste. In three experiments, rats were switched from sucrose exposure in Stage 1 to a less palatable solution containing a new taste in Stage 2. In Experiments 1 and 2, a novel flavor was added to a saccharin solution at the start of Stage 2. In Experiment 1, preference tests revealed a weak aversion to the added vanilla flavor in the Suc-Sacch group, while in Experiment 2 an aversion was found in the Suc-Sacch group to the salty flavor that was used, compared with controls given access either saccharin or water in Stage 1. In Experiment 3, the Suc-Quin group, given quinine solution in Stage 2, displayed a greater aversion to quinine than a Water-Quin control group. These results support the suggestion that taste aversion learning plays a role in the initial suppression of intakes in a qualitative consummatory SNC effect. However, in the light of other evidence, it seems that the unusual persistence of successive negative contrast when rats are switched from sucrose to saccharin is not due to a long-lasting reduction in the value of saccharin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Saccharin test (ST) is a convenient method to assess the efficiency of mucociliary clearance, the primary defense mechanism of the upper airways' tract. The study objectives are to: (1) substantiate its short- (3 days) and long-term (30 days) repeatability; (2) assess its tolerability; (3) conduct a systematic literature review and to compare our results with the existing evidence. Methods: Twenty-nine healthy subjects were enrolled in an observational prospective study to perform an ST on three separate visits (at baseline; at follow-up visits at day 3 and at day 30). Transit times were recorded and self-reported nasal and general symptoms noted. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to compare our results with the existing literature. Results: The mean values (±SD) of ST transit time (STTT) were 7.085 (±2.19), 7.788 (±2.11), and 7.790 (±2.06) minutes at baseline, day 3, and day 30, respectively. Significant linear regression analysis was observed between day 3 and baseline (r =.193; P =.019) and day 30 and baseline (r =.182 P =.024). Significant agreement for the intrasession repeatability was observed with an ICC =.354 (P =.001). Outcomes' comparisons between baseline vs day 3 (P =.197) and baseline vs day 30 (P =.173) were not statistically significant. ST was well tolerated. Concordance with existing literature's data and high level of STTT repeatability were confirmed by the qualitative analysis. Conclusion: STTT reproducibility was good both in the short- and long-term. ST tolerability was very good. Our study data are consistent with the existing literature, indicating ST as a sound methodology for detection of early respiratory health changes and for specific regulatory application in respiratory research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Rats can condition cephalic-phase insulin responses (CPIRs) to specific sounds or times of the day that predict food availability. The present study asked whether mice can condition a CPIR to the flavor of sapid solutions that produce postoral glucose stimulation. To this end, we subjected C57BL/6 mice to one of six experimental protocols. We varied both the duration of the five training sessions (i.e., 23 h or 1 h) and the nature of the training solution. In Experiment 1, consumption of a 0.61% saccharin solution was paired with IG co-infusion of a 16% glucose solution. In Experiments 2–6, the mice consumed a training solution containing a mixture of 0.61% saccharin + 16% glucose, 32% sucrose, 32% maltodextrin, flavored 32% maltodextrin, or 16% maltodextrin. We subsequently asked whether consumption of any of these fluids conditioned a CPIR to a test solution that produced a similar flavor, but which did not elicit a CPIR in naïve mice. The mice did condition a CPIR, but only to the solutions containing 32% maltodextrin. We attribute this conditioning to postoral actions of the concentrated maltodextrin solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study includes the preparation and characterization of new compound (4-bromo-5-(N-((4- chlorophenyl) (1,1-dioxide-3-oxobenzo isothiazol-2(3H)-yl)methyl)sulfamoyl)-2-((furan2-ylmethyl)amino)benzoic acid) from the reaction of furosemide, Saccharin and p-bromo benzaldehyde in a molar ratio 1:1:1 in ethanol. All the complexes are prepared from the reaction of Mannich bases with metal nitrate salts of transition metals such as Co, Ni, Cu and Zn in equimolar ratio (1:1) in ethanol solvent. The prepared compounds were characterized by elemental analysis (C.H.N.S), H-NMR, FT-IR, molar conductivity and magnetic sensitivity were determined. The results showed that furosemide derivatives bidentate are coordinated by nitrogen and oxygen atoms with metal, giving tetrahedral geometry. The antibacterial activity was studied for ligands and their complexes using the agar diffusion method. All the prepared compounds were studied and applied to two types of bacteria at different concentrations. It was showed, that the obtained complexes demonstrate a higher inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureas bacteria than on Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anxiety is a critical component of the development and maintenance of drug addiction; however, anti-anxiety medications such as benzodiazepines and beta-blockers (β-adrenergic receptor antagonists) are not used for the treatment of substance use disorder, except for the management of acute withdrawal syndrome. Preclinical studies have shown that beta-blockers may reduce stress-induced relapse; however, the effect of beta blockers on the escalation and maintenance of drug intake has not been tested. To address this issue, we chronically administered the β-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol during the escalation or maintenance of cocaine intake in a model of extended access (6 h) to cocaine self-administration (0.5 mg/kg). The behavioural specificity of propranolol was tested using a non-drug reward (saccharin). Daily administration of propranolol (15 mg/kg) prevented the development of escalation of cocaine self-administration and partially reversed self-administration after the establishment of escalation of intake. Moreover, propranolol dose-dependently decreased the motivation for cocaine tested under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement during the development of escalation and after maintenance. Finally, propranolol administration had no effect on the escalation and maintenance of saccharin self-administration. These results demonstrate that chronic treatment with propranolol provides therapeutic efficacy in reducing cocaine self-administration during the development and after the establishment of escalation of cocaine self-administration in an animal model relevant to cocaine use disorder. These results suggest that beta blockers should be further investigated as a target for medication development for the treatment of cocaine use disorder.

The effects of additives on the deposition rate, surface morphology, Ni and P elemental content of the electroless plating layer, and roughness of the electroless plating Ni-P layer were investigated. In an electroless plating Ni-P system, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA-2Na) and sodium hypophosphite monohydrate were used as the complexing agent and reductant, respectively. The linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) polarization curve results showed that the compound addition of 1.0 mg L−1 L-tyrosine, 2.0 g L−1 saccharin, and 6.0 mg L−1 sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) could inhibit sodium hypophosphite oxidation and nickel ion reduction, which eventually reduced the Ni-P deposition rate. The Tafel polarization curves indicated that the compound additives obviously improved the corrosion resistance of the Ni-P electroless plating layer. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that the composite additives generated fine and uniform Ni-P electroless plating particles and enhanced the density, eliminated the surface cracks, and reduced the pinholes on the electroless plating layer surface. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) tests showed that the addition of complex additives improved the smoothness of the plated layer, the Ra value was reduced from 135.0 nm to 53.2 nm, and the Rq value was reduced from 164.0 nm to 93.0 nm. The final composition and implementation conditions of the EDTA-2Na-based Ni-P electroless plating system were determined. The deposition rate was 10.44 μm h−1, the P content of the electroless plating layer was 2.2%, and the electroless plating player was silver-white and bright. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Insulin exerts a crucial impact on glucose control, cellular growing, function, and metabolism. It is partially modulated by nutrients, especially as a response to the intake of foods, including carbohydrates. Moreover, insulin can exert an anorexigenic effect when inserted into the hypothalamus of the brain, in which a complex network of an appetite/hunger control system occurs. The current literature review aims at thoroughly summarizing and scrutinizing whether insulin release in response to glucose exposure may be a better choice to control body weight gain and related diseases compared to the use of sucrose substitutes (SSs) in combination with a long-term, well-balanced diet. Methods: This is a comprehensive literature review, which was performed through searching in-depth for the most accurate scientific databases and applying effective and relevant keywords. Results: The insulin action can be inserted into the hypothalamic orexigenic/anorexigenic complex system, activating several anorexigenic peptides, increasing the hedonic aspect of food intake, and effectively controlling the human body weight. In contrast, SSs appear not to affect the orexigenic/anorexigenic complex system, resulting in more cases of uncontrolled body weight maintenance while also increasing the risk of developing related diseases. Conclusions: Most evidence, mainly derived from in vitro and in vivo animal studies, has reinforced the insulin anorexigenic action in the hypothalamus of the brain. Simultaneously, most available clinical studies showed that SSs during a well-balanced diet either maintain or even increase body weight, which may indirectly be ascribed to the fact that they cannot cover the hedonic aspect of food intake. However, there is a strong demand for long-term longitudinal surveys to effectively specify the impact of SSs on human metabolic health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The amide bond stands as a crucial functional group in chemistry and biology, integral to various processes aiding the creation of essential pharmaceutical and industrial compounds. Developing efficient transformations through metal-free, environmentally friendly, and sustainable methods for breaking N--C bonds in amides poses a noteworthy synthetic challenge. Herein, we present a green method to activate the N--C amide bond in N-acyl saccharin, employing ammonium thiocyanate in sustainable 2-MeTHF as the solvent medium. This approach facilitates the efficient and divergent synthesis of N-carbamothioylbenzamides and O-alkyl thiocarbamides. Additionally, it features a bench-stable and recyclable core of reagents, a low E-factor, high atom efficiency, simple and mild conditions, excellent functional group tolerance, and a broad substrate scope. Moreover, we accomplished the synthesis of N-carbamothioylbenzamides through a continuous-flow method in a short reaction time (17 min), highlighting that our novel approach is versatile for synthetic and industrial use and applicable in both batch and flow conditions. This method demonstrates the practicality of gram-scale reactions and showcases its efficacy in synthesizing valuable heterocyclic compounds like thiazoles and triazole through successful synthetic transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Escalating rates of obesity and public health messages to reduce excessive sugar intake have fueled the consumption of artificial sweeteners (AS) in a wide range of products from breakfast cereals to beverages. However, several observational and laboratory studies link AS consumption with increased appetite, food intake, weight gain and glucose intolerance(1-5). There are very few probing their effect on adipocytes. Therefore, we want to study the effect of different AS on glucose uptake in adipocytes. Aims and objectives: To study the effect of saccharin, sucralose and cyclamate on glucose uptake in 3T3 cell lines. Materials and methods: 3T3 cells from ATCC were grown in DMEM. A day prior to the experiment, they were incubated with varying concentration (untreated, 1nM, 1µM or 1mM) of one of the AS for basal uptake and another set of wells were treated with AS and 10nM insulin for stimulated uptake. After 24h incubation, glucose uptake was studied with radiolabeled 2-deoxy glucose by liquid scintillation counter and expressed per mg of protein. Results and Conclusion: 2-way Anova was done. Cyclamate and saccharin showed an increase in uptake with increase in concentration. But sucralose shows a significant decrease in uptake with increase in concentration. All AS do not have similar effect on glucose uptake by cells. Sucralose decreases the glucose uptake by cells and may not be the AS of choice in people who already have decreased glucose uptake. AS are not metabolically inert, and it will be necessary to choose the right AS based on the metabolic status of the individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) continues to be a worldwide problem. Affected offspring display impaired neurodevelopment, including difficulties with executive control. Although PAE has also been associated with decreased blood flow to fetuses, the relationship between PAE and altered blood flow is not well understood. Methods: We used preclinical models of PAE, transient systemic hypoxia ischemia (TSHI), and PAE + TSHI combined to assess the effects on neurodevelopmental outcomes using translationally relevant touchscreen operant platform testing. Twenty-eight Long-Evans (Blue Spruce, Strain HsdBlu:LE) dams were randomly assigned to one of four experimental groups: Saccharin Control (Sham), 5% Ethanol (PAE), TSHI, or 5% Ethanol and TSHI (PAE + TSHI). Dams consumed either saccharin or 5% ethanol during gestation. TSHI was induced on Embryonic Day 19 (E19) during an open laparotomy where the uterine arteries were transiently occluded for 1 h. Pups were born normally and, after weaning, were separated by sex. A total of 80 offspring, 40 males and 40 females, were tested on the 5-Choice Continuous Performance paradigm (5C-CPT). Results: Female offspring were significantly impacted by TSHI, but not PAE, with an increase in false alarms and a decrease in hit rates, omissions, accuracy, and correct choice latencies. In contrast, male offspring were mildly affected by PAE, but not TSHI, showing decreases in premature responses and increases in accuracy. No significant interactions between PAE and TSHI were detected on any measure. Conclusion: Transient systemic hypoxia ischemia impaired performance on the 5C-CPT in females, leading to a bias toward stimulus responsivity regardless of stimulus type. In contrast, TSHI did not affect male offspring, and only slight effects of PAE were seen. Together, these data suggest that TSHI in females may cause alterations in cortical structures that override alterations caused by moderate PAE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The market for artificial sweeteners as substitutes for conventional sugar (sucrose) is growing, despite potential health risks associated with their intake. Estimating population usage of artificial sweeteners is therefore crucial, and wastewater analysis can serve as a complement to existing methods. This study evaluated spatial and temporal usage of artificial sweeteners in five Swedish communities based on wastewater analysis. We further compared their levels measured in wastewater with the restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden and assessed health risks to the Swedish population. Influent wastewater samples (n = 194) collected in March 2019-February 2022 from communities in central and southern Sweden were analyzed for acesulfame, saccharin, and sucralose using liquid-chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Spatial differences in loads for individual artificial sweetener were observed, with sucralose being higher in Kalmar (southern Sweden), and acesulfame and saccharin in Enköping and Östhammar (central Sweden). Based on sucrose equivalent doses, all communities showed a consistent prevalence pattern of sucralose > acesulfame > saccharin. Four communities with relatively short monitoring periods showed no apparent temporal changes in usage, but the four-year monitoring in Uppsala revealed a significant (p

Low-calorie sweetener (LCS) consumption in children has increased dramatically due to its widespread presence in the food environment and efforts to mitigate obesity through sugar replacement. However, mechanistic studies on the long-term impact of early-life LCS consumption on cognitive function and physiological processes are lacking. Here, we developed a rodent model to evaluate the effects of daily LCS consumption (acesulfame potassium, saccharin, or stevia) during adolescence on adult metabolic, behavioral, gut microbiome, and brain transcriptomic outcomes. Results reveal that habitual early-life LCS consumption impacts normal postoral glucose handling and impairs hippocampal-dependent memory in the absence of weight gain. Furthermore, adolescent LCS consumption yielded long-term reductions in lingual sweet taste receptor expression and brought about alterations in sugar-motivated appetitive and consummatory responses. While early-life LCS consumption did not produce robust changes in the gut microbiome, brain region-specific RNA-Seq analyses reveal LCS-induced changes in collagen- and synaptic signaling-related gene pathways in the hippocampus and nucleus accumbens, respectively, in a sex-dependent manner. Collectively, these results reveal that habitual early-life LCS consumption has long-lasting implications for glucoregulation, sugar-motivated behavior, and hippocampal-dependent memory in rats, which may be based in part on changes in nutrient transporter, sweet taste receptor, and central gene pathway expression.

The nature of (imide)N–X⋯N(pyridine) halogen‐bonded complexes formed by six N‐haloimides and sixteen 2‐substituted pyridines are studied using X‐ray crystallography (68 crystal structures), Density Functional Theory (DFT) (86 complexation energies), and NMR spectroscopy (90 association constants). Strong halogen bond (XB) donors such as N‐iodosuccinimide form only 1:1 haloimide:pyridine crystalline complexes, but even stronger N‐iodosaccharin forms 1:1 haloimide:pyridine and three other distinct complexes. In 1:1 haloimide:pyridine crystalline complexes, the haloimide's N─X bond exhibits an unusual bond bending feature that is larger for stronger N‐haloimides. DFT complexation energies (ΔEXB) for iodoimide–pyridine complexes range from −44 to −99 kJ mol−1, while for N‐bromoimide–pyridine, they are between −31 and −77 kJ mol−1. The ΔEXB of I⋯N XBs in 1:1 iodosaccharin:pyridine complexes are the largest of their kind, but they are substantially smaller than those in [bis(saccharinato)iodine(I)]pyridinium salts (−576 kJ mol−1), formed by N‐iodosaccharin and pyridines. The NMR association constants and ΔEXB energies of 1:1 haloimide:pyridine complexes do not correlate as these complexes in solution are heavily influenced by secondary interactions, which DFT studies do not account for. Association constants follow the σ‐hole strengths of N‐haloimides, which agree with DFT and crystallography data. The haloimide:2‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)pyridine complex undergoes a halogenation reaction resulting in 5‐iodo‐2‐dimethylaminopyridine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method with evaporative light scattering detection (HPLC-ELSD) was optimized for the simultaneous determination of non-caloric sweeteners—NCS (acesulfame-K, aspartame, cyclamic acid, neotame, saccharin, and sucralose) in non-alcoholic beverages. The procedure involved a simple dilute-and-shoot extraction of the six NCS with a formic acid/triethylamine/water solution and filtration (0.22 μm) followed by an HPLC–ELSD analysis. Validation steps included regression of the analytical curve, recovery, repeatability, and intermediate precision (relative standard deviation—RSD and RSDip, respectively), and limits of quantification and detection (LOQ and LOD, respectively). The method allowed lower consumption of solvents in a 35-min run. The figures of merit were satisfactory for all sweeteners (r2 ≥ 0.99; recovery from 99.0 to 101%; RSD and RSDip both < 1.0; LOQ ≤ 4.0 μg/mL; LOD ≤ 1.33 μg/mL). The method was used in the analysis of NCS in 64 non-alcoholic beverages from the market. NCS were not detected in 19 samples that did not declare their use. Higher concentrations of aspartame were found in carbonated soft drinks (7.97 mg/100 mL) and powdered drinks (22.46 mg/100 mL), while nectars had higher levels of acesulfame-K (8.69 mg/100 mL) and sports drinks only had sucralose (1.66 mg/100 mL). The concentrations found were 54.1 up to 194.0% of declared levels. The estimated daily intake of NCS in non-alcoholic beverages by the Brazilian population indicated that men, adolescents, residents of urban areas, and inhabitants of the southern region are the most widely exposed to NCS, but the risk is characterized as low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bismuth(III) triflate-catalyzed [4+2]-annulation of cyclic N-sulfonyl ketimines (derived from saccharin) and alkynyl alcohols (4-pentyn-1-ols and 5-hexyn-1-ols) has been reported. This cascade annulation provides a diverse array of polycyclic spiro-and-fused N,O-ketals with excellent substrate scope, good isolated yields, and diastereoselectivities under mild reaction conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the Ritter reaction of N‐(hydroxymethyl)saccharin with nitriles for the synthesis of N‐[(saccharinyl)methyl]amides is reported. The success of this reaction relies on an operationally simple procedure and on the use of inexpensive reagents. The present method enables access to a variety of saccharin scaffolds of potential interest in medicinal chemistry in moderate to high yields. Furthermore, the scalability of this reaction was demonstrated by a multigram‐scale transformation, without any loss of efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocrystalline nickel coatings can be electrodeposited by using grain refiners like saccharin which consequently increase the gloss of the coating. Also, brighteners can produce bright coatings. The aim of this research was to compare the brightness of electroplated nanocrystalline nickel coating with traditional electroplated bright nickel coating. The coatings prepared from the bath containing saccharin and a bath with para-toluene sulphonamide had virtually the same gloss. Thus, instead of expensive brightening agents, saccharin can be used to achieve the same gloss in nickel plating. To investigate the stereochemistry of brightener molecules, the density functional theory (DFT) method was used at the computational level of B3LYP with the basis set 6-311G (d,p) ++ in a Gaussian software. The results of computational chemistry showed that the most probable state of adsorption of brightening additives is when the aromatic ring or a double bond or a triple bond of the brightener molecule approaches the cathode surface during the adsorption process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & aim: The role of artificial sweeteners in the occurrence of cancer risk has been widely discussed during the last few decades. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the dynamic and molecular simulation of the interaction of saccharin(SA) with human p53 protein. Methods: The present bioinformatics study was conducted in 2023. The interaction of SA and sodium saccharin (SSA) with the human p53 gene promoter (Pp53g) has already been published in 2019 in two theoretical and experimental sections. But in the present study, the binding ability and the binding site of SA ligand as a synthetic sweetener with human p53 protein (receptor) as a tumor suppressor was theoretically performed. The amino acid residues involved in the interaction, energy free binding and binding constant were determined. Molecular docking was used for molecular interaction calculations. More detailed information about the binding method of the ligand-receptor complex was obtained by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The structure and topology file for the human p53 protein extracted from the protein database was created based on the AMBER 99 force field with the GROMACS 5.3.1 program. Acpype/Antechamber program with General AMBER Force Field (GAFF) was used to create structure file and ligand topology in MD simulation. This force field was compatible with the AMBER 99 force field. The simulation time in explicit solvent was 50 ns for SA-p53 protein complex. The collected data were analyzed using different software and compared with the results of related articles. Results: The results of molecular docking indicated that the SA compound was bound to human p53 protein with a binding energy of -4.55 kcal/mol and a binding constant of 462.18 μM. A hydrogen bond was formed between SA and amino acid Leu137. The conformational changes resulting from MD simulation for the ligand-protein complex showed that SA can bind to Arg196 and His179 as key amino acids of p53 protein in the DNA binding region through two hydrogen bonds. SA can also be placed in the adjacent of amino acids Leu137, Ala138, His179, Asp184 and Met237 through hydrophobic bonds. The values of the plots of root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), radius of gyration (Rg) for free p53 protein and in the presence of SA ligand show the stable binding of SA to p53 protein. Conclusion: The present study could provide valuable information about the binding mechanism of SA to human p53 protein as a macromolecule at the molecular level with subatomic details. The results can be useful in determining the potential carcinogenic risk of this sweetener due to its high consumption and the design and synthesis of newer and safer artificial sweeteners.

The article discusses the link of food additives to psychiatric disorders. Topics covered include the triggering of anxiety and depression by excessive use of food additives and the negative effects of emulsifiers and flavoring agents on mental health. Also noted are studies showing the potential link of reduced artificial sweetener intake and lower stress levels, and the reduction of perceived stress and improvement of cognitive function via the preservative sodium benzoate.

Abstract The nature of (imide)N–X⋯N(pyridine) halogen‐bonded complexes formed by six N‐haloimides and sixteen 2‐substituted pyridines are studied using X‐ray crystallography (68 crystal structures), Density Functional Theory (DFT) (86 complexation energies), and NMR spectroscopy (90 association constants). Strong halogen bond (XB) donors such as N‐iodosuccinimide form only 1:1 haloimide:pyridine crystalline complexes, but even stronger N‐iodosaccharin forms 1:1 haloimide:pyridine and three other distinct complexes. In 1:1 haloimide:pyridine crystalline complexes, the haloimide's N─X bond exhibits an unusual bond bending feature that is larger for stronger N‐haloimides. DFT complexation energies (ΔEXB) for iodoimide–pyridine complexes range from −44 to −99 kJ mol−1, while for N‐bromoimide–pyridine, they are between −31 and −77 kJ mol−1. The ΔEXB of I⋯N XBs in 1:1 iodosaccharin:pyridine complexes are the largest of their kind, but they are substantially smaller than those in [bis(saccharinato)iodine(I)]pyridinium salts (−576 kJ mol−1), formed by N‐iodosaccharin and pyridines. The NMR association constants and ΔEXB energies of 1:1 haloimide:pyridine complexes do not correlate as these complexes in solution are heavily influenced by secondary interactions, which DFT studies do not account for. Association constants follow the σ‐hole strengths of N‐haloimides, which agree with DFT and crystallography data. The haloimide:2‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)pyridine complex undergoes a halogenation reaction resulting in 5‐iodo‐2‐dimethylaminopyridine.

Purpose. The non-sugar sweeteners acesulfame K and saccharin are considered safe, but there is conflicting evidence on their effects on cardiovascular health. Materialsandmethods. In this explorative pilot study, we measured plasma levels of acesulfame K and saccharin in 15 patients with symptomatic carotid atherosclerosis, 18 asymptomatic patients and 15 control subjects. Fecal microbiota and short-chain fatty acids were analyzed. Dietary and medical history was assessed. Results. Symptomatic patients had higher levels of acesulfame K and saccharin compared to controls. Acesulfame K was associated with increased leukocyte count. Saccharin was associated with more severe carotid stenosis, as well as lower fecal butyric acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, Hyphantira cunea Drury, the fall webworms (FWW), is one of the most severe insect pest for various landscaping trees and mulberry trees. In this study, we investigated whether FWW might be managed by Sodium saccharin (SAC) which is a food additive and not toxic to humans and environment. We found that FWW larvae treated with various concentrations of SAC showed dose-dependent delayed development and low survival rates. The lethalconcentration 50% of FWW larvae to SAC was 0.03 M. We also confirmed that SAC can be used to control FWW larvae attacking mulberry trees in the field. Compared to not-treated or tap-water-spraying control groups, SAC-spraying groups showed significantly higher mortality rates of FWW larvae (56.2%). Thus, SAC can be used for control FWW larvae in mulberry trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of saccharin concentration on magnetoimpedance ratio in multilayer permalloy structure i.e., [NiFe/Cu/NiFe]3/Cu/[NiFe/Cu/NiFe]3 on Cu printed circuit board (PCB) meander substrates have been discussed. The multilayer [NiFe/Cu/NiFe]3/Cu/[NiFe/Cu/NiFe]3 structure was prepared by using the electrodeposition method. The results of XRF characterization show that the composition of Ni:Fe is close to the calculation mol ratio permalloy of 80:20. The magnetoimpedance effect is evaluated by total impedance measurement at the various magnetic fields. The typical increase of the magneto-impedance ratio with frequency confirms in this experiment. Here, the magnetoimpedance ratio modifies from 0.07 to 1.63 % for frequency measurements of 20 and 100 kHz, respectively. Finally, the MI ratio monotonically decreases with an increase in additive saccharin concentration. The MI ratio slightly decreases by 17.17 % (=(1.63-1.35)/1.63) for additive saccharin concentration increase of 1 to 2 g/L. Then MI ratio drastically decreases by 40.0 % (=(1.35-0.81)/1.35) in the change of additive saccharin concentration from 2 to 4 g/L. Here, the change in the morphological surface should attribute to the decrease in the MI ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flow of nasal secretions into the pharynx and larynx manifests itself differently throughout the day. At night, this mucus flows into the larynx, irritates reflexogenic zones and causes coughing, and during the day these complaints are less noticeable, due to involuntary swallowing of secretions. We hypothesized that different types of nasal septum deviations may affect mucociliary clearance and, as a result, lead to postnasal drip syndrome. However, we did not find any studies in the literature that examined the effect of types of nasal septum deviation (NSD) on mucociliary clearance (MCC). Therefore, in our study, we evaluated the effect of the types of nasal septum deviations on MCC. The aim of the study. To investigate the activity of mucociliary clearance of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity in patients with different types of NSD. Materials and methods. 100 patients were investigated. All patients underwent an endoscopic examination of the nasal cavity, a ST scan of the nasal cavity, and a saccharin test. The results. The analysis made it possible to reveal that in most patients with type 2 deviation of the nasal septum with the presence of a unilateral caudal ridge, which cuts into the middle turbinate, there is PNDS. At the same time, while the average ST time of the concave side of the nasal mucosa in patients with type 1 was almost unchanged, it was significantly longer in patients with type 2 (P=0,02). Therefore, in this study, the ST indicator in min. was longer on the concave side of the nasal cavity than on the convex side. Conclusions. Our research has shown that nasal septum deviation reduces nasal mucociliary activity, and this effect can be easily assessed using the saccharin test. According to our observations and research results, it was the 2nd and 3rd types of deviation that significantly disturbed the architecture of the nasal cavity, due to the presence of contralateral vertical deviation of the nasal septum, contralateral hyperplasia of the nasal turbinates, and contralateral conchobulosis. And, as a result, led to a decrease in mucociliary clearance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A single dose of cocaine abolishes endocannabinoid-mediated long-term depression (eCB-LTD) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) within 24 h of administration. However, it is uncertain whether this altered neuroplasticity entails a behavioral deficit. As previously reported, after a single dose of cocaine (20 mg/kg), mice displayed impaired eCB-LTD in the NAc. Such cocaine-induced neuroplastic impairment was accompanied by an altered preference for saccharin and social interactions and a reduction in mRNA levels of the anandamide-catabolizing enzyme NAPE-PLD. The pharmacological increase of anandamide through the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor URB597 (1 mg/kg) reversed the cocaine-induced loss of eCB-LTD in the NAc and restored normal social interaction in cocaine-exposed mice, but it did not affect saccharin preference. Overall, this research underlines the neuroplastic and behavioral alterations occurring after the initial use of cocaine and suggests a potential role for anandamide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Our study aims to evaluate the nasal mucociliary clearance (NMC) in Covid-19 patients who have been recently diagnosed and not been treated yet and investigate how Covid-19 affects NMC. Methods: A total of 120 participants, who applied to Düzce Atatürk State Hospital between September and November 2020, were included in our study. 60 of them were the participants, diagnosed with Covid-19. And 60 of them were the control group. The age range was 18 to 66. 60 participants, diagnosed with Covid-19 and not yet treated, were included in our study. Those with taste disorders were excluded from the study. The control group consisted of 60 healthy volunteers. NMC was evaluated using a saccharin test. The results were compared in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Results: The study group, which consisted of 60 Covid-19 participants of whom treatment was not yet started, and the 60-participant healthy control group were evaluated in our study. The average age of the study group was 40,72±12,96 and 39,16 in the control group. The average NMC was 15,95±3,37 in the study group, and 8,38±1,03 in the control group. When evaluated statistically, it was found higher in the study group (p<0,001). Conclusions: NMC acts as a barrier for inhaled foreign bodies. It is a non-specific protection system against airborne pathogens. Consequently, NMC extends in Covid- 19 patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to confirm the antiproliferative and apoptotic induction potential of a saccharin and caffeine combination in ovarian cancer cells. The cell line used was Ovcar-3, and the cell viability was measured through a WST-8 assay, while a Chou–Talalay assay was used to confirm the synergistic effect of saccharin and caffeine on the ovarian cancer cells. A clonogenic assay, annexin V-FITC/PI-PE double-staining, and RT-PCR were performed to confirm the expression of genes that induce colony formation, cell viability, and apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells treated with the saccharin–caffeine combination. It was demonstrated that both saccharin and caffeine decreased the viability of Ovcar-3 cells, and the cell viability decreased even more significantly when the cells were treated with the combination of saccharin and caffeine. The clonogenic assay results showed that the number of colonies decreased the most when saccharin and caffeine were combined, and the number of colonies also significantly decreased compared to the single-treatment groups. Based on flow cytometry analysis using annexin V-FITC/PI-PE double-staining, it was confirmed that the decrease in cell viability caused by the combination of saccharin and caffeine was correlated with the induction of apoptosis. The results of the RT-PCR confirmed that the combined treatment of saccharin and caffeine promoted cell apoptosis by regulating the expression of apoptosis-inducing genes. These results demonstrate that the combination of saccharin and caffeine more efficiently inhibits the proliferation of Ovcar-3 cells and induces apoptosis in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NiCoFeCu films were electrodeposited on Ti substrates at different deposition potentials and different concentrations of saccharin added to solution. Compositional analysis showed that although Ni was the highest concentration in solution at low potentials of −1.0 V and −1.5 V, the Ni content was lower than the Co content in the films. Anomalous co-deposition behaviour of iron group metals was observed. When the deposition potential increased to −2.0 V and −2.5 V, the Ni content of films increased while the Co, Fe and Cu content decreased. In the case of saccharin addition to the solution, there is a slight change in the film content. All films have face-centred cubic structure. Structural analysis clearly showed that the potential has a significant effect on the texture degree of the films, since the crystal texture changed from (111) to (220) with increasing potential. The surface morphology of the films was observed to be affected by the deposition potential and saccharin concentration. For the magnetic analysis, saturation magnetisation, Ms value gradually decreased from 905 to 715 emu/cm3 with the variation of film content caused by the increase of the potential from −1.0 V to −2.5 V. And, a slight increase in Ms was detected with the addition of saccharin. Besides, the longitudinal and transverse magnetoresistance magnitudes increased from ∼2.5 % to 7.0 % with increasing deposition potential and all films exhibit anisotropic magnetoresistance. Films with desired magnetic properties can be obtained for potential use as magnetic materials in electronics such as magnetoresistive devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Sodium saccharin is a common artificial sweetener. However, due to its possible carcinogenic effects and causing metabolic disorders, many countries have strictly regulated its use in food. In the study, we prepared a specific monoclonal antibody (mAb 2H11) using the new hapten (6-carboxylsaccharin) and developed a direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dcELISA) for the screening of sodium saccharin residue in food. The half-maximum inhibition concentration (IC50 ) and working range (IC20 -IC80 , the concentrations causing 20% and 80% inhibition by sodium saccharin) were 32.5 and 6.47 to 164 ng/mL, which was 6.5 times more sensitive than the previously reported immunoassay. The average recoveries of sodium saccharin in spiked food samples detected by dcELISA ranged from 82.1% to 117%. Among 70 food samples bought in the physical stores and online, sodium saccharin residues were only detected in four samples purchased online (one canned pineapple, two winter jujube, and one kimchi). The content measured by dcELISA agreed well with those determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The developed dcELISA was proved to be a sensitive and accurate method for determining sodium saccharin in food. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Quantitation of sodium saccharin residue in food is very necessary and important for consumers and regulatory agencies.

BackgroundDietary supplements, like small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (SQ-LNS), are used in intervention programs to prevent undernutrition among women and young children in low-income countries. An objective marker is needed to track consumption of supplements to evaluate the effectiveness of these programs.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate saccharin and resveratrol as potential adherence markers for tracking recent consumption of a single serving of SQ-LNS in women.MethodsForty-seven healthy nonpregnant women 18-45 y of age were assigned to consume a single dose of SQ-LNS (20 g) containing either 10 mg sodium saccharin or 5 mg trans-resveratrol, under supervision. On the day before and for 2 d following SQ-LNS consumption, urine samples were collected each day for 24 h as 3 consecutive 4-h collections and one 12-h overnight collection. Urinary concentrations of saccharin and trans-resveratrol-3-O-sulfate, a resveratrol metabolite, were measured by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography interfaced to a mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization [UHPLC-(ESI-)MS/MS]. Urinary concentrations (μmol/L urine) of saccharin and trans-resveratrol-3-O-sulfate were plotted against time, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine the discriminative capacity of each compound, at each post-consumption time point compared with baseline, to detect recent consumption of SQ-LNS. Cutoff values to differentiate supplement consumption from nonconsumption of each marker were developed using the closest-to-(0,1)-corner cut-point approach.ResultsForty-five participants were included in the analysis. Urinary concentrations of saccharin and trans-resveratrol-3-O-sulfate increased within 4 h of SQ-LNS consumption. Urinary concentration cutoff values for saccharin (13.4 µmol/L) and trans-resveratrol-3-O-sulfate (0.7 µmol/L) allowed for 78% and 89% sensitivity, respectively, and 100% specificity in detecting consumption of SQ-LNS within the first 12 h after consumption.ConclusionsUrinary concentrations of saccharin and trans-resveratrol-3-O-sulfate reflect consumption of SQ-LNS containing those compounds during the first 12 h post-consumption with high sensitivity and specificity in healthy women and may be useful objective adherence markers for tracking consumption of SQ-LNS.

Abstract Sweet has always been a fundamental human taste, and while glucose and other kinds of sugar are our primary energy sources, they can also have detrimental effects on health, including weight gain, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and other metabolic diseases. Artificial sweeteners (AS), introduced as sugar substitutes, are a group of chemical compounds that attribute sweetness with almost zero calories and are considered safe for consumption by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Although they may help restrict the daily caloric intake of sugar to less than 10% of the daily caloric intake, there are still questions about the long-term safety of AS. A higher risk of hypertension, insulin resistance, high blood sugar, abdominal obesity, and dyslipidemia has been linked to AS. The effect of AS on the cardiovascular system is still unclear, and further research is required. This review examines the potential mechanism of how artificial sweeteners cause cardiovascular diseases.

Saccharin and trans-resveratrol were incorporated into small quantity lipid-based nutritional supplements (SQ-LNS) to be evaluated as the markers of consumption for nutritional intervention studies. Forty-seven healthy women consumed a single supplement with either 8.6 mg of saccharin or 5 mg of trans-resveratrol, and urine was collected for 4 h. A rapid 11 min method employing multiple reaction monitoring and ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer was developed to measure saccharin and resveratrol metabolites in urine simultaneously. The linear dynamic range of the method was from 3 to 1000 ng mL-1, with the correlation coefficient of 0.999 and limits of quantification from 15.28 to 53.03 ng mL-1. Sample preparation was simple dilution with an average recovery of 97.8%. Ion suppression was observed with urine concentrations >10%. Mean levels of saccharin and resveratrol-3-O-sulfate in urine were 5.481 ± 4.359 and 3.440 ± 4.160 nmol L-1, respectively. We developed and validated a method to measure saccharin and trans-resveratrol metabolites in urine to objectively corroborate the consumption of SQ-LNS for the first time in nutrition intervention studies.

In India, Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a general public health issue leading to hearing loss which can be corrected surgically by Tympanoplasty. By applying predictors for a successful surgery the effectiveness of the surgery can be improved. In this study we aim to determine the usefulness of prognostic factors in predicting outcome of surgery for better patient compliance. 1. To compare MERI scores and saccharin test time in predicting graft uptake and hearing outcomes in Tympanoplasty surgery. A prospective study included all cases of mucosal type of CSOM of either sex according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Saccharin clearance time was used to assess Eustachian tube function and Pure Tone Audiometry has been done Pre-operatively to assess Hearing. Risk categories were assigned using MERI scoring chart and severity of disease assessed by otomicroscopy during surgery. Patients were post-operatively followed up to 6 months. Outcomes were assessed using Graft uptake, Hearing improvement and for recurrence of infection, compared with different categories of MERI and Saccharin time. The overall graft uptake was 96.6%. 100% successful graft uptake was seen among normal eustachian tube function. Hearing improvement after surgery may be predicted by saccharin and MERI test. Abnormal Saccharin test shows guarded prognosis in predicting the success of middle ear surgeries. Based on the MERI score and saccharin clearance time, hearing benefit and Surgical success can be assessed and patients can be counselled prior surgery regarding the expected outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This study aimed to investigate human fetal exposure to non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) by analyzing amniotic fluid and umbilical cord blood. Study Design Concentrations of four NNS (acesulfame-potassium [ace-K], saccharin, steviol glucuronide, and sucralose) were measured in amniotic fluid (n = 13) and cord blood samples (n = 15) using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Amniotic fluid samples were obtained for research purposes at the time of term elective cesarean birth or clinically indicated third trimester amnioreduction at Mercy Hospital for Women (Melbourne, Australia). All except four women were in the fasting state. Cord blood samples were obtained from an independent cohort of newborns whose mothers were enrolled in a separate clinical trial at the National Institutes of Health. Results Ten of 13 amniotic fluid samples contained at least one NNS (ace-K, saccharin, steviol glucuronide, and/or sucralose). Maximum amniotic fluid NNS concentrations of ace-K, saccharin, steviol glucuronide, and sucralose were 78.9, 55.9, 93.5, and 30.6 ng/mL, respectively. Ace-K and saccharin were present in 100% and 80% of the cord blood samples, with maximal concentrations of 6.5 and 2.7 ng/mL, respectively. Sucralose was not detected and steviol glucuronide was not measurable in any of the cord blood samples. Conclusion Our results provide evidence of human transplacental transmission of NNS. Based on results predominantly obtained from rodent models, we speculate that NNS exposure may adversely influence the offsprings' metabolic health. Well-designed, prospective clinical trials are necessary to understand the impact of NNS intake during pregnancy on human development and long-term health. Key Points NNS consumption during pregnancy has increased in recent years. Maternal NNS intake during pregnancy is associated with preterm birth and higher infant weight gain in epidemiologic studies. In rodents, in utero NNS exposure induces metabolic abnormalities in mothers and their offspring, alters offspring gut microbiota composition, and promotes sweet taste preference in adulthood. It is presently unknown whether and to what degree maternal NNS ingestion in humans leads to direct in utero exposure. This study provides the first evidence of in utero NNS exposure in humans and highlights the urgent need to investigate clinical consequences of early life NNS exposure on metabolism, weight, taste preference, and general health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide, the demand for natural and synthetic sweeteners in the food industry as an alternative to refined sugar is increasing. This has prompted more research to be conducted to estimate its safety and effects on health. The gut microbiome is critical in metabolizing selected sweeteners which might affect overall health. Recently, more studies have evaluated the relationship between sweeteners and the gut microbiome. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the role played by the gut microbiome in metabolizing selected sweeteners. It also addresses the influence of the five selected sweeteners and their metabolites on GI cancer-related pathways. Overall, the observed positive effects of sweetener consumption on GI cancer pathways, such as apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, require further investigation in order to understand the underlying mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To evaluate use of low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) among adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and its impact on quality of life (QOL). Methods: In this single center, cross-sectional survey study with 532 adults with T1D, Food related QOL (FRQOL), LCS specific questionnaire (LCSSQ), Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ), Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), Audit of Diabetes-Dependent QOL (AddQOL), Type 1 Diabetes and Life (T1DAL) questionnaires were administered through RedCAP, a secure, HIPAA-compliant web-based application. Demographics and scores of adults who used LCS in last month (recent users) and others (non-users) were compared. Results were adjusted for age, sex, diabetes duration and other parameters. Results: Of 532 participants (mean age 36 ± 13, 69% female), 99% heard LCS before, 68% used them in the last month, 73% reported better glucose control with LCS use and 63% reported no health concerns about LCS use. Recent LCS users were older and had a longer diabetes duration and more complications (hypertension, or any complication) than non-users. However, A1c, AddQOL, T1DAL, FRQOL scores did not differ significantly between recent LCS users and non-users. DSMQ scores, DSMQ management, diet, health care scores did not differ between two groups; however, recent LCS users had lower physical activity score than non-users (p = 0.001). Conclusions: Most of the adults with T1D have used LCS and perceived that LCS use improved their QOL and glycemic control; however, these were not verified with questionnaires. There was no difference in QOL questionnaires except DSMQ physical activity between recent LCS users and not users with T1D. However, more patients in need to increase their QOL may be using LCS; therefore, associations between the exposure and outcome can be bi-directional. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sweet has always been a fundamental human taste, and while glucose and other kinds of sugar are our primary energy sources, they can also have detrimental effects on health, including weight gain, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and other metabolic diseases. Artificial sweeteners (AS), introduced as sugar substitutes, are a group of chemical compounds that attribute sweetness with almost zero calories and are considered safe for consumption by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Although they may help restrict the daily caloric intake of sugar to less than 10% of the daily caloric intake, there are still questions about the long-term safety of AS. A higher risk of hypertension, insulin resistance, high blood sugar, abdominal obesity, and dyslipidemia has been linked to AS. The effect of AS on the cardiovascular system is still unclear, and further research is required. This review examines the potential mechanism of how artificial sweeteners cause cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Covid-19 is transmitted mainly by respiratory droplets and as the upper airway mucosa is the first innate immune barrier, it is crucial to understand the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on this system. In the current study, we aimed to evaluate the nasal mucociliary clearance in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and their symptom development. Observational cross-sectional study. The nasal mucociliary clearance (NMC) time was evaluated by the saccharin test and the results were compared between patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection (group 1) and controls (group 2, asymptomatic patients with a negative polymerase chain reaction test). We also compared the NMC time for each specific symptom suffered by participants in group 1 with the NMC time of the control group as well as with the patients in group 1 who were asymptomatic. There was a significant increase in NMC time in group 1 with dyspnea when compared to the control group (p = 0.032) and also when compared to patients who were infected were not dyspneic (p = 0.04). There were no differences in the clearance times when considering other symptoms. COVID-19 patients with dyspnea present with altered nasal mucociliary clearance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title compound 2-amino-3-hydroxypyridinium saccharinate (AHPSAC) was synthesized and the obtaining single crystal was characterized by elemental analysis, XRD, 1H NMR and FTIR spectroscopic analyses The title compound, AHPSAC, has a non-planar configuration and crystallized in the monoclinic crystal system with Cc space group with the sequent parameters: a = 11.9535(11) Å, b = 9.1942(9) Å, c = 13.2391(12) Å, β = 115.608(6)°, V = 1312.1(2) Å3, Z = 4. The asymmetric unit contains one-half of a C5H7N2O molecule and one-half of a C7H4N1O3S1 molecule. The crystal packing is mainly directed by strong hydrogen bonding interactions observed N–H⋯N and N–H⋯O but, in addition, weak interaction such as π⋯π is also sighted. Hirshfeld surface analyses and 2D fingerprint graphs were accomplished to discover diverse bonding interactions in the AHPSAC compound. These results show that the most of the contribution to the Hirshfeld surfaces came from O⋯H/ H⋯O (35.2%) contacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]