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One of the most important topics in molecular biology is the genetic stability of DNA. One threat to this stability is proton transfer along the hydrogen bonds of DNA that could lead to tautomerisation, hence creating point mutations. We present a theoretical analysis of the hydrogen bonds between the Guanine-Cytosine (G-C) nucleotide, which includes an accurate model of the structure of the base pairs, the quantum dynamics of the hydrogen bond proton, and the influence of the decoherent and dissipative cellular environment. We determine that the quantum tunnelling contribution to the proton transfer rate is several orders of magnitude larger than the classical over-the-barrier hopping. Due to the significance of the quantum tunnelling even at biological temperatures, we find that the canonical and tautomeric forms of G-C inter-convert over timescales far shorter than biological ones and hence thermal equilibrium is rapidly reached. Furthermore, we find a large tautomeric occupation probability of 1.73 × 10−4, suggesting that such proton transfer may well play a far more important role in DNA mutation than has hitherto been suggested. Our results could have far-reaching consequences for current models of genetic mutations. The genetic stability of DNA suffers from proton transfer along the hydrogen bonds that can lead to tautomerisation, creating mutations. The authors theoretically examine the tautomerisation of the GuanineCytosine (G-C) nucleotide base-pair using an open quantum systems approach, finding that the contribution of quantum tunnelling to the reaction rate outweighs classical barrier-hopping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large calderas are among the Earth's major volcanic features. They are associated with large magma reservoirs and elevated geothermal gradients. Caldera-forming eruptions result from the withdrawal and collapse of the magma chambers and produce large-volume pyroclastic deposits and later-stage deformation related to post-caldera resurgence and volcanism. Unrest episodes are not always followed by an eruption; however, every eruption is preceded by unrest. The Campi Flegrei caldera (CFc), located along the eastern Tyrrhenian coastline in southern Italy, is close to the densely populated area of Naples. It is one of the most dangerous volcanoes on Earth and represents a key example of an active, resurgent caldera. It has been traditionally interpreted as a nested caldera formed by collapses during the 100–200 km 3 Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) eruption at ∼39 ka and the 40 km 3 eruption of the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (NYT) at ∼15 ka. Recent studies have suggested that the CI may instead have been fed by a fissure eruption from the Campanian Plain, north of Campi Flegrei. A MagellanPlus workshop was held in Naples, Italy, on 25–28 February 2017 to explore the potential of the CFc as target for an amphibious drilling project within the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) and the International Continental Drilling Program (ICDP). It was agreed that Campi Flegrei is an ideal site to investigate the mechanisms of caldera formation and associated post-caldera dynamics and to analyze the still poorly understood interplay between hydrothermal and magmatic processes. A coordinated onshore–offshore drilling strategy has been developed to reconstruct the structure and evolution of Campi Flegrei and to investigate volcanic precursors by examining (a) the succession of volcanic and hydrothermal products and related processes, (b) the inner structure of the caldera resurgence, (c) the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the hydrothermal system and offshore sediments, and (d) the geological expression of the phreatic and hydromagmatic eruptions, hydrothermal degassing, sedimentary structures, and other records of these phenomena. The deployment of a multiparametric in situ monitoring system at depth will enable near-real-time tracking of changes in the magma reservoir and hydrothermal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reactivity of methane (CH4) on Pt(110)-(1×2) has been studied by quantum state-resolved surface reactivity measurements. Ground state reaction probabilities, S0(v=0)≅S0(laser-off), as well as state-resolved reaction probabilities S0(2ν3), for CH4 excited to the first overtone of the antisymmetric C–H stretch (2ν3) have been measured at incident translational energies in the range of 4–64 kJ/mol. We observe S0(2ν3) to be up to three orders of magnitude higher than S0(v=0), demonstrating significant vibrational activation of CH4 dissociation on Pt(110)-(1×2) by 2ν3 excitation. Furthermore, we explored the azimuthal and polar incident angle dependence of S0(2ν3) and S0(v=0) for a fixed incident translational energy Et=32 kJ/mol. For incidence perpendicular to the missing row direction on Pt(110)-(1×2) and polar angles θ>40°, shadowing effects prevent the incident CH4 molecules from impinging into the trough sites. Comparison of this polar angle dependence with reactivity data for incidence parallel to the missing rows yields state-resolved site specific reactivity information consistent with a Pt(110)-(1×2) reactivity that is dominated by top layer Pt atoms located at the ridge sites. A comparison of S0(v=0) measured on Pt(110)-(1×2) and Pt(111) yields a lower average barrier for Pt(110)-(1×2) by 13.7±2.0 kJ/mol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the geomorphological features of the continental shelf of the Gulf of Naples along the submarine slopes of the Somma-Vesuvius volcanic complex. This area is characterized by seafloor morphologies that are related to mantle degassing. Significant phenomena associated with this process occur. Doming of the seafloor has been detected in the area of Banco della Montagna, whereas a hole-like morphology has formed at Bocca dei Pescatori, likely as a result of a phreatic explosion. Outcropping or partially submerged volcanic bodies are also present as well as two main debris avalanche deposits arising from the main Somma-Vesuvius edifice. A large area characterized by an overall concave external profile and a global sediment wave morphology covers most of the southwestern area of the volcano. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Volturno Plain is one of the largest alluvial plains of peninsular Italy, which is one of the most susceptible plains to coastal hazards. This area is characterized by both natural and human-induced subsidence. This present study is based on the post-processing, analysis and mapping of the available Persistent Scatterer interferometry datasets. The latter were derived from the combination of both ascending and descending orbits of three different radar satellite systems during an observation period of almost two decades (June 1992-September 2010). The main output of this study is a map of vertical deformation, which provides new insights into the areal variability of the ground deformation processes (subsidence/uplift) of Volturno plain over the last few decades. The vertical displacement values obtained by the post-processing of the interferometric data show that the Volturno river plain is characterized by significant subsidence in the central axial sectors and in the river mouth area. Moderate uplift is detected in the eastern part of the plain, whereas other sectors of the study area are characterized by moderate subsidence and/or stability. On the basis of the analyzed subsoil stratigraphy, we inferred that the subsidence recorded in the Volturno plain is mainly a consequence of a natural process related to the compaction of the fluvial and palustrine deposits that form the alluvial plain. The anthropic influences (e.g., water exploitation, urbanization) are substantially considered to be an additional factor that may enhance subsidence only locally. The uplift mapped in the eastern sector of the plain is related to the tectonic activity. The study of the subsidence in the Volturno plain is a valuable tool for river flood analyses and the assessment of the coastal inundation hazards and related risk mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The monolayer crystal structure of phenazine adsorbed on graphite is determined by a combination of synchrotron X-ray diffraction and DFT calculations. The molecules adopt a rectangular unit cell with lattice parametersa= 13.55 Å andb= 10.55 Å, which contains 2 molecules. The plane group of the unit cell isp2gg, and each molecule is essentially flat to the plane of the surface, with only a small amount of out-of-plane tilt. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations find a minimum energy structure with a unit cell which agrees within 7.5% with that deduced by diffraction. DFT including dispersion force corrections (DFT+D) calculations help to identify the nature of the intermolecular bonding. The overlayer interactions are principally van der Waals, with a smaller contribution from weak C-H···N hydrogen bonds. This behaviour is compared with that of 4,4′-bipyridyl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thiswork describes the combined use of synchrotron X-ray diffraction anddensity functional theory (DFT) calculations to understand the cocrystalformation or phase separation in 2D monolayers capable of halogenbonding. The solid monolayer structure of 1,4-diiodobenzene (DIB)has been determined by X-ray synchrotron diffraction. The mixing behaviorof DIB with 4,4′-bipyridyl (BPY) has also been studied andinterestingly is found to phase-separate rather than form a cocrystal,as observed in the bulk. DFT calculations are used to establish theunderlying origin of this interesting behavior. The DFT calculationsare demonstrated to agree well with the recently proposed monolayerstructure for the cocrystal of BPY and 1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene(DITFB) (the perfluorinated analogue of DIB), where halogen bondinghas also been identified by diffraction. Here we have calculated anestimate of the halogen bond strength by DFT calculations for theDITFB/BPY cocrystal monolayer, which is found to be ∼20 kJ/mol.Computationally, we find that the nonfluorinated DIB and BPY are notexpected to form a halogen-bonded cocrystal in a 2D layer; for thispair of species, phase separation of the components is calculatedto be lower energy, in good agreement with the diffraction results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much effort has been devoted to the investigation of the reactivity of glycine, the smallest amino acid, in different environments in the interstellar medium (ISM). While the formation paths are expected to follow a gas-solid mechanism, the full picture of glycine survival in the ISM remains yet unrevealed. In this work, we have adopted density functional theory under periodic boundary conditions to simulate mechanisms for the decarboxylation of glycine on a water-rich surface and on a glycine ice. We have performed calculations at the PBE-D3/USPP level, from which several adsorption modes of glycine on each surface were investigated and decomposition mechanisms into CO2 and CH3NH2 on the different interfaces were suggested. Most favourable adsorption sites of glycine have adsorption energies of −106.54 and −98.52 kJ mol−1 on the water ice and glycine ice, respectively. Glycine decomposes into CO2 and CH3NH2 through a two-step mechanism on the water ice and four-step mechanism on the glycine surface, from which the barrier heights of the determinant steps were of 288.98 and 111.58 kJ mol−1, respectively. At temperatures of 50 K, decomposition of glycine into CO2 and CH3NH2 is an exergonic reaction, pointing to a thermodynamically controlled reaction in specific interstellar regions, such as hot-cores. Compared with reported glycine gas-phase reaction, much lower barrier heights for glycine formation were found in the surface models studied here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present geomorphology of the Volturno River delta system and related strandplain is largely a product of complex, long-lived relationships between geological evolution and human impacts. In order to assess the main drivers of the changed landscape in the last centuries, a multidisciplinary study was carried out by combining geological and historical data. The study was based on geological and geophysical data, including about 1800 stratigraphic well logs to reconstruct the stratigraphic architecture of the delta plain and ca. 180 km of very high resolution single channel reflection profiles to image the stratigraphic pattern of the continental shelf and the offshore delta. Cartographic sources from the last 150 years were acquired, georeferenced and managed into a GIS environment, to support geomorphological interpretation. Land use maps were reconstructed for the 1957, 1990 and 2012. The Late Pleistocene and Holocene reconstruction of the Volturno coastal plain evolution evidenced the control of climatic changes (and consequently sediment supply and global eustatic variations) on the depositional history. The present landscape appears largely inherited by the past MIS5 and LGM landscapes. A progressive increment of anthropic forcing took place in the last 2000 years but the strongest modifications of the landscape occurred since the end of the XVII century, when, during the Spanish vice-kingdom, it was subjected to major land reclamation. More than 500 km of canals were built in the coastal area and resulted in the development of agriculture and farming on reclaimed land, promoting urbanization and increasing landscape fragmentation. A peak of major alterations of the deltaic environment, and retreat of the coastline was attained between the 1960s and the 1990s. Severe urbanization along the coastline, coupled with intensification of agricultural and tourism activities, resulted in a significant loss of natural ecosystems including humid coastal areas, lacustrine/marshy back-dune areas and mostly the beach-dune system. The negative sedimentary balance resulting from the reclamation works on the river courses, along with the interventions along the Volturno river basin, resulted in an accelerated and severe coastal erosion. The latter, coupled with subsidence rates and sea level rise, increase the vulnerability of the coast to flooding and storm surge and aquifer salinization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the mechanism of pyrolysis and charring of large (> 10,000 atom) phenol–formaldehyde resin structures produced using pseudo-reaction curing techniques with formaldehyde/phenol ratios of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0. We utilise Reactive Molecular Dynamics (RMD) with a hydrocarbon oxidation parameter set to simulate the high-temperature thermal decomposition of these resins at 1500, 2500 and 3500 K. Our results demonstrate that the periodic removal of volatile pyrolysis gasses from the simulation box allows us to achieve near complete carbonisation after only 2 ns of simulation time. The RMD simulations show that ring openings play a significantly larger role in thermal decomposition than has previously been reported. We also identify the major phases of phenolic pyrolysis and elucidate some of the possible mechanisms of fragment formation and graphitisation from the RMD trajectories and compute the thermal and mechanical properties of the final pyrolysed structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hazard assessment of the 1976 Guatemala earthquake (M = 7.5) was conducted to achieve a better definition of the seismic hazard. The assessment was based on the environmental effects that had effectively contributed to the high destructive impact of that event. An interdisciplinary approach was adopted by integrating: (1) historical data; (2) co-seismic geological effects in terms of Environmental Seismic Intensity (ESI) scale intensity values; and (3) ground shaking data estimated by a probabilistic/deterministic approach. A detailed analysis of primary and secondary effects was conducted for a set of 24 localities, to obtain a better evaluation of seismic intensity. The new intensity values were compared with the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) and Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) distribution estimated using a probabilistic/deterministic hazard analysis approach for the target area. Our results are evidence that the probabilistic/deterministic hazard analysis procedures may result in very different indications on the PGA distributions. Moreover, PGA values often display significant discrepancy from the macroseismic intensity values calculated with the ESI scale. Therefore, the incorporation of the environmental earth effects into the probabilistic/deterministic hazard analysis appears to be mandatory in order to achieve a more accurate seismic estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quantum state-resolved reactivity S0 of SiH4 on Si(100)-2×1 has been measured for the first time for two vibrationally excited Si–H stretch local mode states (|2000> and |1100>) as well the ground state S0 as a function of translational energy En and surface temperature Ts. We observe evidence for both direct and precursor-mediated chemisorption pathways. As expected, increasing En (or Ts) decreases S0 for the precursor-mediated reaction and increases S0 for the direct chemisorption. However, vibrational excitation of the incident SiH4 increases S0 for both the direct and the precursor-mediated pathway with a higher S0 for the |2000> state than for the |1100> state, indicating a nonstatistical reaction mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A new late-Holocene high-resolution pollen record is presented from Lago Patria with the aim of investigating past vegetation and environmental dynamics in a still under-investigated coastal sector of the Campania region (Italy). Our results show the evolution of a mixed deciduous and evergreen oak-dominated lowland forest, rich in both xeric and mesic woody taxa, under the influence of climate, human impact, geomorphic processes and their interplay. Between 4800 and 2800 cal BP, the pollen record highlights only slight vegetation changes, featured by a modest forest decline around 4200 cal BP, consistent with the deforestation pattern produced by the 4.2 ka arid climate event in southern and central Italy. This event was followed, between 3900 and 3300 cal BP, by a forest recovery with a remarkable development of mesic trees, notably Fagus , influenced by wet climate conditions. While Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements are missing from this coastal area, which suggests a marginal role of human activity in the environmental changes of this period, the continuous presence of anthropogenic pollen indicators in the pollen record stimulates new archeological investigations. Between 2800 and 2200 cal BP, the area experienced successive domination by Greek, Etruscan, Italic and Roman populations, culminating with the foundation and expansion of cities like Cumae, Capua, and Dicearchia/Puteoli, which determined major impact on the natural forest through intense agricultural practices. After a sedimentation hiatus between 2200 and 180 BP, the pollen record documents a few tens of years, during the Bourbon domination, when the vegetational landscape, characterized by cultivations and pasturelands, appears almost completely treeless. Pollen and other palynomorphs of aquatic taxa evidence a change from freshwater to brackish conditions, consistent with the transition from cat's eye freshwater ponds to open lagoon. Highlights • A new late Holocene high-resolution pollen record is presented from Lago Patria. • Pollen and NPPs outlines a change from a freshwater wetland to a brackish lagoon. • The 4.2 ka BP event is recorded as a decline in broadleaved trees. • A remarkable development of mesic trees from 3900 to 3300 BP points to wet climate. • Anthropogenic pollen indicators contrast with the lack of Bronze Age settlements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abandoned quarries are frequently used as sites of illegal dumping of solid urban waste. These sites often occur nearby or within urban areas so that their detection may turn out to be quite difficult from the surface. This study focuses on the detection and geometrical characterization of a hidden landfill site located along the coastline of the Campi Flegrei, near Naples, Italy. Our approach is based on the analysis of historical topographic maps and aerial photographs, coupled with quantitative comparison of multitemporal digital elevation models obtained by digital photogrammetry and lidar techniques. The comparative analysis of topographicmaps and aerial photos clearly showsmodifications of the landscape associated with the urban development and quarrying activity, as well as the later filling of the quarry. The change detection analysis reveals that remarkable elevation changes occurred in the study area between 1956 and 2008. The average thickness of the landfill deposits is ca. 8 m, whereas the average volume is ca. 100,000m³. The results of this work confirmthe suitability of the used methodological approach that combines both qualitative and quantitative techniques for the detection of buried landfill sites. The geometric characterization of a landfill represents a fitting starting point for the further planning of geophysical site surveys and direct investigations aimed at the assessment of environmental hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we present the first 3D high-resolution multichannel seismic dataset from a (partly) submerged caldera setting, the Campi Flegrei caldera (CFc). Our work aims at examining the spatial and temporal evolution of the CFc since the last caldera-forming event, the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (NYT, 15 ka) eruption. The main objectives are to investigate the caldera's shallow (< 200 m) subsurface structure and post-NYT-collapse (< 15 ka) deformational processes, the manifestation of magmatic and hydrothermal processes in the subsurface, as well as the volume, dispersal and explosivity of coastal post-collapse eruptions, thereby significantly advancing our current knowledge of the CFc. Our findings confirm the existence of a nested-caldera system comprising two caldera depressions bordered by an inner and a deeper (> 200 m) outer caldera ring-fault zone. The seismic data revealed that the NYT collapse occurred exclusively along the inner caldera ring-fault and that the related NYT caldera depression is filled with on average ~ 61 m of sediment deposited between 15 and 8.6 ka. The geometry of the inner ring-fault, consisting of four fault segments, seems to be strongly influenced by regional NW-SE and NE SW-trending faults. Furthermore, we found that the ring-faults have acted as pathway for the recent (< 3.7 ka) ascent of fluids (gases and liquids) and the emplacement of intrusions. We propose that the outer ring-fault zone, which likely formed in the course of the Campanian Ignimbrite (CI, 39 ka) eruption, has had the main control on the release and ascent of fluids. Overall, the caldera ring-faults represent key locations for the interconnection between the magmatic-hydrothermal systems and the surface and, thus, potentially represent future eruption sites as well as important fluid pathways during the recent unrest episodes. Furthermore, we reassessed the volume, dispersal, and explosivity of the post-collapse Nisida Bank (10.3–9.5 ka), Nisida Island (~ 3.98 ka), and Capo Miseno (3.7 ka) eruptions, yielding DRE values of 0.15 km 3 , 0.1 km 3 , and 0.08 km 3 , respectively, and an explosive magnitude of at least moderate-large scale (VEI 3). Our findings highlight that eruption volumes may be underestimated by 3 to 4 times if the submerged portion of a (partly) submerged caldera is not considered, implying severe consequences for the hazard and risk evaluation. The spatial response of the post-collapse (< 15 ka) depositional environment to volcanic activity, deformational processes and sea-level variations is presented in a comprehensive 3D evolutionary model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we present an integrated approach to assess earthquake-induced landslide hazard at the source area of the slope instability process. The method has been applied to the case study of Ischia, Procida and Vivara islands that represent an integral part of the Campi Flegrei, a densely populated, active volcanic area, located at the NW margin of the Naples Bay, Italy. The proposed method follows a stepwise procedure including: 1) Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA); 2) assessment of site and topographic effects; 3) input of the PSHA outputs into a classic sliding rigid-block analysis for slope instability (Newmark's approach); 4) construction of landslide frequency - magnitude curves for the estimate of the slope failure probability as a function of defined Newmark's threshold values under different probabilistic seismic scenarios; 5) construction of earthquake-induced landslide hazard maps at the source area, based on the integration of the probabilistic approach and the geological, morphological and geotechnical database available for the study area. The Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) is aimed at the definition of the seismic input with different annual exceedance frequency. PSHA results, expressed in terms of Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) at the bedrock, are calculated for 14 return periods (T) ranging from 10 to 2000 yr. PGA values have been corrected for the site effect associated with geological and morphologic conditions for each selected return period. Secondly, the corrected PGA values have been used as an input for the classic sliding rigid-block Newmark's approach, implemented in a Geographic Information System (GIS) to assess the relative potential for slope failure (landslide susceptibility) both in static (Factor of Safety, FS) and dynamic (Critical acceleration, a c ) conditions. The combination of T-dependent, site-corrected PGA with the critical acceleration allowed for the calculation of the expected Newmark's displacements (D N ) under different probability of exceeding or return periods (probabilistic seismic scenarios). As a further step, in order to estimate the earthquake-induced landslide hazard, we defined three D N threshold values that have considered capable to trigger shallow seismic-induced landslides in the regional context, and mapped the sectors with D N values exceeding such thresholds. On this basis, we constructed frequency-magnitude curves to estimate the probability of slope failures at the source areas, as a function of D N, by correlating the annual probability of landslide occurrence with the number of terrain cells associated with D N values greater than the selected threshold. Finally, based on the estimated annual landslide frequency of the seismic triggering event for each terrain cell, we implemented a 1:5000 scale map of Earthquake-induced Landslide Hazard for Ischia, Procida and Vivara Islands. The map reports the zoning and ranking of study area into sub-zones, on a pixel basis, according to the degree of the potential hazard from landslides derived by the frequency of the triggering event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of copper canisters in the Swedish KBS-3 concept for spent nuclear fuel disposal could result in the formation of copper-bearing uranyl phases should a canister suffer from defects or if the containment were to fail before reducing conditions are established in the repository. Most uranyl species would be expected to display higher solubility than the original uranium(IV) dioxide fuel, leading to enhanced release, though this would depend on the phase and prevailing groundwater conditions. Secondary alteration products may also be poorly crystalline or even amorphous, making characterization difficult during the pre-closure period owing to the high radiation field close to the canister. Vandenbrandeite, [CuUO2(OH)4], is a rare mineral in nature but known to form by alteration of primary uraninite through interaction with oxidizing groundwater containing dissolved copper. Consequently, an attempt has been made to characterize two vandenbrandeite specimens of varying crystallinity by luminescence and multiple-laser Raman spectroscopy; techniques amenable to remote, robotic deployment and which have proved useful in discriminating other uranyl oxy-hydroxides, silicates, and phosphates. The first reported luminescence emission and excitation spectra for vandenbrandeite revealed near-negligible luminescence, with a slightly enhanced signal for the specimen displaying poorer crystallinity. This observation agrees well with density functional theory calculations. The simulated projected density of state and band structure show an unlikely transition from the U f-orbitals to Cu d-orbitals, or O states, would be required for luminescence to be detectable; this probably improves for poorly crystalline specimens as the spatial overlap between the orbitals increases. Furthermore, negligible differences in the number of peaks and peak positions were detected in the laser wavelength-dependent Raman spectra although again, variation in background noise and peak shape was observed based on the degree of crystallinity. Good agreement was obtained between experimental and simulated Raman spectra, particularly with the environmentally sensitive axial uranyl stretching modes, validating the crystal system derived in this study. The findings of this study suggest luminescence spectroscopy, when combined with Raman spectroscopy, may be able to both identify vandenbrandeite and distinguish between crystalline and amorphous forms based on their relative luminescence intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, the origin of the Campi Flegrei caldera is still under debate and may be related to (1) a single caldera collapse associated with the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (NYT) eruption, (2) two subsequent caldera collapses associated with the NYT and the preceding Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) eruptions forming a nested-caldera complex, or (3) not related to a caldera collapse after all. Here, we study the submerged portion of the caldera, which has favored a marine depositional setting and, thus, represents an ideal location for the reconstruction of its formation history, utilizing multichannel seismic data. Volcanic deposits and edifices were seismically distinguished from sedimentary successions, and the stratigraphy could be refined and extended back to the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption at ~ 39 ka. High-resolution multichannel reflection seismic data revealed the existence of a nested-caldera complex formed during the CI eruption at ~ 39 ka and the more recent NYT eruption at ~ 15 ka. A ring-fault bounding an inner caldera collapse structure was clearly imaged. It appears that this inner ring-fault was initially activated during the CI caldera collapse and later reactivated during the NYT caldera collapse with different amounts of subsidence. The NYT caldera probably formed during an asymmetrical collapse with a maximum subsidence of ~ 75 m in the offshore portion. The vertical displacement related to the CI caldera collapse may be significantly larger. The submerged caldera depression accommodates post-eruption sediments. Within this high-resolution archive, two major unconformities developed at ~ 8.6 ka and 5 ka, when resurgence-related uplift exceeded the rate of sea-level rise concurrent with the emersion of the La Starza terrace. A previously unknown post-collapse submarine volcanic mound located between Nisida Island and Nisida Bank probably formed between 4.8 and 3.7 ka. Also, the Penta Palummo Bank appears to be constructed of at least two monogenetic volcanic edifices, the Penta Palummo volcano formed at ~ 100 ka and a younger mushroom-shaped unit formed between 39 and 15 ka. The main outcome of this study is a conceptual evolutionary model, providing novel insights on the formation of the Campi Flegrei nested caldera in the course of two large-scale eruptions (CI and NYT) with associated caldera collapses along mutual (i.e. reactivated) faults and subsequent caldera resurgence. As both the genesis and subsurface architecture of the Campi Flegrei caldera are still hotly debated topics in literature, our discoveries can be regarded as a substantial advancement in the understanding of the Campi Flegrei volcanic area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proton transfer between the DNA bases can lead to mutagenic Guanine-Cytosine tautomers. Over the past several decades, a heated debate has emerged over the biological impact of tautomeric forms. Here, we determine that the energy required for generating tautomers radically changes during the separation of double-stranded DNA. Density Functional Theory calculations indicate that the double proton transfer in Guanine-Cytosine follows a sequential, step-like mechanism where the reaction barrier increases quasi-linearly with strand separation. These results point to increased stability of the tautomer when the DNA strands unzip as they enter the helicase, effectively trapping the tautomer population. In addition, molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the relevant strand separation time is two orders of magnitude quicker than previously thought. Our results demonstrate that the unwinding of DNA by the helicase could simultaneously slow the formation but significantly enhance the stability of tautomeric base pairs and provide a feasible pathway for spontaneous DNA mutations. Proton transfer between DNA bases can lead to mutagenic tautomers, but as their lifetimes are thought to be much shorter than DNA separation times their role during the DNA replication cycle is often overlooked. Here, the authors model the separation of the DNA base pair guanine-cytosine using density functional theory and find increased stability of the tautomer when the DNA strands unzip as they enter a helicase enzyme, effectively trapping the tautomer population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and compliance with the enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol in octogenarian patients undergoing colorectal surgery in 12 Italian high-volume centers. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted in a consecutive series of patients who underwent elective colorectal surgery between 2016 and 2018. Patients were grouped by age (≥ 80 years vs < 80 years), propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was performed, and the groups were compared regarding clinical outcomes and the mean number of ERAS items applied. Results: Out of 1646 patients identified, 310 were octogenarians. PSM identified 2 cohorts of 125 patients for the comparison of postoperative outcomes and ERAS compliance. The 2 groups were homogeneous regarding the clinical variables and mean number of ERAS items applied (11.3 vs 11.9, p-ns); however, the application of intraoperative items was greater in nonelderly patients (p 0.004). The functional recovery was similar between the two groups, as were the rates of postoperative severe complications and 30-day mortality rate. Elderly patients had more overall complications. Furthermore, the mean hospital stay was higher in the elderly group (p 0.027). Multivariable analyses documented that postoperative stay was inversely correlated with the number of ERAS items applied (p < 0.0001), whereas age ≥ 80 years significantly correlated with the overall complication rate (p 0.0419). Conclusion: The ERAS protocol is safe in octogenarian patients, with similar levels of compliance and surgical outcomes. However, octogenarian patients have a higher rate of overall complications and a longer hospital stay than do younger patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The dehydrogenation of alkane feedstock to produce alkenes is a significant and energy intensive industrial process, generally occurring on metals and metal oxides. Here, we investigate a catalytic mechanism for the dehydrogenation of butane on single-layer, metal-free graphene using a combination of ab initio quantum chemical calculations and adsorption microcalorimetry. Dispersion-corrected Density Functional Theory (DFT) is employed to calculate transition states and energy minima that describe the reaction pathways connecting butane to the two possible products, but-1-ene and but-2-ene. The deprotonations occur with moderate energy barriers in the 0.54 eV-0.69 eV range. A strong agreement is observed between the results of the adsorption energies calculated by DFT (0.40 eV) and the measured differential heat of adsorption of n -butane on a graphitic overlayer. We conclude that the active-site for this catalytic reaction is a metal-free graphene vacancy, created by removing a carbon atom from a single-layer graphene sheet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, we show the bathymetric map of Ischia Island and its offshore area (Naples Bay, Italy), an active volcanic complex in the NW sector of Naples Bay. The map presented here is based on full seafloor coverage, carried out by merging multibeam swath bathymetric data acquired from several projects using different equipment, single beam echo-sounder data and topographic data, with a final grid cell size of 20  ×  20 metres. The obtained Digital Terrain Model allows a full view of the main morphological units, and may help future geomorphologic and geologic interpretations of the study area. Several previously unknown morphologic highs of the seafloor are mapped and named, in honour of the main researchers and/or events which characterized the recent history of Ischia Island. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the centralization of patients allowed trauma and transplants referral centers to continue their routine activity, ensuring the best access to health care. This study aims to analyze how the centralization of trauma is linked with liver allocation in Northern Italy. Methods: Cluster analysis was performed to generate patient phenotype according to trauma-related variables. Comparison between clusters was performed to evaluate differences in damage control strategy procedures (DCS) performed and the 30-day graft dysfunction. Results: During the pandemic period, the centralization of major trauma has deeply impaired the liver procurement and allocation between the transplant centers in the metropolitan area of Milan (Niguarda: 22 liver procurement; other transplant centers: 2 organ procurement). Two clusters were identified the in Niguarda's series: cluster 1 is represented by 17 (27.4%) trauma donors, of which 13 (76.5%) were treated with DCS procedures, and 4 (23.5%) did not; cluster 2 is represented by 45 trauma donors (72.6%), of which 22 (48.8%) underwent DCS procedures. A significant difference was found in the number of DCS procedures performed between clusters (3.18 ± 2.255 vs. 1.11 ± 1.05, p = 0.0001). Comparative analysis did not significantly differ in the number of transplanted livers (cluster1/cluster2 94.1%/95.6% p = 0.84) and the 30-day graft dysfunction rate (cluster1/cluster2 0.0%/4.8% p = 0.34). Conclusions: The high level of care guaranteed by first-level trauma centers could reduce the loss of organs suitable for donation, maintaining the good outcomes of transplanted ones, even in case of multiple organ injuries. The pandemic period underlined that the centralization of major trauma impairs the liver allocation between transplant centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the first results of a multidisciplinary research aimed at the detection and mapping of Active Fluid Vents (AFVs) at the seafloor of the Naples Bay, Italy. This segment of the Campania continental margin is characterised by severe Quaternary extension and intense volcanism at Ischia and Procida islands, the Campi Flegrei and Somma–Vesuvius volcanic complexes. High resolution hydroacoustic profilers were used to identify and localize fluid emission from the seafloor. ROV direct observation showed that each emission centre is generally composed by the coalescence of several emitting points. CTD probes showed that there are no significant gradients in temperature profiles. The results of this study include the detection and mapping of 54 fluid emission points all located in the − 71/− 158 m depth range, and spatially distributed into four main clusters. Three of the described clusters are located along the margin of a complex, toe-shaped seafloor morphology southwest of the Somma–Vesuvius, representing the shallow expression of partly buried, coalesced depositional features (namely, two flank collapses and one pyroclastic flow) associated with the Late Pleistocene activity of the volcano. The fourth AFV cluster was detected at the morphological - high, located about 8 km south of Naples ( Banco della Montagna ), represented by a field of volcaniclastic diapirs composed of massive pumiceous deposits originated from the Campi Flegrei intruding rising through the latest Quaternary–Holocene marine deposits. Our study suggests that the occurrence of AFV in this area could be genetically linked to the interaction between volcanic related seafloor morphologies and the main, NE striking faults present in the area, i.e. the Magnaghi-Sebeto line and the Vesuvian fault. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicic calderas are volcanic systems whose unrest evolution is more unpredictable than other volcano types because they often do not culminate in an eruption. Their complex structure strongly influences the post‐collapse volcano‐tectonic evolution, usually coupling volcanism and ground deformation. Among such volcanoes, the Campi Flegrei caldera (southern Italy) is one of the most studied. Significant long‐ and short‐term ground deformations characterise this restless volcano. Several studies performed on the marine‐continental succession exposed in the central sector of the Campi Flegrei caldera provided a reconstruction of ground deformation during the last 15 kyr. However, considering that over one‐third of the caldera is presently submerged beneath the Pozzuoli Gulf, a comprehensive stratigraphic on‐land‐offshore framework is still lacking. This study aims at reconstructing the offshore succession through analysis of high‐resolution single and multichannel reflection seismic profiles and correlates the resulting seismic stratigraphic framework with the stratigraphy reconstructed on‐land. Results provide new clues on the causative relations between the intra‐caldera marine and volcaniclastic sedimentation and the alternating phases of marine transgressions and regressions originated by the interplay between ground deformation and sea‐level rise. The volcano‐tectonic reconstruction, provided in this work, connects the major caldera floor movements to the large Plinian eruptions of Pomici Principali (12 ka) and Agnano Monte Spina (4.55 ka), with the onset of the first post‐caldera doming at ca. 10.5 ka. We emphasise that ground deformation is usually coupled with volcanic activity, which shows a self‐similar pattern, regardless of its scale. Thus, characterising the long‐term deformation history becomes of particular interest and relevance for hazard assessment and definition of future unrest scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction reaction (CO2RR) is an attractive approach to deal with the emission of CO2 and to produce valuable fuels and chemicals in a carbon‐neutral way. Many efforts have been devoted to boost the activity and selectivity of high‐value multicarbon products (C2+) on Cu‐based electrocatalysts. However, Cu‐based CO2RR electrocatalysts suffer from poor catalytic stability mainly due to the structural degradation and loss of active species under CO2RR condition. To date, most reported Cu‐based electrocatalysts present stabilities over dozens of hours, which limits the advance of Cu‐based electrocatalysts for CO2RR. Herein, a porous chlorine‐doped Cu electrocatalyst exhibits high C2+ Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 53.8 % at −1.00 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (VRHE). Importantly, the catalyst exhibited an outstanding catalytic stability in long‐term electrocatalysis over 240 h. Experimental results show that the chlorine‐induced stable cationic Cu0/Cu+ species and the well‐preserved structure with abundant active sites are critical to the high FE of C2+ in the long‐term run of electrochemical CO2 reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction reaction (CO2RR) is an attractive approach to deal with the emission of CO2 and to produce valuable fuels and chemicals in a carbon‐neutral way. Many efforts have been devoted to boost the activity and selectivity of high‐value multicarbon products (C2+) on Cu‐based electrocatalysts. However, Cu‐based CO2RR electrocatalysts suffer from poor catalytic stability mainly due to the structural degradation and loss of active species under CO2RR condition. To date, most reported Cu‐based electrocatalysts present stabilities over dozens of hours, which limits the advance of Cu‐based electrocatalysts for CO2RR. Herein, a porous chlorine‐doped Cu electrocatalyst exhibits high C2+ Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 53.8 % at −1.00 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (VRHE). Importantly, the catalyst exhibited an outstanding catalytic stability in long‐term electrocatalysis over 240 h. Experimental results show that the chlorine‐induced stable cationic Cu0/Cu+ species and the well‐preserved structure with abundant active sites are critical to the high FE of C2+ in the long‐term run of electrochemical CO2 reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resurgence uplift is the rising of the caldera floor, mainly due to pressure or volume changes in the magma reservoir. Identifying resurgence structures and understanding their relationship to the magmatic reservoir is challenging. We investigate the resurgence structures of the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff caldera (Italy) by integrating bathymetric data, high-resolution seismic profiles and Differential Synthetic-Aperture Radar Interferometry data. Our results show that the resurgent area is manifested as 1) a central dome constituted by two main blocks bounded by NNE-SSW trending faults, 2) an apical graben developed on top of the most uplifted block, 3) a peripheral zone including several uplifted and tilted blocks, bounded by inward-dipping faults. The onset of the uplift of the central dome occurred through re-activation, in reverse motion, of normal faults formed during the caldera collapse, and located in the peripheral zone. During periods of unrests, the blocks of the central dome move independently at different velocities, and the peripheral zone accommodates the deformation. The restless behaviour of the caldera is the result of a shallow magmatic reservoir located at 3.5 ± 0.7 km and characterised by a width that roughly corresponds to the extension of the overlaying resurgent area. Defining the caldera-forming fault system and identifying the area involved by the resurgence is crucial for estimating depth and width of the magma reservoir, and predicting the caldera behaviour during periods of unrest by localising possible vents and sectors that will deform. This knowledge contributes to the evaluation of the volcanic hazard. • The NYT caldera resurgence consists of a central dome constituted by two main blocks. • The onset of the uplift of the central dome occurred through reverse faults. • The reverse faults bound several uplifted and tilted blocks in a peripheral zone. • The peripheral zone accommodates the deformation during periods of unrests. • The shallow magmatic reservoir is located at the minimum depth of ~3.5 ± 0.7 km. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present work is to demonstrate the practical importance of a multidisciplinary approach and weighted criteria to synthesize and integrate different typologies of data (or lines of evidence, LOEs), including chemical levels in marine sediments, their bioavailability to specific indicator species, ecotoxicological effects measured through subcellular biomarkers and batteries of bioassays, and potential impacts of pollution on local benthic communities. The area of Bagnoli (Gulf of Naples, Southern Italy) was selected as a model case-study, as it is a coastal area chronically impacted by massive industrial contamination (trace metals and hydrocarbons), and dismissed decades ago without any subsequent remediation or habitat restoration. The results of each LOE were elaborated to provide specific hazard indices before their overall integration in a weight of evidence (WOE) evaluation. Levels of some trace metals and PAHs revealed a severe contamination in the entire study area. Bioavailability of hydrocarbons was evident particularly for high molecular weight PAHs, which also caused significant variations of cellular biomarkers, such as cytochrome P450 metabolization in fish, lysosomal membrane destabilization in mussels, genotoxic effects both in fish and molluscs. The results of a battery of bioassays indicated less marked responses compared to those obtained from chemical and biomarkers analyses, with acute toxicity still present in sediments close to the source of contamination. The analysis of benthic assemblages showed limited evidence of impact in the whole area, indicating a good functioning of local ecosystems at chronic contamination. Overall, the results of this study confirm the need of combining chemical and biological data, the quantitative characterization of various typologies of hazard and the importance of assessing an integrated environmental WOE risk, to orientate specific and scientifically-supported management options in industrialized areas. • Extremely high levels of some metals and PAHs occur in sediments. • HMW-PAHs are bioavailable to local sentinel species. • Biomarkers reveal subtle adverse effects of PAHs. • Ecotoxicological bioassays indicate less marked acute effects. • WOE provides an integrated assessment of environmental health status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the results of a sedimentological and mineralogical study conducted on 305 marine sediment samples (32 seafloor grab samples and 273 subsea floor samples from 91 vibrocores) collected in the marine area of the eastern Pozzuoli Bay, offshore the area of Bagnoli, that has been the site of heavy industrial activity for more than a century. The coastal (onland-offshore) area of Bagnoli–Coroglio has been recognised as a contaminated Site of National Interest (SNI) by the Italian Ministry of the Environment (2000–2001) and since then it has been the subject of a series of environmental studies that have documented a severe contamination of soils onland and marine sediments offshore. Based on the outcomes of the sedimentological classification discussed in this study we have constructed a series of thematic maps illustrating the areal distribution of the sedimentary facies at different stratigraphic levels. Our interpretation provides a support in reconstructing the complex set of environmental changes that have affected the offshore of the eastern Pozzuoli Bay prior to and after the termination of the industrial activity of the Bagnoli brownfield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a new seafloor sedimentological map of Bagnoli-Coroglio SIN (Sites of National Interest) in the Gulf of Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy, based on the analysis of the acoustic backscatter, calibrated with grain size distribution of sampled surficial marine deposits. Geophysical and ground-truthing (geological) data were acquired during a series of marine surveys designed for a seafloor characterisation aimed at remediation of the marine environment offshore the dismissed industrial area of Bagnoli. This study describes the acquisition and processing of the multibeam echo-sounder (Reson SeaBat 7125 high-resolution) backscatter data recorded during geophysical survey and illustrates the approach followed in the construction of a high-resolution seafloor map of the Bagnoli-Coroglio offshore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: ERAS implementation improved outcomes in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. The process of incorporating this pathway in clinical practice may be challenging. This observational study investigated the impact of systematic ERAS implementation on surgical outcomes in patients undergoing colorectal resections in a regional network of 10 institutions. Methods: Implementation of ERAS pathway was designed using regular audits and a common protocol. All patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery between 2016 and 2017 were considered eligible. A collective database including 18 ERAS items, clinical and surgical data, and outcomes was designed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed for the following outcomes: morbidity, anastomotic leak, reinterventions, hospital stay, and readmissions. Results: A total of 827 patients were included, and a mean of 11.3 ERAS items applied/patient was reported. Logistic regression indicated that an increased number of ERAS items applied reduced overall and severe morbidity (OR 0.86 and 0.87, respectively 95%CI 0.8197–0.9202 and 95%CI 0.7821–0.9603), hospitalization (OR 0.53 95%CI 0.4917–0.5845) and reinterventions (OR 0.84 95%CI 0.7536–0.9518) in the entire series. The same results were obtained for a prolonged hospitalization differentiating right-sided (OR 0.48 95%CI 0.4036–0.5801), left-sided (OR 0.48 95%CI 0.3984–0.5815), and rectal resections (OR 0.46 95%CI 0.3753–0.5851). An inverse correlation was found between the application of ERAS items and morbidity in right-sided and rectal procedures (OR 0.89 and 0.84, respectively 95%CI 0.7976–0.9773 and 95%CI 0.7418–0.9634). Conclusions: Systematic implementation of the ERAS pathway using multi-institutional audits can increase protocol adherence and improve surgical outcomes in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along the coastline of the Phlegraean Fields volcanic district, near Naples (Italy), severe retreat processes affect a large part of the coastal cliffs, mainly made of fractured volcanic tuff and pyroclastic deposits. Progressive fracturing and deformation of rocks can lead to hazardous sudden slope failures on coastal cliffs. Among the triggering mechanisms, the most relevant are related to meteorological factors, such as precipitation and thermal expansion due to solar heating of rock surfaces. In this paper, we present a database of measurement time series taken over a period of ∼4 years (December 2014–October 2018) for the deformations of selected tuff blocks in the Coroglio coastal cliff. The monitoring system is implemented on five unstable tuff blocks and is formed by nine crackmeters and two tiltmeters equipped with internal thermometers. The system is coupled with a total weather station, measuring rain, temperature, wind and atmospheric pressure and operating from January 2014 up to December 2018. Measurement frequencies of 10 and 30 min have been set for meteorological and deformation sensors respectively. The aim of the measurements is to assess the magnitude and temporal pattern of rock block deformations (fracture opening and block movements) before block failure and their correlation with selected meteorological parameters. The results of a multivariate statistical analysis of the measured time series suggest a close correlation between temperature and deformation trends. The recognized cyclic, sinusoidal changes in the width (opening–closing) of fractures and tuff block rotations are ostensibly linked to multiscale (i.e., daily, seasonal and annual) temperature variations. Some trends of cumulative multi-temporal changes have also been recognized. The full databases are freely available online at: 10.1594/PANGAEA.896000 (Matano et al., 2018) and 10.1594/PANGAEA.899562 (Fortelli et al., 2019). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along the coastline of the Campi Flegrei volcanic district, near Naples (Italy), severe retreat processes affect a large part of the coastal cliffs, mainly made of fractured volcanic tuff and pyroclastic deposits. Progressive fracturing and deformation of rocks can lead to hazardous sudden slope failures on coastal cliffs. Among the triggering mechanisms, the most relevant are related to meteorological factors, such as precipitation, freezing conditions, and thermal expansion due to solar heating of rock surfaces. In this paper, we present a database of measurement time series taken over a period of ∼ 4 years (Dec 2014–Oct 2018), referred to the deformations of selected tuff blocks in the Coroglio coastal cliff. The monitoring system is implemented on five unstable tuff blocks and is formed by nine crackmeters and two tiltmeters equipped with internal thermometers. The system is coupled with a total weather station, measuring rain, temperature, wind and atmospheric pressure operating since January 2014 up to Dec 2018. A measurement frequency of 10 and 30 minutes has been respectively set for meteorological and deformation sensors. The aim of the measurements is to assess the magnitude and temporal pattern of rock block deformations (fracture opening and block movements) before block failure and their correlation with selected meteorological parameters. The results of a multivariate statistical analysis of the measured time series suggest a close correlation between temperature and deformation trends. The recognized cyclic, sinusoidal changes in the width (opening/closing) of fractures and tuff blocks rotations are ostensibly linked to multiscale (i.e. daily, seasonal and annual) temperature variations. Some trends of cumulative multi-temporal changes have been also recognized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geomorphic evolution of sea cliffs has significant impact on coastal settlements worldwide, so that evaluation of cliff instability processes, failure factors, and retreat rates involves a growing number of scientists for coastal risk and management purposes. Aerial photogrammetry and lidar are among the most used techniques for topographic characterization and geomorphic monitoring of coastal environments. A crucial role in the combined use of such techniques is the evaluation of different spatial accuracy and co-registration between derived terrain models, so that a robust error analysis is required. In this study, we present a change detection analysis of the Torrefumo coastal cliff, in the Campi Flegrei volcanic area (Southern Italy). Aerial images taken in 1956 and 1974, processed through digital photogrammetry, and an airborne lidar point cloud acquired in 2008 were used to produce Digital Elevation Models of the cliff. The analysis was based on the multi-temporal comparison of these models and included the calculation of volumetric changes and average retreat rates of the cliff face with reference to the 1956-1974 and 1974-2008 time intervals. The spatially variable elevation uncertainty of each Digital Elevation Model was evaluated with a probabilistic approach based on the fuzzy set theory. The results of this study showed significant eroded volumes during the period 1956-1974 and relatively smaller volumes in the 1974-2008 time span, with mean annual retreat rates of 1.2 m/year and 0.17 m/year, respectively. We infer that the significant decrease of erosion characterizing the second period was induced by the sheltering effect at the base of the cliff produced by the construction of a seawall in the early 80’s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring of geomorphic changes affecting sea cliffs poses a difficult challenge from a logistical point of view. Nevertheless, this activity is fundamental for the evaluation of cliff recession rates and the assessment of risk conditions affecting coastal settlements. Innovative geomatics techniques provide a valid contribution to detect cliff topographic modifications induced by erosion or landslide processes. This study presents a photogrammetric approach based on structure from motion (SfM) aimed at monitoring the geomorphic evolution of a coastal landslide that displaced about 40 000 m3 of material in southern Italy. The landslide was monitored for more than two years, comparing multitemporal 3D point clouds derived from SfM. The results of change detection analysis allowed quantifying the volumes of rocks and unconsolidated sediments mobilised by erosion processes after the main failure, and developing a sediment budget. The study highlighted the high erodibility of collapsed material, as well as the suitability of the adopted techniques for 3D change detection analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we document a post-fire erosion response to a short-lived, intense rainstorm occurred on 6 September 2012 in the Sant'Angelo creek watershed, Sarno Mountains, Southern Italy. The rainstorm occurred one month after a wildfire that burned about 11 ha of the steep watershed (55 ha), almost entirely mantled by volcaniclastic deposits. The research was based on fieldwork and laboratory analysis addressed to the understanding of the geomorphic effects of the wildfire and their impact on erosional and depositional processes triggered by subsequent rainstorms. Field evidence indicates that a series of overland flows caused significant runoff and sediment yields along the hillslope and accumulation of hyperconcentrated flow deposits in a concrete channel occluded by a sealed culvert at the outlet of the watershed. The results of geomorphological and sedimentological analysis suggest that the occurrence of volcaniclastic covers mantling the slopes likely favored accelerated soil erosion, especially where vegetation and litter had been removed by the fire. Chemical analysis on sediment samples, revealed the occurrence of iron oxides that enhanced soil water repellency conditions over wide areas of the burned watershed compared to the unburned areas. Quantitative analysis of sediment budgets showed that the rainfall-induced erosion response at Sant'Angelo creek watershed resulted in a soil loss of 19.8–33.1 tons ha − 1 over burned areas. Post-fire erosion response following severe rainstorms needs to be considered in the spectrum of natural hazards associated with the geomorphological evolution of mountainous landscapes mantled by volcaniclastic deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a high-resolution bathymetric map of the Gulf of Naples (Italy), which is surrounded by the two main volcanic complexes of Mt. Somma-Vesuvius and Phlegrean Fields. The morphology is obtained from swath bathymetric in a Digital Terrain Model with a 5 m grid cell size. Bathymetric data display the main seafloor morphologies with a resolution never obtained before. These morphologies include the Ammontatura and Dohrn Canyons, the Penta Palummo, Nisida, Miseno and Banco della Montagna banks, and the bathymetric features of the submerged sector of the Somma-Vesuvius volcano. Overall, a prevailing volcanic nature characterizes the seafloor morphologies located in the northern sector, while the southern one is dominated by sedimentary features. The Final Map could be useful for the evaluation of the volcano-related hazards in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A temperature profile 2400 m along the off-shore active caldera of Campi Flegrei (Gulf of Pozzuoli) was obtained by the installation of a permanent fiber-optic monitoring system within the framework of the Innovative Monitoring for Coastal and Marine Environment (MON.I.C.A) project. The system consists of a submerged, reinforced, multi-fiber cable containing six single-mode telecom grade optical fibers that, exploiting the stimulated Brillouin scattering, provide distributed temperature sensing (DTS) with 1 m of spatial resolution. The obtained data show that the offshore caldera, at least along the monitored profile, has many points of heat discharge associated with fluid emission. A loose association between the temperature profile and the main structural features of the offshore caldera was also evidenced by comparing DTS data with a high-resolution reflection seismic survey. This represents an important advancement in the monitoring of this high-risk volcanic area, since temperature variations are among the precursors of magma migration towards the surface and are also crucial data in the study of caldera dynamics. The adopted system can also be applied to many other calderas which are often partially or largely submerged and hence difficult to monitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure of a caldera may influence its activity, making its understanding crucial for hazard assessment. Here, we analysed high-resolution seismic profiles in the Campi Flegrei (southern Italy) offshore sector. We recognised two main fault systems, including those associated with the formation of the caldera and those affecting the resurgent dome. The former system comprises three broadly concentric fault zones (inner, medial and outer ring fault zones) depicting a nested caldera geometry. Considering the relations between faults and seismic units that represent the marine and volcaniclastic successions filling the caldera, all ring faults were formed during the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption (40 ka) and subsequently reactivated during the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff eruption (15 ka). In this last caldera-forming event, the inner and medial fault zones accommodated most of the collapse and were episodically reactivated during the younger volcano-tectonic activity. The second fault system occurs in the apical zone of the resurgent dome and comprises dominantly high-angle normal faults that are mainly related to the volcano-tectonic collapse that followed the Agnano-Monte Spina Plinian eruption (4.55 ka). Finally, we provide a volcano-tectonic evolutionary model of the last 40 kyr, considering the interplay among ring and dome faults activity, volcaniclastic sedimentation, ground deformation and sea-level changes. • A detailed structural map of the offshore sector of Campi Flegrei caldera is provided. • Two main fault zones have been identified associated with the caldera ring faults and the resurgent dome faults. • The Neapolitan Yellow Tuff eruption reactivated the 2.5 km wide caldera fault zone of the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption. • The dome fault zone accommodated volcano-tectonic collapse during the Agnano-Monte Spina eruption. • Mapped faults controlled caldera deformation, volcanism distribution and hydrothermal fluid uprise in the last 40 kyr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a long-range terrestrial laser scanner application for the geostructural mapping of Coroglio cliff, a tuff rock face exposed along the coastal zone of Campi Flegrei, Napoli. The procedure includes several phases (geomorphological analysis, structural field survey, laser scanner data acquisition and data processing, 3-D model development and analysis, geostructural classification of discontinuity orientation data and 2-D vertical cartographic production). Field data were processed with specific software dedicated to geostructural and geometric analysis. Spatial data were managed with a geographical information system and have been used for the construction of 2-D and 3-D geometric models of the rock cliff surface and geostructural interpretation. The main product of this study is a vertical geostructural map of the Coroglio cliff at 1:500 scale that illustrates the spatial distribution and orientation of the major families of structural discontinuities detected along the exposed surface of the cliff. The cartographic product includes base information useful to identify the main rock failure mechanisms along the cliff and represents a first step for the zonation of areas susceptible to block failures and the planning of monitoring activities. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We present the results of a detailed bathymetric survey of Pozzuoli Bay (Gulf of Naples, Italy). This shallow marine area, along with the Campi Flegrei inland, is a highly active volcanic district in the coastal zone of SW Italy. The area has been active since at least 78 ka B.P., and is structurally dominated by a caldera collapse (∼8 km in diameter) associated with the eruption of the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (NYT), a 30–50 km3dense rock equivalent (DRE) ignimbrite dated ∼15 ka B.P. The main cartographic product consists of a 1:10,000 scale morpho-bathymetric map of Pozzuoli Bay, derived from 1 m cell-size, colour hill-shaded, digital terrain model of the seafloor. Multibeam bathymetry data reveal the precise extent of Roman underwater archaeological remains located in the N–NW infralittoral zone of the Bay. Morphometric analysis allowed for the development of thematic representations, including slope and aspect maps. A complete data set of active fluid vents seafloor locations were also recorded during the survey and reported in the final map. The multibeam bathymetric survey illustrated in this study provides an unprecedentedly detailed image of the seafloor morphology of Pozzuoli Bay and represents a contribution to the understanding of the dynamic evolution of the Campi Flegrei caldera, a high-risk volcanic area densely populated by almost one million people. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Analysis of high-resolution seismic profiles integrated with archaeological data along the coast has allowed quantifying the last ∼10 ka BP displacements in the offshore part of the Campi Flegrei resurgent caldera, one of the world's highest-risk volcanic areas. Previous onland studies revealed that, following the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (NYT) eruption at 15 ka, post-caldera evolution was associated with rapid ground uplift and subsidence cycles. In this paper, we use the stacking pattern of Prograding Wedges (PWs) and Aggrading Fills (AF) to reconstruct relative sea-level changes and estimate the amount of vertical deformation in the Pozzuoli Bay, the submerged part of the caldera. We document five generations of prograding wedges (PW1 to PW5), associated with as many periods of relative ground stability between uplift and subsidence. Instead, deposition of aggrading fills above prograding wedges underpins the subsidence that typically follows volcanic unrest and uplift. The older wedges PW1 and PW2 are larger and likely indicate whole-caldera uplift events. In particular, the development of PW2 starting from ∼5.2 ka is related to the rapid growth of a resurgent dome in the central part of the caldera. After ∼3.7 ka, subsidence prevailed in the caldera leading to deposition of an aggrading fill (AF2). However, subsidence was interrupted by short-term uplift episodes in historical times at (100 BCE-100 CE, 600–700 CE, 1430–1538 CE) that led to the growth of comparatively minor-sized wedges PW1 to PW3, respectively. Displacement of coastal infrastructures of the Roman age (∼2 ka BP) is consistent with the vertical motion retrieved by the seismostratigraphic analysis, and further indicates the existence of two deformation signals. A short-wavelength signal confined to the Pozzuoli Bay reflects the contribution of an intra-caldera source. This signal is superposed to a long-wavelength regional subsidence increasing between Naples and Procida Island from 1.5 to 2 mm/a, respectively. The east-to-west enhancing subsidence likely reflects the transition between the uplifting Apennines and the foundered Tyrrhenian back-arc basin. • High-resolution seismic profiles analysis in the offshore Campi Flegrei caldera • Seismostratigraphic bodies document relative sea-level changes • Quantitative reconstruction of vertical ground displacements in the Holocene • Roman-age coastal remains constrain ground deformation in the last 2 ka. • We disentangle the contribution of intra-caldera dynamics and regional tectonics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seafloor topography and grain size distribution are pivotal features in marine and coastal environments, able to influence benthic community structure and ecological processes at many spatial scales. Accordingly, there is a strong interest in multiple research disciplines to obtain seafloor geological and/or habitat maps. The aim of this study was to provide a novel, automatic and simple model to obtain high-resolution seafloor maps, using backscatter and bathymetric multibeam system data. For this purpose, we calibrated a linear regression model relating grain size distribution values, extracted from samples collected in a 16 km2 area near Bagnoli–Coroglio (southern Italy), against backscatter and depth-derived covariates. The linear model achieved excellent goodness-of-fit and predictive accuracy, yielding detailed, spatially explicit predictions of grain size. We also showed that a ground-truth sample size as large as 40% of that considered in this study was sufficient to calibrate analogous regression models in different areas. Regardless of some limitations (i.e., inability to predict rocky outcrops and/or seagrass meadows), our modeling approach proved to be a flexible tool whose main advantage is the rendering of a continuous map for sediment size, in lieu of categorical mapping approaches which usually report sharp boundaries or rely on a few sediment classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Organ donation (OD) remains the only therapeutic option for end-stage disease in some cases. Unfortunately, the gap between donors and recipients is still substantial. Trauma patients represent a potential yet underestimated pool of organ donors. In this article, we present our data on OD after damage control strategy (DCS). Materials and Methods: A retrospective, observational cohort study was conducted through a complete revision of data of consecutive adult trauma patients (>18 years old) who underwent OD after DCS between January 2018 and May 2021. Four subgroups were created [Liver (Li), Lungs (Lu), Heart (H), Kidneys (K)] to compare variables between those who donated the organ of interest and those who did not. Results: Thirty-six patients underwent OD after DCS. Six patients (16.7%) were excluded: 2(5.6%) for missing data about admission; 4(11.1%) didn't receive DCS. Mean ISS was 47.2 (SD ± 17.4). Number of donated organs was 113 with an organs/patient ratio of 3.8. The functional response rate was 91.2%. Ten organs (8.8%) had primary nonfunction after transplantation: 2/15 hearts (13.3%), 1/28 livers (3.6%), 4/53 kidneys (7.5%) and 3/5 pancreases (60%). No lung primary nonfunction were registered. Complete results of subgroup analysis are reported in supplementary materials. Conclusion: Organ donation should be considered a possible outcome in any trauma patient. Aggressive damage control strategy doesn't affect the functional response rate of transplanted organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnitude and rate of Late Pleistocene–Holocene vertical tectonic movements offshore of the Capo Vaticano Promontory (western Calabria, southern Italy) have been measured on the basis of the present-day depth variations of the edges of submerged depositional terraces (and associated abrasion platforms) that formed below the storm-wave base, during the sea level stillstand of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). These depositional features, represented by submerged prograding wedges and an associated terrace-shaped upper boundary, have been identified in high-resolution seismic reflection profiles acquired along the continental shelf and the upper slope of the promontory, and are referred to in this study as “Lowstand Infralittoral Prograding Wedges (LIPWs)”. Our new data and methods provide evidence that LIPWs can be used as geomorphological indicators of vertical movements in offshore settings with well controlled uncertainty. Removal of the non-tectonic component of vertical changes using an ice-volume equivalent eustatic sea level compilation indicates ∼11 (±3.2) m of uplift and ∼25 (±3.2) m of subsidence, from southwest to northeast, along the promontory, over a distance of ∼22 km, during the post-LGM. The resulting uplift and subsidence rates (including both regional and local components) for the last 20.350 (±1.35) years are 0.54 (±0.2) mm/y and 1.23 (±0.25) mm/y, respectively. These results are consistent with longer-term estimates based on uplifted 215–82 ka old coastal terraces and Late Holocene shorelines. This integration of offshore and coastal markers indicates a pattern of vertical movements characterized by a marked asymmetry associated with a northeast down tilt of the Capo Vaticano Promontory. The calculated tilt rate increases by one order of magnitude during the post-LGM in respect to the time interval from 215 to 82 BP. Displacement associated with the NW–SE striking normal fault that bound the Capo Vaticano Promontory to the Gioia Tauro Basin ended in the (?) Pleistocene, and thus does not contribute to the tilt of the promontory at least during the last 215 ka. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classical diffusion—quantum barrier: On Cu(111), pyrrole diffuses in channels, hopping between adjacent bridge sites over a barrier above hollow sites. The motion of the center of mass can be described classically; however, the activation barrier arises from the quantum character of internal vibrational modes that are largely unexcited during the motion. The unique helium spin‐echo experiment is indicated by the green sphere and arrows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]