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Research literature about the environmental spillover effect produced mixed results, revealing that an initial pro-environmental behavior (PEB) is likely to promote either other PEBs (i.e., positive spillover) or pro-environmental inactions and harming behaviors (i.e., negative spillover). Such inconsistency suggests a possible crucial role of moderating variables. In two experimental studies (N Study 1 = 141, N Study 2 = 124), we investigated whether the recall of past environmental behavior (water-saving vs. water-wasting) affects future intention to perform PEBs (Study 1) and actual PEBs (Study 2), depending on participants' cognitive mindset (manipulated in Study 1 and measured in Study 2). Results showed that the cognitive mindset is a significant moderator of spillover effects. Compared to a holistic one, an analytical mindset is more likely to result in a greater willingness to engage in future PEBs (Study 1) and actual PEB (Study 2) when past PEB is salient. The main contributions of the studies, limitations and possible future research directions are discussed., Author(s): Federica Spaccatini [sup.1] , Paolo Riva [sup.1] , Juliette Richetin [sup.1] , Egle Porcelli [sup.1] , Luca Pancani [sup.1] , Roberta Capellini [sup.1] , Simona Sacchi [sup.1] Author Affiliations: [...]

To date, despite the great debate regarding the best seating arrangement for learning in classrooms, no empirical studies have examined the direct effects of different seating arrangements on children's cognitive processes. This is particularly important nowadays that the COVID-19 measures include maintaining distance in the classroom. Aim of this study was experimentally investigating the effect of changing the seating arrangement (clusters vs. single desks), on logical reasoning, creativity and theory of mind, in children attending primary school. Furthermore, some individual characteristics (e.g., gender, loneliness, popularity) were analysed as potential moderators. Results on 77 participants showed that, when children were seated in single desks, their score in logical reasoning was globally higher. Furthermore, when seated in single desks, girls showed a better performance in the theory of mind, and lonelier children performed better in theory of mind and creativity. This on field experimental study suggests the importance of considering both the nature of the task and children's individual characteristics when deciding on a seating arrangement in the classroom., Author(s): Valentina Tobia [sup.1] , Simona Sacchi [sup.2] , Veronica Cerina [sup.3] , Sara Manca [sup.3] , Ferdinando Fornara [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.15496.3f, 0000 0001 0439 0892, Faculty of [...]

Background: Spirituality is a vast dimension influenced by cultural and personal differences. Little is known about the spirituality of patients suffering from a chronic disease in Italy from palliative care hospital settings. Aim: To investigate patients' perspectives about their spirituality during their illness. Method: The research question was: 'How does living with chronic disease inform/shape the spiritual dimension of patients?'. To address it, we conducted a qualitative interview study with thematic analysis. Results: We enrolled 21 participants among patients suffering from rheumatic, haematologic, neurodegenerative and respiratory chronic diseases. Participants generally had great difficulty answering the questions researchers posed and often could not define 'spirituality'. We found different topics grouped under four main themes: definition of spirituality, internal dialogue, expression of spirituality in everyday life and take stock. Religion is not reported as an answer to spiritual suffering, even in a country that is felt religious-driven like Italy. Discussion: Patients are generally not cognizant of this dimension even living with a chronic disease; consequently, they cannot express spiritual needs because they can't recognise them. Health professionals should identify this dimension and its characteristics to recognise potential spiritual suffering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigates the mechanisms underlying the flag-priming effect on ideological positioning and voting behavior. The experiment, conducted in the context of the Italian elections, found that subliminal flag priming led to self-stereotyping, with participants assuming traits associated with the stereotype of the typical Italian citizen. Such self-stereotyping processes, in turn, mediated the effect of the priming on voting and ideological positioning. Specifically, the priming was responsible for a move toward ideological positions closer to the national prototype (which is centrist), both in terms of voting behavior and ideological positioning. Moreover, the effect proved to be moderated by the centrality of political identity for the individual. This finding helps elucidate previous results and holds practical implications for political communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whistleblowing is the action by which members of an organization report misconduct that occurs within their group to other persons inside or outside the organization. In the present research, we examined perception of whistleblowers in terms of global impressions, emotions, and behavioural intentions. Study 1 reveals negative reactions to whistleblowers, while Study 2 shows positive reactions to whistleblowers. To reconcile these findings, Study 3 varies the self-relevance of the context and reveals that whistleblowers are derogated when the context is highly self-relevant (as in Study 1) and positively evaluated when it is not (as in Study 2). Across the studies, we also show that emotions and the subjective importance of loyalty and fairness influence the evaluation of whistleblowers. Our findings help unveiling the conditions in which whistleblowers are alternatively regarded as heroes or traitors, depending on the perceivers' point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Typical spatial descriptions, such as "The car is in front of the house," describe the position of a located object (LO; e.g., the car) in space relative to a reference object (RO) whose location is known (e.g., the house). The orientation of the RO affects spatial language comprehension via the reference frame selection process. However, the effects of the LO's orientation on spatial language have not received great attention. This study explores whether the pure geometric information of the LO (e.g., its orientation) affects spatial language comprehension using placing and production tasks. Our results suggest that the orientation of the LO influences spatial language comprehension even in the absence of functional relationships.

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