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Background and Objective: Morphological alterations of hippocampus and dentate gyrus due to opium were reported in humans and animals. Also other evidences have shown that astrocytes actively participate in synaptic plasticity. This study was done to determine the conditioning place preference (CPP) on astrocytes number of Rat dentate gyrus by immunohistochemical technique. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 48 male Wistar Rat weighted average 220-250 g were used. For behavioural tests, Rats divided into eight experimental groups. The Rats were received morphine at different doses (2.5, 5, 7.5 mg/kg) for three days by subcutaneous injection and sham groups, received saline dose (1 mg/kg) and then CPP test in them were investigated. 48 hours after behavioural testing animals were decapitated under chloroform anesthesia and their brains fixed and after tissue processing, slices stained with immunohistochemistery techniques. For morphometric study PTAH staining of astrocytes was used. Results: The most dose responses of morphine was observed in 7.5mg/kg. The number of astrocytes in the controls (20.627±6.129) was similar to control-saline group (17.339±4.71). This difference was not significant, while the difference in the number of astrocytes in control group with morphine-treated experimental groups was significant (P

"n Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} Background: Skin-derived precursors (SKPs) are a type of progenitor cells extracted from mammalian dermal tissue and can be differentiate to neural and mesodermal lineage in vitro. These cells can introduce an accessible autologos source of neural precursor cells for treatment of different neurodegenerative diseases. This research was done in order to set up isolation, culture, proliferation and differentiation of human skin derived precursors (hSKPs)."n"nMethods: Human foreskin samples were cut into smaller pieces and cultured in proliferation medium after enzymatic digestion. To induce neural differentiation, cells were cultured in neural differentiation medium after fifth passage. We used immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR for characterization of the cells. Neuron and glial cell differentiation potential was assessed by immunofloresence using specific antibodies. The experiments were carried out in triplicate."n"nResults: After differentiation, βΙΙΙ- tubulin and neurofilament-M positive cells were observed that are specific markers for neurons. Moreover, glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) and S100 positive cells were identified that are markers specifically express in glial cells. Detected neurons and glials were also confirmed by their morphologic characterizations."n"nConclusion: Our results demonstrated that skin-derived precursors obtained from human foreskin can exhibit neuronal and glial differentiation potential in vitro, depending on the protocols of induction.

Introduction: To recognize the myelinated nerve fibers of the external and extreme capsules in human brain. Materials and Methods: 10 adult and normal brains (20 hemispheres) from both sexes were studied using 15 mm serial secions in all three cardinal planes after fixation and processing. These sections were stained by Klüver – Barrera and Heidenhin – Woelcke methods. Results: Some fibers from different parts of the cortex through corona radiata entered the dorsal border of the external capsule, These fibers moved ventraly and ventrocaudaly toward the ventral border of the external capsule, and most of them entered the cerebral peduncles trans -, sub-, or retrolenticularly. Some fibers passed through dorsal part of putamen and connected the external capsule with posterior limb of the internal capsule. Some fibers passed between rostrum of corpus callosum and venteral part of the external capsule. Some fibers traced from the external capsule to posterior bundle of the anterior commissure; some of them entered the commissure but others terminated in nucleus basalis (Meynert) neurons. Some fibers passed through rostral part of the external and extreme capsules.Most of the fibers of the extreme capsule interconnected the temporal and frontoparietal operculi with the insular gyri, or with each other. A group of the extreme capsule fibers connected the adjacent insular gyri with each other. Some fibers exchanged between the extreme capsule and the claustrum. There were fibers which went between the external and extreme capsules through the dorsal claustrum. Conclusion: It is concluded that the external capsule contains all three groups of fibers, but it is mainly projectional; on the other hand, the extreme capsule is mainly associational. Thus, in our opinion, these two capsules should be classified in different groups.