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Global electricity demand is increasing with the rising population and rapid urbanization. Building Integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system is a new method of renewable energy generation where solar photovoltaic (PV) modules are integrated into the building surfaces such as façade, shades, windows, roofs, and tiles. BIPV systems reduce the urban energy demand. Utilization of vertical surfaces makes the BIPV system a preferable choice where land scarcity affects the implementation of large PV systems. The economic viability depends on the maximum power generated by the BIPV array. In urban environments, the BIPV arrays experience severe partial shading conditions (PSCs). The PSCs cause mismatch losses, reducing the global maximum power of the BIPV array and efficiency. Fixed array configurations such as series-parallel (SP), total-cross-tied (TCT), triple-tied (TT), and quarter-tied (QT) are designed to solve this issue. The cross ties across the rows of the BIPV array improve the performance at the expense of more wiring. Researchers proposed various optimal array configurations with different shading patterns. This research attempts to generalize the design of the BIPV array configurations by considering the trade-off between wiring requirements and shading losses. The performance of SP, TT, QT, and TCT configurations under four different shading conditions is simulated with the proposed BIPV array design algorithm. A 9 × 8 BIPV array of 3.6 kW is considered. QT configuration reduces the wiring requirement by 10.45% compared to TCT and improves up to 8.43% maximum power than SP. The fill factor is improved to 48.49%, and the mismatch loss is limited to 34.10%. Therefore, QT and TCT are considered favorable configurations for BIPV array design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of electrical vehicles is increasing day by day to favor sustainability and mitigate energy crisis and provide an eco-friendly environment for the society. Transport in rural areas mainly depends on battery operated three wheeled vehicles (BoTV). Such vehicles are most reliable source of conveyance in rural India, especially in rural Bengal, mainly due to their lower road space requirement, easy navigation through narrow roads. Convenience of movement on any type of road with door-to-door transport. However, the charging of the batteries used in a BoTV system is becoming an alarming issue these days. Lead acid batteries are used in BoTV system because of its lower cost, but the main drawback is its longer charging period. To address such issues, the authors have proposed a modified fast charging topology in this paper. A solar powered asymmetrical half bridge rectifier with DC–DC energy recovery cell has been designed to minimize the charging time. Besides that, frequent shut down of electricity is the major problem of rural Bengal which hampers the battery charging as well as reduces the daily income of the BoTV operator. By using PV based fast charging techniques this problem can be solved leading to better sustainability. Zero-voltage switching (ZVS) technique is implemented in asymmetrical half bridge (AHB) to increase the charger power density to enhance the quality of charging. ZVS technology of AHB with energy recovery cell makes the charging method faster. According to the analysis and the results, it has been found that the overall charging time of the battery has been reduced by around 2.5 h per day and the savings of a BoTV operator has increased by at least ₹2350 ($28.23) per month. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this communication, a hybrid MIMO antenna (combination of graphene and ceramic) is designed and investigated in THz frequency range. Circular Polarization is achieved by feeding the cylindrical ceramic using moon shaped aperture with L-shaped Microstrip line. Mutual coupling between the antenna ports has been reduced to − 25 dB by using the concept of polarization diversity. Graphene material is used to introduce the re-configurability in the proposed radiator. For avoiding the difficulty of simulation of radiator at THz regime (very high simulation time), machine learning algorithms i.e. Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Random Forest and XGBoost are utilized to predict the reflection coefficient and axial ratio of designed antenna. The designed radiator works from 2.4 to 3.1 THz with 3-dB axial ratio from 2.6 to 3.0 THz. Good value of diversity parameters and stable radiation features make the designed radiator appropriate for various wireless applications in THz frequency band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a step-up multilevel inverter with a reduced number of devices. The inverter can realise nine output voltage levels with 4 times higher input source voltage at the output with 11 switching devices. The inverter uses switched capacitor (SC) technique to step up the output voltage. One of the important drawbacks of the recently proposed SC-based MLI is the higher input current ripples or spikes due to the capacitor charging states. These high ripples hamper the life of the source such as photovoltaic (PV) array or fuel cells. The proposed inverter can lower the input current ripples than others as well as can provide the maximum boosting at the output voltage. A detailed discussion on the operating principle, selection procedure of components, and power losses analysis of the proposed inverter has been presented. Furthermore, a comparative evaluation shows a significant reduction of input current spikes and component count of the proposed inverter than others. Moreover, the proposed inverter provides a lower cost function per boosting factor per level as compared to others. The performances of the inverter are verified by an extensive simulation and experimental study. The inverter works well with desired performances under different load conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Partial shading is a significant limitation that decreases the maximum power output of large photovoltaic (PV), and building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) arrays installed in modern buildings. One of the optimum solutions to mitigate the difficulty related to partial shading is applying different interconnected fixed BIPV array configurations. This research article aims to modelling, simulation, and performance analysis of a novel conventional 7 × 8 Quarter-Tied (QrTd) fixed BIPV array configuration under the centre, left staircase, frame, left corner, diagonal, and left side shading pattern cases in Matlab/Simulink. Moreover, a comprehensive study with existing conventional fixed BIPV array configurations such as Series-Parallel (SePl), Bridge-Linked (BdLk), Honey-Combed (HnCb), Triple-Tied (TrTd), Total-Cross-Tied (TtCrTd) array interconnections is also executed. The variable parameters for performance evaluation include global maximum power point (GlMxPoPt), mismatch losses (MmLs), fill factor (FiFa), efficiency (Effy), relative power loss (RlPwLs) and relative power gained (RlPwGn). Experimental validation under two partial shading cases is also reported for the justification of simulation results. The simulation results infer that the proposed QrTd configuration improves GlMxPoPt by 4.31%, reduces MmLs by 3.54%, and improves FiFa & Effy by 2.44% and 0.34%, respectively, under six different shading cases. The experimental results conclude that the proposed QrTd configuration improves GlMxPoPt by 1.62%, reduces MmLs by 1.15%, and improves FiFa & Effy by 0.65% and 0.14%, respectively, under two shading cases. Moreover, the wiring requirement and the wiring losses are also lower in the proposed QrTd configuration than in the TtCrTd configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On-grid and off-grid building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems require a large size BIPV array (LSBA) as their major renewable energy generator. Partial Shading (PS) significantly contributes to power loss in LSBA. One effective solution to mitigate the adverse effect of PS in LSBA is the application of fixed or static BIPV array configurations (BIPV-ACs). This research article critically compares the different fixed BIPV-ACs for modelling, designing and critical analysis of LSBA. Different existing and proposed fixed BIPV-ACs are modelled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink under six dissimilar cases of PS patterns. Further, the performance is investigated in terms of global maximum power point (G-M-PP), mismatch loss (ML), fill factor (FF), efficiency (η), relative power loss (RPL) and relative power gained (RPG) to identify the best BIPV-AC. Experimental justification of simulation results under two PS pattern cases is reported. The best BIPV-ACs with high G-M-PP and low ML are Total-Cross-Tied (TCT), Triple-Tied (TT), Modified Triple-Tied (M-TT) and Hybrid Bridge-Linked Total-Cross-Tied (H-BL-TCT). Finally, the comprehensive critical analysis reveals that the H-BL-TCT array is the best performing array with low ML, high FF and η, and high G-M-PP with low wiring requirements than the TCT array. The simulation results conclude that the H-BL-TCT array improves G-M-PP by 6.40 %, reduces ML by 4.23 %, and improves FF & η by 4.58 % and 0.54 %. The experimental results infer that the H-BL-TCT array improves G-M-PP by 0.83 %, reduces ML by 0.75 %, and improves FF & η by 0.88 % and 0.09 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for electricity is rapidly rising, and renewable energy sources are becoming increasingly important for maintaining the electric system and servicing isolated demands. Tidal energy, wind energy, and solar energy (SE) are all forms of renewable energy. The solar power system is free of pollution, and enormous volumes of solar radiation reach the earth's surface. Photovoltaic (PV) systems are taking a leading role as solar-based energy sources because of their unique advantages. But in this, the cost of power generation is an important issue since the existing research methods aren't effective. So that this research methodology uses the Cognitive Marine Predators Algorithm (CMPA) based cost-effective PV power generation system and utilization. In this research, first, the design variables, constraints, and the PV modelling is explained. After that, the objective function is determined here. The main objective function is the generation of the cost function and the power loss function. At last, the cost-effective power generation system is designed by the CMPA. In this CMPA, the determined objective functions are considered as the fitness function and the input are the design variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is extremely important to accurately measure the liquid level as a process variable of a storage tank used by any plant. The transmitted electrical signal from a liquid level transducer or any other transducer to a remote indicator or controller may sometimes suffer from the measurement error due to its contamination with noise signal. This may be easily avoided by using modern optical fiber communication technique wherein we see the production of optical signal from the transducer output and its noise free communication through fiber-optic cable. In thie present paper, an opto-electronic liquid level transmission technique has been proposed for liquid which is conducting in nature and generally, collected in a storage tank. The electronic part of the transmitter unit consists of a modified capacitive transducer with a signal conditioner unit which produces an electrical DC output voltage which is linearly related with the level of the conducting liquid in the storage tank. This DC voltage is transformed into an optical signal with the help of Mach–Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) based electro- optic converter. Generated Optical signal may be dispatched to any location which is remote in nature by using fiber optic cable. Thus, various types of measurement error observed in the conventional capacitive level transmitter are minimized by using the proposed system. In the preset paper, a prototype model of the proposed system has been designed and developed to test its functionality. A good linear characteristic of the normalized optical output in support of the derived equations is observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For embracing Industry 4.0 or the fourth industrial revolution, various industries are implementing process automation and have started leveraging interconnectedness through Industrial Internet of Things. With the help of cloud based solutions, data captured through distributed IoT (Internet of Things) sensors are readily available for system monitoring enabling effective and smart monitoring with higher predictive results. The industries that leverage induction heating systems are also aiming at accomplishing digital transformation to adopt Industry 4.0 and guidelines in this regard are most sought after at this moment. Establishing a real-time monitoring framework for the induction heating systems is a critical enabler for Industry 4.0 adoption. The authors have presented a case study of the real-time monitoring framework for industrial induction heating systems that will enable digital transformation of such industries. This framework is based on AWS (Amazon Web Services) IoT Core and Amazon DeepAR. It takes the full advantage of Amazon cloud features and functionalities. The case study includes development of a web application using React, Node.js and Express to display various dashboards and predictions as well. It would send notifications whenever required based on the configurations set. The dashboards generated show the furnace temperature and power levels with an indication whether they are above the desired levels of temperature and power as well as corresponding performance metrics. The framework uses DeepAR algorithm from Amazon SageMaker to generate forecasts so that preventive measures can be initiated in advance. The same framework can be extended to other industrial processes as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research proposes grid synchronisation with PV through a sliding-mode controller. P&O MPPT technology increases the output capacity of solar panels by monitoring their maximum power point through disturbance and observation. To enhance energy conversion efficiency while dealing with the nonlinear dynamics of power converters, we must apply a nonlinear control approach. The purpose of this study is to develop novel first-order sliding mode control algorithms for solar energy conversion that are both dependable and efficient. A sliding mode control for nonlinear loads is being used to solve first-order buck-boost converter and THD difficulties. Furthermore, the power quality of the system was enhanced. The output of the DC–DC converter is connected to a VSI-based space-vector pulse-width-modulated inverter that generates three-phase alternating current by using space vector pulse-width modulation. The endurance and performance of the solar energy conversion system were tested using a MATLAB computer simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the simulation of solar panel-based multiple output inverter including leakage inductance. The solar panel is used as the energy source and it is connected to a flyback converter to boost the voltage. The voltage output of the photovoltaic panel is boosted to 181.6 V from 16.5 V DC using an interleaved fly-back converter. Half-bridge multiple output inverter is used to produce alternating current in multiple coils. Using this circuit topology multiple loads can be heated simultaneously. All three coils are connected in parallel. If one coil is damaged then other coils will be able to provide the desired output. A wide range of output is studied in terms of current gain. In this proposed circuit two IGBTs have been used as semiconductor switches. Two freewheeling diodes are connected parallel to the IGBTs to provide the discharging path of the energized coils. Current variation through the coil is possible by varying the duty cycle. A simple asymmetrical duty cycle control strategy is used to vary the duty cycle. The available range of current is 2.18–2.43 A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy sources are not necessarily declining carbon sources. A hybrid generation network may be used in the power market to maximize the usage of renewable energy sources. The aim is to model hybrid power station and to determine the most effective system design through cost estimation. The power consumption of an agricultural device illustrates fertilizer house electricity needs and agricultural land irrigated pumps providing an average of 165.44 kWh / h of electricity per hour, an overall energy use of 7.12 kW and a total load of operation of 19.57 kW. The standard radiation intensity is 5.35 kWh per m2 per day, the luminosity amount is an around 0.534, and the maximum wind velocity is 4.60 m/s. Electricity generation is $323,659.25 and the gross electricity expense (Co2) is $1325 and reflects an annual monthly power consumption of 21,264 kWh (47.1%) and 12,756 kWh/yr (36.8%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the recent development and phenomenal growth in the field of electrical/power engineering, various new enhanced and sophisticated power control techniques have emerged which have got the enormous capabilities to produce the desired power in the most efficient and effective manner. This paper presents the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) connected to the wind turbine to extract the maximum power using the integral sliding mode control technique and artificial neural network (ANN). The real power produced by the generator is directly dependent on the internal characteristic of the wind turbine like TSR (tip speed ratio), Power Coefficient, etc. To extract the maximum power from the wind turbine, it has been depicted that ANN a is more efficient and reliable form than the sliding mode control technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most installed Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in micro-grids (MG) are Photovoltaic (PV) power and wind power. Due to the intermittent behaviour of renewable sources, parallel operation of RES and battery storage known as hybrid system is important particularly in remote micro-grids to reduce the fuel consumption by diesel generators and continuity of supply to the load. In this paper, multilevel inverter called Packed E-Cell (PEC) is used for parallel operation of RES and battery storage optimally for micro-grid applications. The PEC requires less components compared to other Multi-level inverters (MLI) topology with relatively low total harmonic distortion (THD). Further, selective harmonic technique based on optimization principle is used to enhance the harmonic profile using low frequency switching technique. The 3rd and 5th harmonics are eliminated using Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimization technique. The simulation-based analysis is done using Simulink/MATLAB and the results obtained for THD in the output current and voltage are presented and discussed in the paper. A comparative analysis is also presented with high frequency modulation technique phase disposition pulse width modulation (PDPWM) technique. The experimental validation of the proposed scheme is done using Typhoon HIL (hardware in loop). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impedance mismatching between different phases of a multiphase transformer is generally observed e.g., in a three-phase to seven-phase transformer, due to an unequal number of turns in different coils. This mismatching introduces error in the study of per phase equivalent circuit diagrams as well as induces an imbalance in output voltages and currents. Therefore, it is a challenging task to develop a per-phase equivalent circuit for the secondary and primary sides (In some cases) too. This paper proposes an artificial intelligence optimization technique like PSO based modeling of the per-phase equivalent circuit of the secondary side. This paper deals with the modeling and simulation of a three-phase to seven-phase power transformer using Artificial Intelligence technique like particle swarm optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA). The proposed model is optimized through PSO and GA algorithms and tested for minimum voltage error in each phase. The proposed model is designed and the objective function is optimized by PSO & GA in MATLAB environment. It is found that the optimized model can be effectively implemented as a per-phase equivalent circuit for the secondary side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar photovoltaics have emerged as an economic source of renewable electricity generation for regions with high solar irradiation. Still, the installation of utility-scale PV systems is often disrupted due to the unavailability of land. Sparsely populated areas with a hot, dry climate can mitigate the land-energy conflict as they experience higher solar irradiation. In arid areas, the PV systems incur more losses due to dust deposition on PV modules and reduced energy conversion efficiency at higher temperatures. The shortage of water makes the module cleaning procedures cost-prohibitive. Floating Solar photovoltaic (FSPV) systems resolve these problems due to their reduced land footprint, higher efficiency, and reduce evaporative water loss. This study estimates the energy generation of a 4.8 MW FSPV-based microgrid in a hot, semi-arid urban area. By utilizing 5% area of the waterbody, the FSPV system yields 8.876 GWh of electricity annually, to meet 41.7% electricity demand of the study area. The system generates 16.7% more power compared to the land-based PV system. The performance ratio of 82%, and a DC capacity utilization factor of 20.3% is achieved. The system saves 52,810.32 m3 of water per year, compensating for the water requirement of 786.99 m3. for cleaning and dust removal of PV modules. The weekly cleaning procedure limits the soiling loss to 2.79%, compared to 8.47% after a month without cleaning. The FSPV-based microgrid reduces annual CO2 emissions by 2.93 tonnes. This study shall enable engineers, urban planners, and policymakers to develop clean energy-based, sustainable microgrid solutions for urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems are gaining major attention in modern cities due to the absence of free space to install ground-mounted photovoltaic (PV) plants. A large interconnected BIPV array (liBA) is essential for standalone and grid-connected BIPV systems. The major problem with liBA is the partial shading (PS) phenomenon that increases the mismatch losses (MmLs) and reduces the maximum power (MP) output. Modelling, simulation, and performance analysis of a novel 7 × 5 and 7 × 8 hybrid triple-tied total-cross-tied (TrTd-TtCrTd) fixed BIPV array for increasing MP with reduced MmLs under extreme PS conditions are the main goals of this research paper. In addition, existing hybrid arrays such as series-parallel total-cross-tied (SePl-TtCrTd), bridge-linked total-cross-tied (BdLk-TtCrTd), and honey-combed total-cross-tied (HnCb-TtCrTd), as well as conventional triple-tied (TrTd) and total-cross-tied (TtCrTd), are compared. The simulation results are also validated experimentally using two PS situations. Finally, the global maximum power point (GlMxPoPt), MmLs, fill factor (FiFa), and efficiency (Effy) are used to evaluate the performance. Under six different extreme PS scenarios, the simulation results show that the proposed 7 × 5 hybrid TrTd-TtCrTd array increases GlMxPoPt by 4.84 %, decreases MmLs by 3.46 %, and increases FiFa and Effy by 2.20 % and 0.34 %, respectively. Under two severe PS scenarios, simulation results show that the proposed 7 × 8 large size hybrid TrTd-TtCrTd array increases GlMxPoPt by 3.43 %, decreases MmLs by 2.29 %, and increases FiFa and Effy by 1.26 % and 0.23 %, respectively. Under two extreme PS scenarios, experimental results indicate that the proposed 7 × 8 hybrid TrTd-TtCrTd solar array increases GlMxPoPt by 2.84 %, decreases MmLs by 2.12 %, and increases FiFa and Effy by 1.82 % and 0.22 %, respectively. The proposed hybrid TrTd-TtCrTd array improves GlMxPoPt, reduces MmLs and improves FiFa and Effy with low wiring requirements under different PS cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar photovoltaic structures are affected by many kinds of loads such as static loads and wind loads. Static loads takes place when physical loads like weight or force put into it but wind loads occurs when severe wind force like hurricanes or typhoons drift around the PV panel. Proper controlling of aerodynamic behavior ensures correct functioning of the solar panel. Due to extreme pressure, delamination of interfaces happens inside the photovoltaic panel. As delamination is caused due to stress, therefore it has becomes an essential task to determine the magnitude of these stress inside the panel. In this study, single solar panel array has been subjected to a wind speed which is varying from 10 to 260 km/h, to look after the pressure effect inside the array. 3D Reynolds- averaged Navier Stokes algorithm with a wobbly solver, using a steady inlet condition has been used to examine the wind pressure through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach by applying the turbulence model called shear stress transport (SST) k–ω model. The simulation has been carried out by fixing the inclination angle of the panel at 25° through ANSYS Fluent software. The maximum stress which has been found here is 4196.4 Pa at 260 km/h wind speed when the maximum structural deformation has also been noticed. The proposed work will be very much helpful to the designers to get an overview of stress, strain and structural deformation characteristics in photovoltaic industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper presents a new approach to address power quality concerns in microgrids (MGs) by employing a superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) and a fuzzy-based inverter. The integration of multiple power electronics converters in a microgrid typically increases total harmonic distortion (THD), which in turn results in power quality issues. Moreover, the intrinsic variability of solar and wind power sources gives rise to fluctuations in power generation, which consequently leads to power oscillations and voltage sag within microgrids that rely on renewable energy. This research paper introduces a technical approach to achieve power balance in renewable-based microgrids (MGs) by utilizing a fuzzy logic-controlled (FLC) pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter. The Microgrid (MG) consists of a hybrid photovoltaic (PV) system and a wind energy conversion system (WECS) that utilizes a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). The system employs an optimal torque-controlled maximum power point technique (MPPT) algorithm to optimize power output. The battery energy storage system (BESS) is employed to facilitate power provision during critical scenarios or to ensure a stable power output for fluctuating loads. The SFCL is utilized as a device for voltage compensation in cases of voltage sag incidents. The effectiveness of the suggested control strategy is assessed by performing a comparative analysis of total harmonic distortion (THD) in the load voltage, with and without the utilization of a SFCL. The results suggest that the incorporation of an FLC inverter-SFCL-BESS system effectively mitigates THD and voltage sag, according to the requirements set by the IEEE 519 standards. The research study is carried out by using the MATLAB/SIMULINK software environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the MPPT algorithm for the proposed hybrid energy system, i.e., PV and wind systems, and is tested for grid-connected and standalone utilities. This study's major objective is to maximize the power output and enhance the power quality of the hybrid renewable energy technologies that have been created. In the literature, many research scholars have worked in the field of MPPT calculations for PV and wind systems, which increases the number of publications in the field of control calculations for hybrid power systems. This study pays attention to designing a controller based on MPPT for extracting maximum energy from wind and PV energy systems. The suggested algorithm is tested in grid and standalone modes, considering variable weather conditions. The proposed system is designed for 500 W solar and wind plants with the usual step-up converter and tested in MATLAB software to judge the efficacy of the suggested controller designed for MPPT. In this work, the suggested radial basis function network is implemented in wind and PV facilities via MPPT technique-based ANN control to obtain the maximum power by using fuzzy controllers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The grid connected photovoltaic system (GCPVS) faces several difficulties due to their intermittent natures such as solar irradiance variations, grid voltage distortions and unbalanced load distributions. These complications interrupt the functioning of power system to attain maximum probable power output. Therefore, to address these problems, this article proposes a robust super twisting sliding mode-incremental conductance-instantaneous power theory (STSM-IC-IPT) based control mechanism for 3-phase GCPVS. The super twisting sliding mode (STSM) controller is introduced to reduce the difference between actual inverter current and reference inverter current of GCPVS when it is subject to various uncertainties and nonlinearities. The modified incremental conductance (IC) maximizes the solar power output generated from the photovoltaic panels. In addition, the instantaneous power theory (IPT) is applied to enhance the active power and reactive power transmission between grid-connected PV systems. The proposed STSM-IC-IPT method is examined under two different experimental procedures namely simulation setup and experimental setup. The efficiency of the proposed STSM-IC-IPT control mechanism is evaluated by comparing its performance with existing ASMC-IC-IPT control scheme. The experimental results illustrate that the proposed STSM-IC-IPT control mechanism achieves superior performance efficiency under dynamic loading, steady and transient conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles (EVs) are expected to surpass conventional vehicles as a preferred means of transportation due to their improved energy efficiency and diminished ecological footprint. The performance of electric vehicles (EVs) can be negatively impacted if electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS) are not properly positioned and connected to the distribution network. The current research introduces a reliability, availability, and operability (RAO-3) methodology that employs a fuzzy classification technique to identify the most efficient dimensions and locations for electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS), distributed generators, and super capacitors in 69 radial bus distribution systems with network reconfiguration. Load flow analysis is a numerical technique employed to construct mathematical representations for the charging loads of electric vehicle (EV) batteries. This is achieved by leveraging the characteristic curves of Li-ion battery charging. The proposed approach of fuzzified RAO-3 aims to enhance the power factor of the substation by incorporating all relevant factors into the distribution network. The fuzzy multiobjective function is utilised to simultaneously optimise the positioning of electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS), distributed generators (DGs), and storage capacities (SCs), with or without network reconfiguration. Based on the outcomes of the simulation, the concurrent placement technique enhances performance through the reduction of power loss, enhancement of the voltage profile, and optimisation of electric vehicle (EV) utilisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is now one of the top five countries in the world for PV and solar thermal power generation. At the same time, we must develop a plan for recycling these massive numbers of solar panels in the future. This article has contributed to proposing the resulting regulatory system. The PV waste management sector is extremely neglected, leaving it entirely to the scrap trading underground. There is not enough of a system in place to collect and reuse the solar panels' components for recycling. In addition, a solid institution to manage this procedure on a commercial scale has yet to be established. As a result, the purpose of this work was to use cost–benefit analysis to determine the economic viability of a solar module recycling project in India. The benefit–cost ratio (BCR) and net present value (NPV) were calculated to be 1.64 and 25.22 million USD, respectively. According to the sensitivity study, the most delicate issues impacting the project's economy were the selling benefits of recycled materials and tax. Finally, this analysis offered strategies for the government and linked businesses to enhance the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, basic cell (BC) of a novel swi-tched capacitor converter (SCC) has been proposed first. After that, the generalized structure of proposed SCC is developed. The developed SCC requires reduced number of switches, drivers, diodes, capacitors, and lower number of conducting switches in current flow paths and capacitor charging paths as compared to the other recently developed SCCs. A switched capacitor multilevel inverter (SCMLI) utilizing two numbers of generalized SCCs is developed next. Further, cascaded extension of proposed SCMLI is realized and analyzed for symmetric and asymmetric dc source configurations. A detail analysis of optimum selection of capacitance for switched capacitors of 13-level SCMLI is presented. An extensive comparison study shows that the proposed SCMLI requires lower number of components as compared to other SCMLIs. Further, the proposed structure has minimum cost function per level per boosting factor as compared to the other SCMLIs. Extensive experimental results considering fundamental switching frequency scheme are presented to validate the merits and effectiveness of the proposed structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principle of centrifugal force produced by flowing fluid through the semicircular section of a pipe line is not sufficient to explain the characteristic of the centrifugal force type flow transducer developed from this principle. In this study, a modified form of this flow transducer is developed using a modified force sensing technique. This modified force principle explains the characteristic of the flow transducer to a very good extent. The modified force produced in the modified transducer system is composed of four components namely, centrifugal force, momentum force, damping force and restoring force. These forces produce the identical downward and upward movements of the lever ends of a common balance which is initially made horizontal at zero flow by using similar sensing U‐tube and dummy U‐tube. These movements are sensed by two identical inductive sensors. The static characteristic equation of the prototype unit of the transducer using the modified force sensing technique is derived mathematically in the study. The equation coefficients are calculated from the design parameters and are found to be matched with the same obtained from the average characteristic of repeated experiments performed under the same laboratory environment. Thus the proposed modified model appears to be established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Now a day's there's a drive to encourage L.P.G. gas in India in order to meet the rising demands for energy. Therefore use of induction heater is on increase in urban and other parts of the country. To run induction heater electricity is required. However electricity doesn't reach all the villages in India. In order to overcome this problem, solar based induction heater is currently being created. This paper deals with the creation of solar based induction heater and additionally it'll be discussed that whether or not it'll occupy the market share it deserves. The stability analysis of the solar based induction heater is going to be done in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent past, multiphase power generation, power transmission, and multiphase drive system are the main focus of research due to their several advantages over existing three phase system. Multiphase drives have better performance over three-phase drives. A multiphase transformer is required at the input of a fixed frequency multiphase drive, rectifier circuit for HVDC applications and multiphase generation and transmission systems. This paper investigates an static three-to seven-phase conversion technique and presents a design of transformer and control strategy to analyze the effect of unbalanced supply on a three-phase to seven-phase transformer. The transformer presented in this paper takes three phase input and a seven-phase output is obtained at the secondary terminals. The paper also discusses input–output unbalancing. A complete design, analysis and simulation of the proposed transformer is presented and experimental validation is also reported in this paper. Experimental and simulation results show that the presented transformer can produce a seven-phase power from three-phase ac power. Input unbalance is reflected at the output of the transformer but is less than the input unbalance. It is also shown that seven-phase output is not produced if one phase of input is open and the transformer has more than three limbs for flux to flow. But a balanced seven-phase output in steady state is produced even in one phase open condition for a three limb core type transformer. A new definition of sequence components of an unbalanced seven-phase system is required for unbalancing study so it is also defined in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel 15 level symmetric switched capacitor multilevel inverter (SCMLI) structure is proposed first. The structure is developed by using 3 non-isolated DC power sources. The capacitors utilized in the structure can be charged to the summation of all the power supplies by turning ON the minimum number of switching devices. After that a generalized structure of the proposed SCMLI is developed. The voltage and current stresses for different switches of the proposed general structure are discussed. The selection procedure of switched capacitors for the proposed 15 level inverter is presented for resistive and resistive-inductive load conditions. A detailed comparison study of the proposed structure with other recently developed structures shows that the proposed structure requires reduced number of components and the number of switches in the conducting path as compared to other SCMLI structures for generating an output voltage level. Further, the overall cost of the proposed and suggested topologies has been compared based on a cost function (CF). It has been observed that the proposed structure is more cost effective as compared to others. An extensive experimental study conducted on a 15 level SCMLI laboratory prototype proves the effectiveness and merits of the proposed structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel structure of switched capacitor converter (SCC) is proposed. First, the basic unit of the proposed SCC is presented. After that, a generalized structure of the proposed SCC is discussed. The presented SCC uses one dc source, several switches, diodes, and capacitors to produce multistep dc boosted output voltage. The capacitors in the SCC can be charged in trinary asymmetrical pattern. A detailed comparative study between the proposed and other recently developed SCC structures is presented. It is shown that the proposed SCC can produce an output voltage level with lower total standing voltage and lower maximum switch stress voltage as compared to most of the suggested SCC structures. Further, a switched capacitor multilevel inverter (SCMLI) based on cross-switched multilevel inverter has been developed and analyzed for symmetric and asymmetric dc source configurations. For fair comparison with the existing SCMLI structures, the overall cost of the structures is compared based on a cost function (CF). The proposed SCMLI provides lower cost function/output voltage level (CF/NL) in comparison with most of the other SCMLI structures for both symmetric and asymmetric dc source configurations. Extensive experimental studies validate the operation and performance of the proposed SCMLI structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FSPV (Floating Solar Photovoltaic) is an emerging type of solar energy that aims to help the environment. Since the technology is new, it is not easy to examine the long-term performance, effective control, and feasibility studies of FSPV facilities. The calculation of FSPV panel parameters is crucial in evaluating the actual performance, long-term operation, feasibility, and carbon-saving capacity of FSPV systems. The algorithm of war strategy optimization is used for the parameter estimation of the single-diode model of FSPV. Furthermore, FSPV decreases the environmental impacts of land-based PV (LBPV) plants, such as deforestation for land clearance to install panels. The WSO method outperforms war gradient-based optimization (GBO) and Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO) regarding effectiveness and accuracy. The WSO method is more effective and accurate than gradient-based optimization (GBO) and Harris Hawks optimization (HHO), with a standard deviation of 3.74387E–17 and a mean of 7.72985E–04. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming ultra-reliable and mountable connectivity of tremendously high data rates in the Tb/s era with zero-perceived latency of 6G systems, next generation smart grids will need to captivate the advantages of breakthrough novel technology perceptions, incorporating THz wireless links, broadband and machine learning-based models designs, protocols and management practices. Motivated by the transformation potential of 6G systems, this paper deals with an island detection approach in 6G paradigm for an active distribution network. The proposed island detection method is tailored to adopt the breakthrough technologies of 6G, particularly, ultra-low latency, high volume data transmission and machine learned intelligent system. This methodology calculates the angular sum of the positive and the zero-sequence phase angle of the voltage at point of common coupling combined with random forest (RF) machine learning to identify islanding conditions. The technique has a robust resistance to noise due to the inherent nature of RF, has no consequences on power quality and exhibits a zero non-detection zone. It has the ability to differentiate between islanding and non-islanding events precisely even during active and reactive power discrepancy and transients similar to islanding. The method depicts a high testing accuracy of 98.46% with an island detection time of 52 ms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a methodology to investigate the stability of transient current limiter (TCL) in distribution systems. The problem is formulated to justify the performance of 12-pulse and six-pulse converter and make an unstable system to stable condition. The proposed approach explicitly deals with stability as well as minimization of total harmonic distortion. Firstly, the conventional methods of Nichols Chart, Nyquist Plot and Bode Plot used to investigate the stability of the network using TCL. In the next stage, a modified TCL circuit is inserted in the network system to make the system completely stable. A comparative analysis using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is shown to make the system harmonic free using MATLAB simulation. The proposed design is found to be more efficient in making the system stable and harmonic free. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the smart-grid paradigm, since distribution systems are controlled by various independent operators, it becomes inevitable for all dispatchers to have a wide-area view of the network for situational awareness and protection. This visualisation is accomplished with the aid of protection (p) type micro-phasor measurement unit (μPMU) installed at the bus of the respective distributed generation (DG). One of the pressing issues with DG's is the concern of inadvertent islanding that disrupts orderly reconnection besides posing hazards to utility workers. In view of this, this study proposes a real-time inadvertent islanding detection by μPMU. The voltage and current phasors obtained from these μPMUs by discrete Fourier transform are further processed by Fortescue transform to compute the angle of sequence components. The absolute angle difference between positive and zero components is used to initiate signal for accomplishing intelligent islanding under islanded condition. The simulation results prove the method to be robust, computationally efficient, non-detection zone free and feasible. Most significantly, as measuring equipment and relay are already present in p type μPMU, therefore unlike other detection methods, no extra arrangements are required in this method making it economically viable and easy to implement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is devoted towards life cycle economic analysis (LCEA) of a solar photovoltaic (PV) powered tri-cycle. The paper is meant to propose a more systematic approach in determining the optimum use of scarce resources in order to determine the most cost-effective option of the solar tri-cycle. This analysis is based on the life cycle cost of this solar vehicle, involving its comparison with the customary fuel-based tri-cycle which exhibits the relatively less expenditure of the solar alternative. The economic analysis takes into account the fact that over 20 years, the overall price of solar component, replacement and electricity charges, is much lower as compared to that of a fuel-based tri-cycle in India taking into consideration the fuel cost, maintenance and annual inflation over the same period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floating solar photovoltaic (FSPV) is an emerging type of solar energy that aims to help the environment by supplying green and clean energy. Since the technology is new and in its initial stage of development, evaluating the long-term performance, effective control, and feasibility studies of FSPV facilities are necessary for optimization of output and accuracy. The effective analysis and calculation of FSPV panel performances are crucial in determining actual performance, long-term operation, feasibility, and carbon-saving capacity of FSPV systems. This paper presents an analysis and comparison of floating solar power plant installed in saline water under salty humid weather with respect to FSPV plant installed on general lake water and investigates the output for its lifecycle and efficiency. The findings of this research can be useful for policymakers, investors, and engineers involved in the planning and implementation of FSPV projects. A 10 MW capacity floating solar plant is simulated on the brackish water of Chilika Lake covering three districts of Odisha state of India. Factors like wind speed, albedo, temperature, and soiling is considered for better accuracy. The proposed model is simulated in the system advisor model. The payback period and energy outcomes for various soiling conditions along with varied degradations are analyzed, and it is found that the total loss in energy outcome is 4.075 percent annually with a 5.8% increment in the payback time of the installed solar power plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a new circuit topology using a Z-source resonant inverter (ZSRI) for high power applications in large-air-gap contactless power transfer (CPT) systems, has been investigated. The main shortcoming of a large-air-gap CPT system is the poor power transfer efficiency due to low magnetic coupling. In order to minimize this shortcoming and to improve the overall performance of the system by boosting the power transfer capability, in this paper a CPT system with the newly developed circuit topology using high frequency Z-source resonant inverter has been proposed. Using the newly developed circuit topology for the CPT system, it has been observed that the overall performance of the system has been improved to a reasonable level with a purely sinusoidal resonant current flowing through the primary side. Therefore, no harmonics will be injected into the source. The proposed CPT system with an air gap of 16 cm and a misalignment of 3 cm has been simulated using the Maxwell finite element tool and Simplorer circuit simulation software for an output power of 2 kW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new single phase multilevel inverter topology with a single DC source is presented. The proposed topology is developed based on the concepts of the L-Z source inverter and the switched capacitor multilevel inverter. The input voltage to the proposed inverter is boosted by two steps: the first step by an impedance network and the second step by switched capacitor units. Compared to other existing topologies, the presented topology can produce a higher boosted multilevel output voltage while using a smaller number of components. In addition, it provides more flexibility to control boosting factor, size, cost and complexity of the inverter. The proposed inverter possesses all the advantages of the L-Z source inverter and the switched capacitor multilevel inverter like controlling the start-up inrush current and capacitor voltage balancing using a simple switching strategy. The operating principle and general expression for the different parameters of the proposed topology are presented in detail. A phase disposition pulse width modulation strategy has been developed to switch the inverter. The effectiveness of the topology is verified by extensive simulation and experimental studies on a 7-level inverter structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the Guest editors of this special issue on selected papers from ESDA 2021, it gives us great pleasure to present a collection of selected papers from the 4th international conference on Energy Systems, Drives and Automations (ESDA2021), held in Kolkata, West Bengal, India, in 30th & 31st December 2021. Prof. Pradip Kumar Sadhu, Guest Editor of Special Issue Dr. Pranab Kumar Mondal, Guest Editor of Special Issue Prof. Dulal Acharjee. Lead Guest Editor of Special Issue Microsystem Technologies Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. [Extracted from the article]

The Floating Solar Photovoltaic System (FSPV) is emerging as a favorable technology to policymakers for economically harvesting renewable energy. The implementation of large-scale photovoltaic (PV) systems is often disrupted due to the unavailability of land. The FSPV systems, where the PV modules are floated in water bodies facilitate optimal utilization of water resources and land assets. The FSPV provides higher power output compared to land-based PV systems of the equal area because of improved energy conversion efficiency at a lower temperature. Another opportunity for the FSPV system is integration with hydropower stations, storage systems, and the electric grid. This paper explores the flood duration curve-based optimal sizing of the FSPV System with the objective of electrification of rural micro-grid. A comparison of energy output and module temperature rise has been made for the FSPV system and its equivalent land-based PV system of equal area. The system generates 18.08 GWh, which is 10.04% more than the land-based PV system. The DC Capacity factor is 17.2%. The Demand Supply Factor (DSF) for a particular day in winter, spring, summer, and monsoon is 37.55%, 41.7%, 45.9%, and 25% respectively. The results indicate that the FSPV system is a sustainable alternative to power renewable energy-based mini micro-grid and provide cost effective electricity to all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to maintain power system stability and process survivability for major system faults under a variety of system configuration topologies, the selection of proper governor system is essential. Islanded power systems present very distinct challenges, whereby the lack of utility interconnection hinders the system’s ability to recover from a loss of generation. In order to maintain power system stability in an islanded configuration, fast acting governor system in response to a specific event in the plant is the key factor governing plant survivability. In this paper an attempt has been made to study the performance of different excitation and Governor models of captive Generator sets for an Industry which supplies both process and utility load and exports to national grid. A new governor model is also developed to improve the transient stability performance captive generator system thus improve the reliability of power generation of captive power plant (CPP). The analysis was done using Electrical Transient Analysis Program (ETAP) Version 11 software and the simulation results are depicted in the graphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper puts an emphasis on the current energy market scenario and different types of barriers associated with the advancement of solar energy in a developing countries like India. Solar energy, best suited for urban environment, can be housed in a limited space and is characterized as a pollution free, environmentally friendly, as well as noise-free source of electricity. Among the available renewable energies, solar energy is considered to be an integral one, owing to its reduction in cost at an exponential rate day-by-day. The present study deals with the potential of solar energy market in the Indian sub-continent along with several other problems that it needs to overcome in order to be established as an independent system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dual output direct AC–AC series resonant converter is presented in this paper, to meet the requirements of modern domestic induction heating. To address the significant limitations of the classic induction heating system, a hybrid control approach comprising pulse frequency modulation and asymmetrical duty-cycle control is developed. A single source is connected to multiple loads with this control technique to achieve minimum switching losses; power controllability of two loads is achieved independently and simultaneously. The power controllability of two loads is achieved independently and simultaneously. This research presents an induction heating system that can heat both ferromagnetic and non-ferromagnetic materials, such as steel and aluminum. A prototype is developed to use switching frequencies of 30 kHz and 150 kHz for steel load and aluminum load, respectively. The experimental setup resulted in an efficiency of 97.5% under wide load resonant condition. The suggested hybrid control approach allows the converter to regulate a wide range of output power while increasing efficiency, making it suitable for practical induction heating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims toward the first step for green campus approach for Indian School of Mines ( ISM) campus. Comparative study of the performances for nine different commercialized solar panels made of Maxeon Cell Technology, HIT (Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin layer), monocrystalline silicon (Mono C-Si), polycrystalline silicon (Poly C-Si), Micromorph, SCHOTT, amorphous silicon (a-Si), CIGS, CdTe technologies in the environmental condition of ISM are presented in this paper. This system suggests to supply the daytime electricity demand of ISM campus as well as efficient use of the huge roof areas of different buildings to setting up the photovoltaic plant. This system ensures a daily mean reduction of 8 MWh electricity consumption from grid. The outcome of this study is that a superior performance is noted for modules made of amorphous silicon technology under the typical temperature variant and dry environmental condition of ISM campus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dual output dual-frequency (DODF) resonant converter-based AC-AC induction heating (IH) by using asymmetrical duty cycle (ADC) control is presented in this paper. The proposed scheme gives two outputs with independent power control, which improves input power factor and achieves zero voltage switching (ZVS) with a wide range of operations. It includes two pairs of two half-bridge series resonant converters, each pair having one common capacitor along with various resonant frequencies. These converters are modulated with the ADC control scheme to obtain smooth operation. The proposed topology doesn’t use the DC stage; it is directly connected to the power supply to produce high-frequency AC output. With the use of direct connection, the converter components are reduced when compared to conventional converters. There will be a reduction in voltage drop, power losses, cost of the converter and which will result in improved efficiency. Simulation results are obtained from PSIM 11.1.7 software. This scheme controls two different loads with an efficiency of 98.25%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper presents a comparison of results for optimization of captive power plant maintenance scheduling using genetic algorithm (GA) as well as hybrid GA/simulated annealing (SA) techniques. As utilities catered by captive power plants are very sensitive to power failure, therefore both deterministic and stochastic reliability objective functions have been considered to incorporate statutory safety regulations for maintenance of boilers, turbines and generators. The significant contribution of this paper is to incorporate stochastic feature of generating units and that of load using levelized risk method. Another significant contribution of this paper is to evaluate confidence interval for loss of load probability (LOLP) because some variations from optimum schedule are anticipated while executing maintenance schedules due to different real-life unforeseen exigencies. Such exigencies are incorporated in terms of near-optimum schedules obtained from hybrid GA/SA technique during the final stages of convergence. Case studies corroborate that same optimum schedules are obtained using GA and hybrid GA/SA for respective deterministic and stochastic formulations. The comparison of results in terms of interval of confidence for LOLP indicates that levelized risk method adequately incorporates the stochastic nature of power system as compared with levelized reserve method. Also the interval of confidence for LOLP denotes the possible risk in a quantified manner and it is of immense use from perspective of captive power plants intended for quality power. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper presents a fuzzy Markov model to efficiently incorporate the influences of maintenance scheduling as well as aging of generating units on failure-repair cycle for computation of state probabilities. The proposed model, different from conventional models that are based on a probabilistic approach, employs a fuzzy set concept together with a probabilistic Markov model. This model incorporates fuzzy mean time to failure (FMTTF) and fuzzy mean time to repair (FMTTR) instead of crisp (expected) values for capturing the generating unit uncertainties more effectively through expert evaluation. The fuzzy state probabilities are computed from FMTTF and FMTTR values using fuzzy arithmetic operations for evaluation of the reliability index, fuzzy loss of load probability (FLOLP). Case studies for the maintenance scheduling of a captive power plant catering to an aluminum smelter have been formulated to demonstrate that fuzzy state probabilities as well as FLOLP provide a better explanation than the respective crisp counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to optimize maintenance scheduling of generating units of a captive thermal plant using intelligent optimization techniques such as genetic algorithm (GA) and simulated annealing (SA). A multi-class maintenance scheduling has been considered to incorporate statutory safety regulations for maintenance of boilers, turbines and generators. Such multi-class maintenance scheduling in terms of mathematical formulations necessitates a planning horizon of five years compared to the conventional one to two year horizon. As the utilities catered by captive power plants are very sensitive to power failure, the reliability of power supply has been evaluated by loss of load probability (LOLP) index. The significant contribution of this paper is to evaluate confidence intervals of LOLP instead of conventional point estimate of LOLP. A point-estimate of LOLP uses expected values and provides no information about the range of values over which LOLP may vary. Some variations from optimum schedules are anticipated while executing maintenance schedules due to different real-life unforeseen exigencies. Such exigencies are considered in terms of near-optimum schedules obtained from SA during the final stages of convergence. LOLP evaluated from such sub-optimum schedules forms the basis to treat LOLP as a random variable for subsequent evaluation of confidence intervals. Case studies pertaining to a captive power plant for an aluminium smelter corroborate that the schedules obtained from two optimization techniques yield the same optimum schedule and thus the efficacy of the proposed algorithm is validated. Also the interval of confidence for LOLP denotes the possible risk in a quantified manner and it is of immense use from perspective of captive power plants intended for quality power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]