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The current research focused on the designing of questionnaire for factors that impact student learning outcomes in tertiary educational system in underdeveloped nation Pakistan. A pilot study was conducted for the designing of questionnaire to collect data on perceived factors that impact student learning outcomes. The selected Higher Education Commission (HEC) recognized private educational institutions were contacted and permission of data collection was obtained from the authorities. Ninety eight students of final semester from HEC recognized tertiary universities at Bachelors level from the department of Science were approached for this study. Participants were informed that the data will be kept in a laptop under password protection. There were 41 total items in the questionnaire. It has been divided into 2 sections. Section A includes the demographic characteristics of participants and includes 7 questions. Section B is divided into 6 subsections, each section capturing the true essence of independent and dependent variables. The results of the study concluded that student perception questionnaire has good to excellent intra rater reliability and indicates that all components have factor loading exceeding 0.50 that also shows the importance of all components. Thus, the questionnaire can be used for the assessment of factors that impact student learning outcomes from educational institutes.

Education opens numerous revenues to register economic expansion all around the world with specific reference to developing nations. Advancement of Pakistan in education indicators has been severely insufficient during the previous decades. Decreased financing along with inefficiency in budget expenditure plus weak management system have crippled the education sector ensuing poor educational outcomes. Outcome-based Education (OBE) has recently gained much attention in Pakistan. OBE is used in education because it clearly focuses and organizes everything in an educational system around what is necessary for all students to be able to do at the end of their learning. OBE proposes an influential and interesting option of transforming and organizing medical education. Therefore, the basic aim of this review is to highlight the tertiary education system of Pakistan and the need to shift from teacher centered to Outcome Based Education system. The review also addresses the major factors that impact student learning outcomes. Data bases were searched including Cochrane and Medline. Search strategy was designed by combining Boolean operators and key terms related to review objectives. Seven studies were included in the paper regarding the effectiveness of Outcome Based Education in different disciplines of education. The findings suggested five important factors from the literature that impact student learning outcomes including, assessment strategies, learning objectives based on level of complexity, student preferred learning styles, English language competency and Employer requirements. However, limitations were recognized in the methodology section and further recommendations were given for future researchers.

The continuous rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration, overconsumption of energy resources, and release of extraordinary organic pollutants are challenging issues of the modern era. Catalytic technology offers a promising solution to tackle these energy and environmental challenges in parallel by facilitating highly effective and sustainable processes. Herein, we report the fabrication of a series of different nature polyarylimide (PAI)-based covalent–organic frameworks (COFs) via the polycondensation reaction by altering linkers, organic solvents, and other experimental conditions. To optimize their catalytic performance, the resultant PAI-COFs were further decorated with metal–organic frameworks (ZIF-67). The decoration of COF4 with ZIF-67 led to adjusted bandgaps, created an active site, enhanced charge separation and migration of photoexcited electron–hole (e–h) pairs, extended the light absorption to the visible region, and also facilitated the transferring of electrons between the COFs and MOFs via the photoelectron modulation approach. Based on our findings, it is confirmed that COF4 and ZIF-67 (MOFs) are the optimal catalysts compared to the other COFs (COF1, COF2, and COF3) and MOFs (ZIF-8). Interestingly, compared to the pristine COF4, the 5ZIF-67/COF4 nanohybrid revealed ∼8-fold and ∼5.3-fold for CO2 conversion, direct CO2 capturing, and photoelectrochemical CO2 conversion with a faradaic efficiency of 50%. Likewise, the as-fabricated catalyst also exhibits exceptional activities for photocatalytic hydrogen production and pollutant oxidation. Ultimately, this work will provide a roadmap for the design and fabrication of COF-based nanohybrids for energy and environmental applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskites are bringing revolutionization in a various fields due to their exceptional properties and crystalline structure. Most specifically, halide perovskites (HPs), lead-free halide perovskites (LFHPs), and halide perovskite quantum dots (HPs QDs) are becoming hotspots due to their unique optoelectronic properties, low cost, and simple processing. HPs QDs, in particular, have excellent photovoltaic and optoelectronic applications because of their tunable emission, high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), effective charge separation, and low cost. However, practical applications of the HPs QDs family have some limitations such as degradation, instability, and deep trap states within the bandgap, structural inflexibility, scalability, inconsistent reproducibility, and environmental concerns, which can be covered by encapsulating HPs QDs into porous materials like metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) or covalent-organic frameworks (COFs) that offer protection, prevention of aggregation, tunable optical properties, flexibility in structure, enhanced biocompatibility, improved stability under harsh conditions, consistency in production quality, and efficient charge separation. These advantages of MOFs-COFs help HPs QDs harness their full potential for various applications. This review mainly consists of three parts. The first portion discusses the perovskites, halide perovskites, lead-free perovskites, and halide perovskite quantum dots. In the second portion, we explore MOFs and COFs. In the third portion, particular emphasis is given to a thorough evaluation of the development of HPs QDs@MOFs-COFs based materials for comprehensive investigations for next-generation materials intended for diverse technological applications, such as CO 2 conversion, pollutant degradation, hydrogen generation, batteries, gas sensing, and solar cells. Finally, this review will open a new gateway for the synthesis of perovskite-based quantum dots., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Background: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a widely performed surgical procedure aimed at alleviating pain and restoring functionality in individuals suffering from knee osteoarthritis. Despite substantial benefits of TKA, patients are exposed to potential risks, including the occurrence of falls during their recovery period following discharge from the hospital., Objective: This integrative review endeavors to comprehensively investigate the existing body of literature to identify and assess the diverse factors that contribute to occurrence of post-discharge falls among TKA patients. Through the synthesis of available research, this study seeks to offer valuable insights that can guide clinical practices and interventions designed to mitigate the incidence of post-TKA falls, ultimately enhancing patient outcomes and quality of healthcare., Methods: An integrative review was conducted and databases were searched including Pubmed, PEDro, Cochrane, and SPORTDiscus from 2000 to 2024. A thorough search was performed to retrieve articles missed through databases as well as unpublished grey literature. Methodological quality assessment was performed using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for Case Control and Cohort studies and AXIS tool for cross-sectional study., Results: Eleven articles finally met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review based on eligibility. There were 8 cohort studies (7 prospective cohorts, 1 retrospective cohort), 2 case control studies, and 1 cross-sectional study. The prospective cohort studies included in the review collected data in real-time as events occurred, making them particularly relevant for studying post-TKA falls., Conclusion: Patients who underwent TKA are at risk of post-discharge falls. Several key risk factors have been identified, including advancing age, female gender, reduced proprioception, psychiatric disorders, living alone, and knee pain in the operated knee. It is important to recognize that the significance of these risk factors can vary depending on individual circumstances and contexts.