204 results on '"Safa, R"'
Search Results
2. Myrtenol’s Effectiveness against Hospital-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Targeting Antibiofilm and Antivirulence Properties
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Amal F. Makled, Azza Z. Labeeb, Eman A. E. Badr, Amany M. Abdelmaksoud, Safa R. Elfiky, Asmaa K. Amer, and Asmaa S. Sleem
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Microbiology ,QR1-502 - Abstract
The emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) several years ago highlighted the challenge of multidrug-resistant infections, emphasizing the critical need for innovative treatment approaches. Myrtenol, known for its antibacterial and antibiofilm properties, holds promise as a potential treatment option. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of myrtenol against MRSA. The collected MRSA isolates were assessed for antimicrobial susceptibility following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines 2023. Biofilm formation by MRSA was evaluated using the tissue culture plate (TCP) technique. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), and minimal biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) of myrtenol against MRSA were determined both individually and in combination with antibiotics. Real-time PCR was employed to investigate the impact of myrtenol on the expression of virulence genes (sarA, agrA, and icaD) across the isolates. In this study, MRSA was identified in 90 out of 400 cases (22.5%) of hospital-acquired pathogens. Among the collected MRSA isolates, 53 out of 90 (59%) were found to produce biofilms. The MIC of myrtenol was comparable to the MBC across all tested isolates, they were almost the same. Combinations of myrtenol with most tested antibiotics exhibited synergistic effects exceeding 60%. Among the 53 biofilm-producing isolates, 45 isolates (85%) expressed the sarA gene, 49% expressed the agrA gene, and all biofilm-producing MRSA isolates (100%) expressed the icaD gene. A notable reduction in the relative quantity (RQ) values of virulence gene expression was observed after treatment with the MBIC of myrtenol across all tested isolates. Myrtenol demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity against MRSA, notably reducing the expression of key virulence genes linked to biofilm formation. This suggests its potential as a therapeutic agent for treating biofilm-associated MRSA infections.
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- 2024
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3. Sequence as Context in Category Learning: An Eyetracking Study
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Zaki, Safa R. and Salmi, Isabella L.
- Abstract
In the current research, we tested the idea that the proximity of contrasting categories in a learning sequence would determine the features to which participants attend in a categorization task. For the first experiment, we designed a 4-category structure in which pairs of categories could be perfectly distinguished using 1 feature. Two of the categories were paired together in the first part of the learning phase, followed by the other 2 categories in the second part of this phase. In a transfer test in which all 4 categories were shown, participants attended more to the features that differentiated the paired categories than to the other, equally diagnostic features. In the second experiment, we extended this finding to a task that involved all 4 categories but in which pairs of categories were more likely to be interleaved. Once again, participants were more likely to pay attention to the dimensions that separated the 2 categories in proximity in the sequence. These findings suggest that the local learning context influences the representation of a category.
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- 2019
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4. Myrtenol's Effectiveness against Hospital‐Acquired Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Targeting Antibiofilm and Antivirulence Properties.
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Makled, Amal F., Labeeb, Azza Z., Badr, Eman A. E., Abdelmaksoud, Amany M., Elfiky, Safa R., Amer, Asmaa K., Sleem, Asmaa S., and Abbassi, Mohamed Salah
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STAPHYLOCOCCUS aureus ,GENE expression ,TISSUE culture ,ANTI-infective agents ,BASIC needs ,METHICILLIN-resistant staphylococcus aureus - Abstract
The emergence of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) several years ago highlighted the challenge of multidrug‐resistant infections, emphasizing the critical need for innovative treatment approaches. Myrtenol, known for its antibacterial and antibiofilm properties, holds promise as a potential treatment option. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of myrtenol against MRSA. The collected MRSA isolates were assessed for antimicrobial susceptibility following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines 2023. Biofilm formation by MRSA was evaluated using the tissue culture plate (TCP) technique. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), and minimal biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) of myrtenol against MRSA were determined both individually and in combination with antibiotics. Real‐time PCR was employed to investigate the impact of myrtenol on the expression of virulence genes (sarA, agrA, and icaD) across the isolates. In this study, MRSA was identified in 90 out of 400 cases (22.5%) of hospital‐acquired pathogens. Among the collected MRSA isolates, 53 out of 90 (59%) were found to produce biofilms. The MIC of myrtenol was comparable to the MBC across all tested isolates, they were almost the same. Combinations of myrtenol with most tested antibiotics exhibited synergistic effects exceeding 60%. Among the 53 biofilm‐producing isolates, 45 isolates (85%) expressed the sarA gene, 49% expressed the agrA gene, and all biofilm‐producing MRSA isolates (100%) expressed the icaD gene. A notable reduction in the relative quantity (RQ) values of virulence gene expression was observed after treatment with the MBIC of myrtenol across all tested isolates. Myrtenol demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity against MRSA, notably reducing the expression of key virulence genes linked to biofilm formation. This suggests its potential as a therapeutic agent for treating biofilm‐associated MRSA infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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5. Les maladies auto-inflammatoires : un challenge diagnostique aux pays du Maghreb : expérience de la Tunisie
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Bourguiba, R., primary, Jilani, H., additional, Hamzaoui, S., additional, Malek, K., additional, Boussaid, S., additional, Safa, R., additional, Douggui, M.H., additional, Myriam, A., additional, Jomni, T., additional, Lamia, B.J., additional, and Bellakhal, S., additional
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- 2023
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6. 31 Safety of Ultrasound-Guided Regional Anesthesia Performed by Emergency Physicians: A Systematic Review of Adverse Events
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Stickles, S., primary, Kane, D.S., additional, Forbriger, A., additional, Safa, R., additional, Doering, M., additional, Ablordeppey, E., additional, Lee, J., additional, Theodoro, D., additional, and Carpenter, C., additional
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- 2023
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7. Predictors of pneumothorax after CT-guided transthoracic needle lung biopsy: the role of quantitative CT
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Chami, H.A., Faraj, W., Yehia, Z.A., Badour, S.A., Sawan, P., Rebeiz, K., Safa, R., Saade, C., Ghandour, B., Shamseddine, A., Mukherji, D., and Haydar, A.A.
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- 2015
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8. Studies of Implicit Prototype Extraction in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Early Alzheimer's Disease
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Nosofsky, Robert M., Denton, Stephen E., and Zaki, Safa R.
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Studies of incidental category learning support the hypothesis of an implicit prototype-extraction system that is distinct from explicit memory (Smith, 2008). In those studies, patients with explicit-memory impairments due to damage to the medial-temporal lobe performed normally in implicit categorization tasks (Bozoki, Grossman, & Smith, 2006; Knowlton & Squire, 1993). However, alternative interpretations are that (a) even people with impairments to a single memory system have sufficient resources to succeed on the particular categorization tasks that have been tested (Nosofsky & Zaki, 1998; Zaki & Nosofsky, 2001) and (b) working memory can be used at time of test to learn the categories (Palmeri & Flanery, 1999). In the present experiments, patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment or early Alzheimer's disease were tested in prototype-extraction tasks to examine these possibilities. In a categorization task involving discrete-feature stimuli, the majority of subjects relied on memories for exceedingly few features, even when the task structure strongly encouraged reliance on broad-based prototypes. In a dot-pattern categorization task, even the memory-impaired patients were able to use working memory at time of test to extract the category structure (at least for the stimulus set used in past work). We argue that the results weaken the past case made in favor of a separate system of implicit prototype extraction. (Contains 4 tables, 8 figures and 5 footnotes.)
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- 2012
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9. Effect of Powder-Mixed Dielectric on EDM Process Performance
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Shukry H. Aghdeab and Safa R. Fadhil
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0209 industrial biotechnology ,020901 industrial engineering & automation ,020209 energy ,Botany ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,Mathematics - Abstract
تستخدم عملية القطع بالشرارة الكهربائية على نطاق واسع لتصنيع المواد الموصلة المختلفة بما في ذلك المواد الصعبة التشغيل ذات الاشكال المعقدة. تعد عملية القطع بالشرارة الكهربائية الممزوجة بالمسحوق ابتكار حديث لتعزيز امكانات عملية القطع بالشرارة الكهربائية التقليدية. في هذه العملية يتم خلط مساحيق ملائمة مع السائل العازل، تم خلط نسب متساوية من مسحوقي الكرافيت وكاربيد السيليكون مع زيت المحولات واستخدامه كوسط للسائل العازل في هذا العمل. الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو بحث تاثير بعض معلمات العملية مثل التيار، زمن مكوث النبضة، و تركيز المسحوق لقطع الفولاذ ذو السرع العالية على معدل ازالة المادة، معدل بلى العدة، و خشونة السطح. تم تصميم التجارب وتحليلها باستخدام منهجية الاستجابة السطحية. لقد وجد ان المسحوق المختلط من الكرافيت وكاربيد السيلكون المضاف للسائل العازل قد حسن من معدل ازالة المادة وكذلك قلل كل من معدل بلى العدة و خشونة السطح.
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- 2020
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10. Intermittent Calorie Restriction Ameliorates Behavioral Changes and Tau Hyperphosphorylation in Chronic Immobilization Stress in Rats
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Dalia Fathy El Agamy, Safa R El-Fiky, and Fatma El Desouky Ahmed
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medicine.medical_specialty ,animal diseases ,General Chemical Engineering ,Calorie restriction ,virus diseases ,Hippocampal formation ,Open field ,Barnes maze ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Endocrinology ,chemistry ,Corticosterone ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Chronic stress ,Serotonin ,Hormone - Abstract
Background: Chronic stress has been linked to mood and anxiety disorders and alteration of cognitive functions, such as memory. Intermittent calorie restriction (ICR) is a repeated mild stress that enhances the cell ability to combat more severe stress. Aim: Examination of the effects of ICR on rat behaviour and Tau hyperphosphorylation in chronic immobilization stress (CIS) rat model. Methods: 32 rats were divided into 4 equal groups: control, ICR (subjected to ICR protocol), CIS (subjected to CIS protocol), and CIS+ICR (subjected to both CIS and ICR protocols). After performing behavioural (open field and Barnes maze) tests, serum level of corticosterone, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined, and hippocampal tissue level of phosphorylated Tau (phospho-Tau), noradrenaline, and serotonin were measured. Results: We found that, ICR significantly altered the stress-induced anxiety-like behavior and memory disturbances (P
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- 2020
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11. Concepts and Transformational Knowledge.
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Zaki, Safa R. and Homa, Donald
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Studied the effect of exposure to principled changes in concept formation in four experiments involving 280 undergraduate and graduate students. Analyses reveal clear evidence of a transformational path with systematic training. Discusses implications for theories of similarity and categorization. Contains 83 references. (SLD)
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- 1999
12. Procedural memory effects in categorization: Evidence for multiple systems or task complexity?
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Zaki, Safa R. and Kleinschmidt, Dave F.
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- 2014
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13. Morphometric and Phasic Activity Changes of Urinary Bladder in Hyperthyroid Rats and the Possible Protective Effect of Folic Acid
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Dalia Fathy El Agamy, Safa R El-Fiky, Amany A. Saleh, and Ghada E Elgarawany
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endocrine system ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Triiodothyronine ,Urinary bladder ,endocrine system diseases ,business.industry ,Urinary system ,Malondialdehyde ,Contractility ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Endocrinology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,chemistry ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Endocrine system ,Urothelium ,Prostaglandin E2 ,business ,hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Background: Hyperthyroidism was one of the most com-mon endocrine disorders. Urinary tract dysfunctions were common symptoms in hyperthyroid patients. Folic acid is affected by Thyroid dysfunction as hyperthyroidism is asso-ciated with subclinical deficiency and depletion of folate stores. Aim of Study: To study the morphometric and the in-vitro contractility changes of the urinary bladder in hyperthyroid rats, and the protective effect of folic acid and its possible mechanisms. Material and Methods: Forty male albino rats divided into four groups: Control, hyperthyroid, folic and (hyperthyroid + folic) groups. TSH, T3, T4, MDA & PGE2 were measured. Rats were then sacrificed. The weight, morphometric changes and phasic activity of the urinary bladder were assayed. Results: Hyperthyroid group significantly decreased TSH and increased T3 (Triiodothyronine), T4 (thyroxine), MDA (malondialdehyde) and PGE2 (prostaglandin E2), bladder weight, wall, and lumen areas with unchanged wall thickness, and increased smooth muscle and urothelium areas with unchanged collagen area and increase the contractile response of the urinary bladder strips to acetylcholine when compared to the control group. Co-administration of folic acid to hyper-thyroid rats significantly increased TSH and decreased T3, T4, MDA and PGE2, bladder weight, wall, lumen areas, smooth muscle, urothelium areas and the contractile response of the urinary bladder strips to acetylcholine when compared to the hyperthyroid group. Conclusions: Folic acid protects against enhanced bladder contractility and bladder remodeling in hyperthyroid rats possibly through ameliorating the increased thyroid hormones levels, anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory properties.
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- 2019
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14. Dissociations between Categorization and Recognition in Amnesic and Normal Individuals: An Exemplar-Based Interpretation
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Nosofsky, Robert M. and Zaki, Safa R.
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- 1998
15. The flavonoid baicalin counteracts ischemic and oxidative insults to retinal cells and lipid peroxidation to brain membranes
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Jung, S.H., Kang, K.D., Ji, D., Fawcett, R.J., Safa, R., Kamalden, T.A., and Osborne, N.N.
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- 2008
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16. A high-distortion enhancement effect in the prototype-learning paradigm: Dramatic effects of category learning during test
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Zaki, Safa R. and Nosofsky, Robert M.
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- 2007
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17. Oscillatory potentials and the b-Wave: Partial masking and interdependence in dark adaptation and diabetes in the rat
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Layton, C. J., Safa, R., and Osborne, N. N.
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- 2007
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18. Procedural interference in perceptual classification: Implicit learning or cognitive complexity?
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Nosofsky, Robert M., Stanton, Roger D., and Zaki, Safa R.
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- 2005
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19. Is categorization performance really intact in amnesia? A meta-analysis
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Zaki, Safa R.
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- 2004
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20. The contribution of symmetry and motion to the recognition of faces at novel orientations
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Busey, Thomas A. and Zaki, Safa R.
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- 2004
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21. False prototype enhancement effects in dot pattern categorization
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Zaki, Safa R. and Nosofsky, Robert M.
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- 2004
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22. Comparisons between exemplar similarity and mixed prototype models using a linearly separable category structure
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Stanton, Roger D., Nosofsky, Robert M., and Zaki, Safa R.
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- 2002
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23. Prototype and exemplar accounts of category learning and attentional allocation: a reassessment
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Zaki, Safa R., Nosofsky, Robert M., Stanton, Roger D., and Cohen, Andrew L.
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Psychology, Experimental -- Research ,Psychology and mental health - Abstract
In a recent article, J. P. Minda and J. D. Smith (2002) argued that an exemplar model provided worse quantitative fits than an alternative prototype model to individual subject data from the classic D. L. Medin and M. M. Schaffer (1978) 5/4 categorization paradigm. In addition, they argued that the exemplar model achieved its fits by making untenable assumptions regarding how observers distribute their attention. In this article, we demonstrate that when the models are equated in terms of their response-rule flexibility, the exemplar model provides a substantially better account of the categorization data than does a prototype or mixed model. In addition, we point to shortcomings in the attention-allocation analyses conducted by J. P. Minda and J. D. Smith (2002). When these shortcomings are corrected, we find no evidence that challenges the attention-allocation assumptions of the exemplar model.
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- 2003
24. A hybrid-similarity exemplar model for predicting distinctiveness effects in perceptual old-new recognition
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Nosofsky, Robert M. and Zaki, Safa R.
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Recognition (Psychology) -- Research ,Psychology and mental health - Abstract
In 2 sets of experiments, the authors investigated the basis for old-item distinctiveness effects in perceptual recognition, whereby distinctive old items are recognized with higher probability than are typical old items. In Experiment 1, distinctive old items were defined as those lying in isolated regions of a continuous-dimension similarity space. In this case, any beneficial effects of distinctiveness were absent or small, regardless of the structure of the test list used to assess recognition memory. In Experiment 2, distinctive items were defined as those objects containing certain discrete, individuating features. In this case, large old-item distinctive effects were observed, with the nature of the effects being modulated by the structure of the test lists. A hybrid-similarity exemplar model, combining elements of continuous-dimension distance and discrete-feature matching, was used to account for these distinctiveness effects in the recognition data.
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- 2003
25. Category variability, exemplar similarity, and perceptual classification
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Cohen, Andrew L., Nosofsky, Robert M., and Zaki, Safa R.
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- 2001
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26. A single-system interpretation of dissociations between recognition and categorization in a task involving object-like stimuli
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Zaki, Safa R. and Nosofsky, Robert M.
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- 2001
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27. Exemplar and prototype models revisited: response strategies, selective attention, and stimulus generalization
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Nosofsky, Robert M. and Zaki, Safa R.
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Psychology, Experimental -- Research ,Categorization (Psychology) -- Research ,Psychology and mental health - Abstract
J. D. Smith and colleagues (J. P. Minda & J. D. Smith, 2001; J. D. Smith & J. P. Minda, 1998, 2000; J. D. Smith, M. J. Murray, & J. P. Minda, 1997) presented evidence that they claimed challenged the predictions of exemplar models and that supported prototype models. In the authors' view, this evidence confounded the issue of the nature of the category representation with the type of response rule (probabilistic vs. deterministic) that was used. Also, their designs did not test whether the prototype models correctly predicted generalization performance. The present work demonstrates that an exemplar model that includes a response-scaling mechanism provides a natural account of all of Smith et al.'s experimental results. Furthermore, the exemplar model predicts classification performance better than the prototype models when novel transfer stimuli are included in the experimental designs.
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- 2002
28. Effect of Powder-Mixed Dielectric on EDM Process Performance
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Fadhil, Safa R., primary and Aghdeab, Shukry. H., additional
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- 2020
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29. Salicylic Acid and Acetylsalicylic Induced Resistance to Powdery Mildew Disease of Milk thistle (Syllibium marianum)
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Safa R. Abd-Alela, Nadeem A. Ramadan, and Nebras N. Saaed
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chemistry.chemical_compound ,Horticulture ,chemistry ,Milk Thistle ,General Medicine ,Biology ,Salicylic acid ,Powdery mildew - Published
- 2018
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30. Concepts and transformational knowledge
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Homa, Donald and Zaki, Safa R.
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Abstraction -- Research ,Concepts -- Research ,Knowledge, Theory of -- Research ,Cognitive psychology -- Research ,Psychology and mental health - Abstract
A study was conducted to investigate the effect of exposure to principled change in concept formation. It is believed that transformational knowledge contributes to the coherence of a concept. Previous studies have concluded that inferences about what makes concepts coherent begins at an early age and that internal mechanisms are responsible for this outcome. Four experiments were conducted on concept formation. Findings indicated that exposure to the successive changes of an object facilitates the gluing of those states into a dingle concept.
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- 1999
31. Impact of diabetic retinopathy on sleep, mood, and quality of life
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Morjaria, R, Alexander, I, Purbrick, R, Safa, R, Chong, N, Wulff, K, Foster, R, Downes, S, and Group, Somnus Study
- Abstract
Purpose: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is associated with retinal neuronal and vascular damage. DR has previously been shown to affect the photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (pRGCs). PRGCs are essential for the entrainment of circadian rhythms; thus, DR progression could lead to worsening sleep quality and mood. We investigate the relationship between increasing DR severity, and its impact on sleep quality and mood. Methods:A total of 430 participants with DR, and 303 healthy controls with no ocular disease or preexisting sleep disorders were recruited. DR severity was grouped as follows: 1, mild nonproliferative (NPDR); 2, moderate/severe NPDR; and 3, proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Sleep, mood, and quality of life were assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), quality of life (SF-36), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Score (HADS) questionnaires. Data were analyzed by severity of DR, and correlated with sleep, QOL, and mood and compared to controls. Results:No significant difference between PSQI scores in the DR group or the control group was identified despite severity of DR. Mean anxiety and depression scores were within the normal range for both groups. Despite a lower general health and physical function, the DR group had lower anxiety scores than controls. Conclusions:These data show that even in severe DR, sleep quality is similar to controls. However, this could be explained by the majority of individuals in this study having good visual acuities in the better eye with a residual population of pRGCs remaining unaffected by DR.
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- 2019
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32. Exemplar Accounts of Blending and Distinctiveness Effects in Perceptual Old–New Recognition
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Zaki, Safa R. and Nosofsky, Robert M.
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- 2001
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33. Morphometric and Phasic Activity Changes of Urinary Bladder in Hyperthyroid Rats and the Possible Protective Effect of Folic Acid
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SAFA R. ELFIKY, M.D., GHADA E. ELGARAWANY, M.D.;, primary and DALIA F. EL AGAMY, M.D., AMANY A. SALEH, M.D.;, additional
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- 2019
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34. Medium modification of the shape of small-radius jets in central Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm {NN}}} = 2.76\,\rm{TeV}$
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Acharya139, S., Acosta20, F. T., Adamov ́a93, D., Adler74, A., Adolfsson80, J., Aggarwal98, M. M., Aglieri Rinella34, G., Agnello31, M., Agrawal48, N., Ahammed139, Z., Ahn76, S. U., Aiola144, S., Akindinov64, A., Al-Turany104, M., Alam139, S. N., Albuquerque121, D. S. D., Aleksandrov87, D., Alessandro58, B., Alfaro Molina72, R., Ali15, Y., Alici10, A., 27, 53, Alkin2, A., Alme22, J., Alt69, T., Altenkamper22, L., Altsybeev111, I., Anaam6, M. N., Andrei47, C., Andreou34, D., Andrews108, H. A., Andronic104, A., 142, Angeletti34, M., Anguelov102, V., Anson16, C., Antiˇci ́c105, T., Antinori56, F., Antonioli53, P., Anwar125, R., Apadula79, N., Aphecetche113, L., Appelsh ̈auser69, H., Arcelli27, S., Arnaldi58, R., Arsene21, I. C., Arslandok102, M., Augustinus34, A., Averbeck104, R., Azmi17, M. D., Badal`a55, A., Baek40, Y. W., Bagnasco58, S., Bailhache69, R., Bala99, R., Baldisseri135, A., Ball42, M., Baral85, R. C., Barbano26, A. M., Barbera28, R., Barile52, F., Barioglio26, L., Barnaf ̈oldi143, G. G., Barnby92, L. S., Barret132, V., Bartalini6, P., Barth34, K., Bartsch69, E., Bastid132, N., Basu141, S., Batigne113, G., Batyunya75, B., Batzing21, P. C., Bazo Alba109, J. L., Bearden88, I. G., Beck102, H., Bedda63, C., Behera60, N. K., Belikov134, I., Bellini34, F., Bello Martinez44, H., Bellwied125, R., Beltran119, L. G. E., Belyaev91, V., Bencedi143, G., Beole26, S., Bercuci47, A., Berdnikov96, Y., Berenyi143, D., Bertens128, R. A., Berzano34, D., Betev34, L., Bhaduri139, P. P., Bhasin99, A., Bhat99, I. R., Bhatt48, H., Bhattacharjee41, B., Bhom117, J., Bianchi26, A., Bianchi125, L., Bianchi51, N., Bielˇc ́ık37, J., Bielˇc ́ıkov ́a93, J., Bilandzic103, A., 116, Biro143, G., Biswas3, R., Biswas3, S., Blair118, J. T., Blau87, D., Blume69, C., Boca137, G., Bock34, F., Bogdanov91, A., Boldizs ́ar143, L., Bombara38, M., Bonomi138, G., Bonora34, M., Borel135, H., Borissov102, A., Borri127, M., Botta26, E., Bourjau88, C., Bratrud69, L., Braun-Munzinger104, P., Bregant120, M., Broker69, T. A., Broz37, M., Brucken43, E. J., Bruna58, E., Bruno33, G. E., Budnikov106, D., Buesching69, H., Bufalino31, S., Buhler112, P., Buncic34, P., Buschi, O., 131, Buthelezi73, Z., Butt15, J. B., Buxton95, J. T., Cabala115, J., Caffarri89, D., Caines144, H., Caliva104, A., Calvo Villar109, E., Camacho44, R. S., Camerini25, P., Capon112, A. A., Carena34, W., Carnesecchi10, F., Castillo Castellanos135, J., Castro128, A. J., Casula54, E. A. R., Ceballos Sanchez8, C., Chandra139, S., Chang126, B., Chang6, W., Chapeland34, S., Chartier127, M., Chattopadhyay139, S., Chattopadhyay107, S., Chauvin24, A., Cheshkov133, C., Cheynis133, B., Chibante Barroso34, V., Chinellato121, D. 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W., van Leeuwen63, M., Vande Vyvre34, P., Varga143, D., Vargas44, A., Vargyas126, M., Varma48, R., Vasileiou83, M., Vasiliev87, A., Vauthier78, A., ́azquez Doce103, O. V., Vechernin111, V., Veen63, A. M., Vercellin26, E., Vergara Lim ́on44, S., Vermunt63, L., Vernet7, R., ́ertesi143, R. V., Vickovic35, L., Viinikainen126, J., Vilakazi129, Z., Villalobos Baillie108, O., Villatoro Tello44, A., Vinogradov87, A., Virgili30, T., Vislavicius80, V., Vodopyanov75, A., ̈olkl101, M. A. V., Voloshin64, K., Voloshin141, S. A., Volpe33, G., von Haller34, B., Vorobyev103, I., Voscek115, D., Vranic34, D., Vrl ́akov ́a38, J., Wagner22, B., Wang63, H., Wang6, M., Watanabe131, Y., Weber112, M., Weber104, S. G., Wegrzynek34, A., Weiser102, D. F., Wenzel34, S. C., Wessels142, J. P., Westerhoff142, U., Whitehead124, A. M., Wiechula69, J., Wikne21, J., Wilk84, G., Wilkinson53, J., Willems34, G. A., Williams53, M. C. S., Willsher108, E., Windelband102, B., Witt128, W. E., Xu6, R., Yalcin77, S., Yamakawa45, K., Yano45, S., Yin6, Z., Yokoyama78, H., Yoo18, I. -K., Yoon60, J. H., Yurchenko2, V., Zaccolo58, V., Zaman15, A., Zampolli34, C., Zanoli120, H. J. C., Zardoshti108, N., Zarochentsev111, A., ́avada67, P. Z., Zaviyalov106, N., Zbroszczyk140, H., Zhalov96, M., Zhang6, X., Zhang6, Y., Zhang6, Z., 132, Zhao21, C., Zherebchevskii111, V., Zhigareva64, N., Zhou6, D., Zhou88, Y., Zhou22, Z., Zhu6, H., Zhu6, J., Zhu6, Y., Zichichi10, A., Zimmermann34, M. B., Zinovjev2, G., Zmeska, J., Laboratoire de physique subatomique et des technologies associées (SUBATECH), Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont (LPC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon (IPNL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Centre de Calcul de l'IN2P3 (CC-IN2P3), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ALICE, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Université de Nantes - Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])
- Subjects
jet [quark] ,heavy ion: scattering ,fragmentation [jet] ,heavy ion collisions ,nucl-ex ,01 natural sciences ,2760 GeV-cms/nucleon ,law.invention ,High Energy Physics - Experiment ,High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex) ,Fragmentation (mass spectrometry) ,law ,jet: fragmentation ,scattering [p p] ,[PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex] ,transverse momentum [tracks] ,Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex) ,quark: jet ,Nuclear Experiment ,Physics ,effect [matter] ,collimator ,Collimator ,Observable ,matter: effect ,Transverse momentum ,PYTHIA ,7000 GeV-cms/nucleon ,Particle Physics - Experiment ,Quark ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Energy loss ,p p: scattering ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,energy loss ,color [charge] ,FOS: Physical sciences ,[PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex] ,114 Physical sciences ,Collimated light ,Nuclear physics ,jet [showers] ,Heavy Ion Experiments ,scattering [heavy ion] ,jet quenching, heavy ion collisions, jet substructure ,0103 physical sciences ,showers: jet ,Nuclear Physics - Experiment ,ddc:530 ,jet substructure ,structure ,dispersion [momentum] ,010306 general physics ,constituent ,charge: color ,momentum: dispersion ,hep-ex ,010308 nuclear & particles physics ,background ,resolution ,coherence ,moment ,Automatic Keywords ,jet quenching ,tracks: transverse momentum ,High Energy Physics::Experiment ,experimental results - Abstract
Journal of high energy physics 2018(10), 139 (2018). doi:10.1007/JHEP10(2018)139, We present the measurement of a new set of jet shape observables for track-based jets in central Pb-Pb collisions at $ \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=2.76 $ TeV. The set of jet shapes includes the first radial moment or angularity, g, the momentum dispersion, p$_{T}$D, and the difference between the leading and sub-leading constituent track transverse momentum, LeSub. These observables provide complementary information on the jet fragmentation and can constrain different aspects of the theoretical description of jet-medium interactions. The jet shapes were measured for a small resolution parameter R = 0.2 and were fully corrected to particle level. The observed jet shape modifications indicate that in-medium fragmentation is harder and more collimated than vacuum fragmentation as obtained by PYTHIA calculations, which were validated with the measurements of the jet shapes in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s}=7 $ TeV. The comparison of the measured distributions to templates for quark and gluon-initiated jets indicates that in-medium fragmentation resembles that of quark jets in vacuum. We further argue that the observed modifications are not consistent with a totally coherent energy loss picture where the jet loses energy as a single colour charge, suggesting that the medium resolves the jet structure at the angular scales probed by our measurements (R = 0.2). Furthermore, we observe that small-R jets can help to isolate purely energy loss effects from other effects that contribute to the modifications of the jet shower in medium such as the correlated background or medium response., Published by SISSA, [Trieste]
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- 2018
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35. The Role of Gaze Direction in Face Memory in Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Author
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Safa R. Zaki and Shannon A. Johnson
- Subjects
Study phase ,genetic structures ,General Neuroscience ,Eye contact ,medicine.disease ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,Gaze ,Facial recognition system ,Developmental psychology ,Straight ahead ,Autism spectrum disorder ,Face (geometry) ,mental disorders ,medicine ,Autism ,Neurology (clinical) ,Psychology ,Genetics (clinical) ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that the direction of gaze of target faces may play a role in reported face recognition deficits in those with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In previous studies, typically developing children and adults better remembered faces in which the eyes were gazing directly at them compared with faces in which the eyes were averted. In the current study, high-functioning children and adolescents with an ASD and age- and IQ-matched typically developing controls were shown a series of pictures of faces in a study phase. These pictures were of individuals whose gaze was either directed straight ahead or whose gaze was averted to one side. We tested the memory for these study faces in a recognition task in which the faces were shown with their eyes closed. The typically developing group better remembered the direct-gaze faces, whereas the ASD participants did not show this effect. These results imply that there may be an important link between gaze direction and face recognition abilities in ASD. Autism Res 2013, ●●: ●●–●●. © 2013 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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- 2013
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36. Centrality dependence of the charged-particle multiplicity densityat mid-rapidity in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV
- Author
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Aamodt1, K., Abrahantes Quintana2, A., Adamov´a3, D., Adare4, A. M., Aggarwal5, M. M., Aglieri Rinella6, G., Agocs7, A. G., Aguilar Salazar8, S., Ahammed9, Z., Ahmad10, N., Ahmad Masoodi10, A., Ahn11, S. U., I, Akindinov12, A., Aleksandrov13, D., Alessandro14, B., Alfaro Molina8, R., Alici15, A., Alkin16, A., Almar´az Avi˜na8, E., Alt17, T., Altini18, V., Altinpinar19, S., Altsybeev20, I., Andrei21, C., Andronic19, A., Anguelov22, V., Iii, Iv, Anson23, C., Antiˇci´c24, T., Antinori25, F., Antonioli26, P., Aphecetche27, L., Appelsh¨auser28, H., Arbor29, N., Arcelli15, S., Arend28, A., Armesto30, N., Arnaldi14, R., Aronsson4, T., Arsene19, I. C., Asryan20, A., Augustinus6, A., Averbeck19, R., Awes31, T. C., A¨ ysto¨32, J., Azmi10, M. D., Bach17, M., Badal`a33, A., Baek11, Y. W., Bagnasco14, S., Bailhache28, R., Bala34, R., V, Baldini Ferroli35, R., Baldisseri36, A., Baldit37, A., B´an38, J., Barbera39, R., Barile18, F., Barnaf¨oldi7, G. G., Barnby40, L. S., Barret37, V., Bartke41, J., Basile15, M., Bastid37, N., Bathen42, B., Batigne27, G., Batyunya43, B., Baumann28, C., Bearden44, I. G., Beck28, H., Belikov45, I., Bellini15, F., Bellwied46, R., Belmont Moreno8, E., Beole34, S., Berceanu21, I., Bercuci21, A., Berdermann19, E., Berdnikov47, Y., Betev6, L., Bhasin48, A., Bhati5, A. K., Bianchi34, L., Bianchi49, N., Bianchin25, C., Bielˇc´ık50, J., Bielˇc´ıkov´a3, J., Bilandzic51, A., Biolcati34, E., Blanc37, A., Blanco52, F., Blanco53, F., Blau13, D., Blume28, C., Boccioli6, M., Bock23, N., Bogdanov54, A., Bøggild44, H., Bogolyubsky55, M., Boldizs´ar7, L., Bombara56, M., Bombonati25, C., Book28, J., Borel36, H., Bortolin25, C., Vii, Bose57, S., Boss´u34, F., Botje51, M., B¨ottger22, S., Boyer58, B., Braun Munzinger19, P., Bravina59, L., Bregant, Marco, Viii, Breitner22, T., Broz61, M., Brun6, R., Bruna4, E., Bruno18, G. E., Budnikov62, D., Buesching28, H., Busch63, O., Buthelezi64, Z., Caffarri25, D., Cai65, X., Caines4, H., Calvo Villar66, E., Camerini, Paolo, Canoa Roman6, V., Ix, X, Cara Romeo26, G., Carena6, F., Carena6, W., Carminati6, F., Casanova D´ıaz49, A., Caselle6, M., Castillo Castellanos36, J., Catanescu21, V., Cavicchioli6, C., Cerello14, P., Chang32, B., Chapeland6, S., Charvet36, J. L., Chattopadhyay57, S., Chattopadhyay9, S., Cherney67, M., Cheshkov68, C., Cheynis68, B., Chiavassa14, E., Chibante Barroso6, V., Chinellato69, D. D., Chochula6, P., Chojnacki70, M., Christakoglou70, P., Christensen44, C. H., Christiansen71, P., Chujo72, T., Cicalo73, C., Cifarelli15, L., Cindolo26, F., Cleymans64, J., Coccetti35, F., Coffin45, J. P., Coli14, S., Conesa Balbastre49, G., Conesa del Valle27, Z., Xii, Constantin63, P., Contin, Giacomo, Contreras74, J. G., Cormier46, T. M., Corrales Morales34, Y., Cort´es Maldonado75, I., Cortese76, P., Cosentino69, M. R., Costa6, F., Cotallo52, M. E., Crescio74, E., Crochet37, P., Cuautle77, E., Cunqueiro49, L., Erasmo18, G. D., Dainese78, A., Xiii, Dalsgaard44, H. H., Danu79, A., Das57, D., Das57, I., Dash80, A., Dash14, S., De9, S., De Azevedo Moregula49, A., de Barros81, G. O. V., De Caro82, A., de Cataldo83, G., de Cuveland17, J., De Falco84, A., De Gruttola82, D., De Marco14, N., De Pasquale82, S., De Remigis14, R., de Rooij70, R., Delagrange27, H., Delgado Mercado66, Y., Dellacasa76, G., Xiv, Deloff85, A., Demanov62, V., D´enes7, E., Deppman81, A., Di Bari18, D., Di Giglio18, C., Di Liberto86, S., Di Mauro6, A., Di Nezza49, P., Dietel42, T., Divi`a6, R., Djuvsland1, Ø., Dobrin46, A., Dobrowolski85, T., Dom´ınguez77, I., D¨onigus19, B., Dordic59, O., Driga27, O., Dubey9, A. K., Dubuisson6, J., Ducroux68, L., Dupieux37, P., Dutta Majumdar57, A. K., Dutta Majumdar9, M. R., Elia83, D., Emschermann42, D., Engel22, H., Erdal87, H. A., Espagnon58, B., Estienne27, M., Esumi72, S., Evans40, D., Evrard6, S., Eyyubova59, G., Fabjan6, C. W., Xvi, Fabris88, D., Faivre29, J., Falchieri15, D., Fantoni49, A., Fasel19, M., Fearick64, R., Fedunov43, A., Fehlker1, D., Fekete61, V., Lea, Ramona, Feofilov20, G., Fern´andez T´ellez75, A., Ferretti34, A., Ferretti76, R., Xvii, Figueredo81, M. A. S., Filchagin62, S., Fini83, R., Finogeev89, D., Fionda18, F. M., Fiore18, E. M., Floris6, M., Foertsch64, S., Foka19, P., Fokin13, S., Fragiacomo, Enrico, Fragkiadakis91, M., Frankenfeld19, U., Fuchs6, U., Furano6, F., Furget29, C., Fusco Girard82, M., Gaardhøje44, J. J., Gadrat29, S., Gagliardi34, M., Gago66, A., Gallio34, M., Ganoti91, P., Xviii, Garabatos19, C., Gemme76, R., Gerhard17, J., Germain27, M., Geuna36, C., Gheata6, A., Gheata6, M., Ghidini18, B., Ghosh9, P., Girard92, M. R., Giraudo14, G., Giubellino34, P., Xix, Gladysz Dziadus41, E., Gl¨assel63, P., Gomez93, R., Gonz´alez Trueba8, L. H., Gonz´alez Zamora52, P., Gonz´alez Santos75, H., Gorbunov17, S., Gotovac94, S., Grabski8, V., Grajcarek63, R., Grelli70, A., Grigoras6, A., Grigoras6, C., Grigoriev54, V., Grigoryan95, A., Grigoryan43, S., Grinyov16, B., Grion90, N., Gros71, P., Grosse Oetringhaus6, J. F., Grossiord68, J. Y., Grosso, Raffaele, Guber89, F., Guernane29, R., Guerra Gutierrez66, C., Guerzoni15, B., Gulbrandsen44, K., Gunji96, T., Gupta48, A., Gupta48, R., Gutbrod19, H., Haaland1, Ø., Hadjidakis58, C., Haiduc79, M., Hamagaki96, H., Hamar7, G., Harris4, J. W., Hartig28, M., Hasch49, D., Hasegan79, D., Hatzifotiadou26, D., Hayrapetyan95, A., Heide42, M., Heinz4, M., Helstrup87, H., Herghelegiu21, A., Hern´andez19, C., Herrera Corral74, G., Herrmann63, N., Hetland87, K. F., Hicks4, B., Hille4, P. T., Hippolyte45, B., Horaguchi72, T., Hori96, Y., Hristov6, P., Hˇrivn´aˇcov´a58, I., Huang1, M., Huber19, S., Humanic23, T. J., Hwang97, D. S., Ichou27, R., Ilkaev62, R., Ilkiv85, I., Inaba72, M., Incani84, E., Innocenti34, G. M., Innocenti6, P. G., Ippolitov13, M., Irfan10, M., Ivan19, C., Ivanov20, A., Ivanov19, M., Ivanov47, V., Jachołkowski6, A., Jacobs98, P. M., Jancurov´a43, L., Jangal45, S., Janik61, R., Jayarathna53, S. P., Jena99, S., Jirden6, L., Jones40, G. T., Jones40, P. G., Jovanovi´c40, P., Jung11, H., Jung11, W., Jusko40, A., Kalcher17, S., Kaliˇn´ak38, P., Kalisky42, M., Kalliokoski32, T., Kalweit100, A., Kamermans70, R., Kanaki1, K., Kang11, E., Kang101, J. H., Kaplin54, V., Karavichev89, O., Karavicheva89, T., Karpechev89, E., Kazantsev13, A., Kebschull22, U., Keidel102, R., Khan10, M. M., Khanzadeev47, A., Kharlov55, Y., Kileng87, B., Kim32, D. J., Kim11, D. S., Kim11, D. W., Kim11, H. N., Kim97, J. H., Kim11, J. S., Kim11, M., Kim101, M., Kim97, S., Kim11, S. H., Kirsch6, S., Xxi, Kisel22, I., Kiselev12, S., Kisiel6, A., Klay103, J. L., Klein63, J., Klein B¨osing42, C., Kliemant28, M., Klovning1, A., Kluge6, A., Knichel19, M. L., Koch63, K., K¨ohler19, M. K., Kolevatov59, R., Kolojvari20, A., Kondratiev20, V., Kondratyeva54, N., Konevskih89, A., Korna´s41, E., Kottachchi Kankanamge Don46, C., Kour40, R., Kowalski41, M., Kox29, S., Kozlov13, K., Kral32, J., Kr´alik38, I., Kramer28, F., Kraus100, I., Xxii, Krawutschke63, T., Xxiii, Kretz17, M., Krivda40, M., Xxiv, Krumbhorn63, D., Krus50, M., Kryshen47, E., Krzewicki51, M., Kucheriaev13, Y., Kuhn45, C., Kuijer51, P. G., Kurashvili85, P., Kurepin89, A., Kurepin89, A. B., Kuryakin62, A., Kushpil3, S., Kushpil3, V., Kweon63, M. J., Kwon101, Y., La Rocca39, P., Ladr´on de Guevara52, P., Xxv, Lafage58, V., Lara22, C., Larsen1, D. T., Lazzeroni40, C., Le Bornec58, Y., Lea60, R., Lee11, K. S., Lee11, S. C., Lef`evre27, F., Lehnert28, J., Leistam6, L., Lenhardt27, M., Lenti83, V., Le´on Monz´on93, I., Le´on Vargas28, H., L´evai7, P., Li104, X., Lietava40, R., Lindal59, S., Lindenstruth22, V., Lippmann6, C., Lisa23, M. A., Liu1, L., Loggins46, V. R., Loginov54, V., Lohn6, S., Lohner63, D., Lopez37, X., L´opez Noriega58, M., L´opez Torres2, E., Løvhøiden59, G., Lu63, X. G., Luettig28, P., Lunardon25, M., Luparello34, G., Luquin27, L., Luzzi6, C., Ma65, K., Ma4, R., Madagodahettige Don53, D. M., Maevskaya89, A., Mager6, M., Mahapatra80, D. P., Maire45, A., Malaev47, M., Maldonado Cervantes77, I., Mal’Kevich12, D., Malzacher19, P., Mamonov62, A., Manceau37, L., Mangotra48, L., Manko13, V., Manso37, F., Manzari83, V., Mao65, Y., Xxvi, Mareˇs105, J., Margagliotti, Giacomo, Margotti26, A., Mar´ın19, A., Martashvili106, I., Martinengo6, P., Mart´ınez75, M. I., Mart´ınez Davalos8, A., Mart´ınez Garc´ıa27, G., Martynov16, Y., Mas27, A., Masciocchi19, S., Masera34, M., Masoni73, A., Massacrier68, L., Mastromarco83, M., Mastroserio6, A., Matthews40, Z. L., Matyja41, A., Mayani77, D., Mazza14, G., Mazzoni86, M. A., Meddi107, F., Menchaca Rocha8, A., Mendez Lorenzo6, P., Mercado P´erez63, J., Mereu14, P., Miake72, Y., Midori108, J., Milano34, L., Milosevic59, J., Xxvii, Mischke70, A., Mi´skowiec19, D., Mitu79, C., Mlynarz46, J., Mohanty9, B., Molnar6, L., Monta˜no Zetina74, L., Monteno14, M., Montes52, E., Morando25, M., Moreira De Godoy81, D. A., Moretto25, S., Morsch6, A., Muccifora49, V., Mudnic94, E., M¨uller6, H., Muhuri9, S., Munhoz81, M. G., Munoz75, J., Musa6, L., Musso14, A., Nandi99, B. K., Nania26, R., Nappi83, E., Nattrass106, C., Navach18, F., Navin40, S., Nayak9, T. K., Nazarenko62, S., Nazarov62, G., Nedosekin12, A., Nendaz68, F., Newby109, J., Nicassio18, M., Nielsen44, B. S., Nikolaev13, S., Nikolic24, V., Nikulin13, S., Nikulin47, V., Nilsen67, B. S., Nilsson59, M. S., Noferini26, F., Nooren70, G., Novitzky32, N., Nyanin13, A., Nyatha99, A., Nygaard44, C., Nystrand1, J., Obayashi108, H., Ochirov20, A., Oeschler100, H., Oh11, S. K., Oleniacz92, J., Oppedisano14, C., Ortiz Velasquez77, A., Ortona34, G., Oskarsson71, A., Ostrowski92, P., Otterlund71, I., Otwinowski19, J., Øvrebekk1, G., Oyama63, K., Ozawa96, K., Pachmayer63, Y., Pachr50, M., Padilla34, F., Pagano82, P., Pai´c77, G., Painke17, F., Pajares30, C., Pal36, S., Pal9, S. K., Palaha40, A., Palmeri33, A., Pappalardo33, G. S., Park19, W. J., Paticchio83, V., Pavlinov46, A., Pawlak92, T., Peitzmann70, T., Peresunko13, D., P´erez Lara51, C. E., Perini6, D., Perrino18, D., Peryt92, W., Pesci26, A., Peskov6, V., Pestov110, Y., Peters6, A. J., Petr´aˇcek50, V., Petris21, M., Petrov40, P., Petrovici21, M., Petta39, C., Piano, Stefano, Piccotti14, A., Pikna61, M., Pillot27, P., Pinazza6, O., Pinsky53, L., Pitz28, N., Piuz6, F., Piyarathna46, D. B., Xxviii, Platt40, R., Płosko´n98, M., Pluta92, J., Pocheptsov43, T., Xxix, Pochybova7, S., Podesta Lerma93, P. L. M., Poghosyan34, M. G., Pol´ak105, K., Polichtchouk55, B., Pop21, A., Posp´ıˇsil50, V., Potukuchi48, B., Prasad46, S. K., Xxx, Preghenella35, R., Prino14, F., Pruneau46, C. A., Pshenichnov89, I., Puddu84, G., Pulvirenti39, A., Punin62, V., Putiˇs56, M., Putschke4, J., Quercigh6, E., Qvigstad59, H., Rachevski90, A., Rademakers6, A., Rademakers6, O., Radomski63, S., R¨aih¨a32, T. S., Rak32, J., Rakotozafindrabe36, A., Ramello76, L., Ram´ırez Reyes74, A., Rammler42, M., Raniwala111, R., Raniwala111, S., R¨as¨anen32, S. S., Read106, K. F., Real29, J. S., Redlich85, K., Renfordt28, R., Reolon49, A. R., Reshetin89, A., Rettig17, F., Revol6, J. P., Reygers63, K., Ricaud100, H., Riccati14, L., Ricci78, R. A., Richter1, M., Xxxi, Riedler6, P., Riegler6, W., Riggi39, F., Rivetti14, A., Rodr´ıguez Cahuantzi75, M., Rohr17, D., R¨ohrich1, D., Romita19, R., Ronchetti49, F., Rosinsk´y6, P., Rosnet37, P., Rossegger6, S., Rossi25, A., Roukoutakis91, F., Rousseau58, S., Roy27, C., Roy57, P., Rubio Montero52, A. J., Rui, Rinaldo, Rusanov6, I., Ryabinkin13, E., Rybicki41, A., Sadovsky55, S., Safaˇr´ık6, K. ˇ., Sahoo25, R., Sahu80, P. K., Saiz6, P., Sakai98, S., Sakata72, D., Salgado30, C. A., Samanta9, T., Sambyal48, S., Samsonov47, V., ˇs´andor38, L., Sandoval8, A., Sano72, M., Sano96, S., Santo42, R., Santoro83, R., Sarkamo32, J., Saturnini37, P., Scapparone26, E., Scarlassara25, F., Scharenberg112, R. P., Schiaua21, C., Schicker63, R., Schmidt19, C., Schmidt19, H. R., Schreiner6, S., Schuchmann28, S., Schukraft6, J., Schutz27, Y., Schwarz19, K., Schweda63, K., Scioli15, G., Scomparin14, E., Scott40, P. A., Scott106, R., Segato25, G., Senyukov76, S., Seo11, J., Serci84, S., Serradilla52, E., Sevcenco79, A., Shabratova43, G., Shahoyan6, R., Sharma5, N., Sharma48, S., Shigaki108, K., Shimomura72, M., Shtejer2, K., Sibiriak13, Y., Siciliano34, M., Sicking6, E., Siemiarczuk85, T., Silenzi15, A., Silvermyr31, D., Simonetti6, G., Xxxii, Singaraju9, R., Singh48, R., Sinha9, B. C., Sinha57, T., Sitar61, B., Sitta76, M., Skaali59, T. B., Skjerdal1, K., Smakal50, R., Smirnov4, N., Snellings51, R., Xxxiii, Søgaard44, C., Soloviev55, A., Soltz109, R., Son97, H., Song101, M., Soos6, C., Soramel25, F., Spyropoulou Stassinaki91, M., Srivastava112, B. K., Stachel63, J., Stan79, I., Stefanek85, G., Stefanini6, G., Steinbeck22, T., Stenlund71, E., Steyn64, G., Stocco27, D., Stock28, R., Stolpovskiy55, M., Strmen61, P., Suaide81, A. A. P., Subieta V´asquez34, M. A., Sugitate108, T., Suire58, C., ˇsumbera3, M., Susa24, T., Swoboda6, D., Symons98, T. J. M., Szanto de Toledo81, A., Szarka61, I., Szostak1, A., Tagridis91, C., Takahashi69, J., Tapia Takaki58, J. D., Tauro6, A., Tavlet6, M., Tejeda Mu˜noz75, G., Telesca6, A., Terrevoli18, C., Th¨ader19, J., Thomas70, D., Thomas19, J. H., Tieulent68, R., Timmins46, A. R., Tlusty50, D., Toia6, A., Torii108, H., Toscano6, L., Tosello14, F., Traczyk92, T., Truesdale23, D., Trzaska32, W. H., Tumkin62, A., Turrisi88, R., Turvey67, A. J., Tveter59, T. S., Ulery28, J., Ullaland1, K., Uras84, A., Urb´an56, J., Urciuoli86, G. M., Usai84, G. L., Vacchi, Andrea, Vala43, M., Valencia Palomo58, L., Vallero63, S., van der Kolk51, N., van Leeuwen70, M., Vande Vyvre6, P., Vannucci78, L., Vargas75, A., Varma99, R., Vasileiou91, M., Vasiliev13, A., Vechernin20, V., Venaruzzo, Massimo, Vercellin34, E., Vergara75, S., Vernet113, R., Verweij70, M., Vickovic94, L., Viesti25, G., Vikhlyantsev62, O., Vilakazi64, Z., Villalobos Baillie40, O., Vinogradov13, A., Vinogradov20, L., Vinogradov62, Y., Virgili82, T., Viyogi9, Y. P., Vodopyanov43, A., Voloshin12, K., Voloshin46, S., Volpe18, G., von Haller6, B., Vranic19, D., Vrl´akov´a56, J., Vulpescu37, B., Wagner1, B., Wagner50, V., Wan45, R., Xxxiv, Wang65, D., Wang63, Y., Wang65, Y., Watanabe72, K., Wessels42, J. P., Westerhoff42, U., Wiechula63, J., Wikne59, J., Wilde42, M., Wilk42, A., Wilk85, G., Williams26, M. C. S., Windelband63, B., Yang36, H., Yasnopolskiy13, S., Yi114, J., Yin65, Z., Yokoyama72, H., Yoo114, I. K., Yuan65, X., Yushmanov13, I., Zabrodin59, E., Zampolli6, C., Zaporozhets43, S., Zarochentsev20, A., Z´avada105, P., Zbroszczyk92, H., Zelnicek22, P., Zenin55, A., Zgura79, I., Zhalov47, M., Zhang65, X., Zhou65, D., Zichichi15, A., Zinovjev16, G., Zoccarato68, Y., Zynovyev16, M., K., Aamodt1, A., Abrahantes Quintana2, D., Adamov´a3, A. M., Adare4, M. M., Aggarwal5, G., Aglieri Rinella6, A. G., Agocs7, S., Aguilar Salazar8, Z., Ahammed9, N., Ahmad10, A., Ahmad Masoodi10, S. U., Ahn11, I, A., Akindinov12, D., Aleksandrov13, B., Alessandro14, R., Alfaro Molina8, A., Alici15, Ii, A., Alkin16, E., Almar´az Avi˜na8, T., Alt17, V., Altini18, S., Altinpinar19, I., Altsybeev20, C., Andrei21, A., Andronic19, V., Anguelov22, Iii, Iv, C., Anson23, T., Antiˇci´c24, F., Antinori25, P., Antonioli26, L., Aphecetche27, H., Appelsh¨auser28, N., Arbor29, S., Arcelli15, A., Arend28, N., Armesto30, R., Arnaldi14, T., Aronsson4, I. C., Arsene19, A., Asryan20, A., Augustinus6, R., Averbeck19, T. C., Awes31, J., A¨ ysto¨32, M. D., Azmi10, M., Bach17, A., Badal`a33, Y. W., Baek11, S., Bagnasco14, R., Bailhache28, R., Bala34, V, R., Baldini Ferroli35, A., Baldisseri36, A., Baldit37, J., B´an38, R., Barbera39, F., Barile18, G. G., Barnaf¨oldi7, L. S., Barnby40, V., Barret37, J., Bartke41, M., Basile15, N., Bastid37, B., Bathen42, G., Batigne27, B., Batyunya43, C., Baumann28, I. G., Bearden44, H., Beck28, I., Belikov45, F., Bellini15, R., Bellwied46, Vi, E., Belmont Moreno8, S., Beole34, I., Berceanu21, A., Bercuci21, E., Berdermann19, Y., Berdnikov47, L., Betev6, A., Bhasin48, A. K., Bhati5, L., Bianchi34, N., Bianchi49, C., Bianchin25, J., Bielˇc´ık50, J., Bielˇc´ıkov´a3, A., Bilandzic51, E., Biolcati34, A., Blanc37, F., Blanco52, F., Blanco53, D., Blau13, C., Blume28, M., Boccioli6, N., Bock23, A., Bogdanov54, H., Bøggild44, M., Bogolyubsky55, L., Boldizs´ar7, M., Bombara56, C., Bombonati25, J., Book28, H., Borel36, C., Bortolin25, Vii, S., Bose57, F., Boss´u34, M., Botje51, S., B¨ottger22, B., Boyer58, P., Braun Munzinger19, L., Bravina59, Bregant, Marco, Viii, T., Breitner22, M., Broz61, R., Brun6, E., Bruna4, G. E., Bruno18, D., Budnikov62, H., Buesching28, O., Busch63, Z., Buthelezi64, D., Caffarri25, X., Cai65, H., Caines4, E., Calvo Villar66, Camerini, Paolo, V., Canoa Roman6, Ix, X, G., Cara Romeo26, F., Carena6, W., Carena6, F., Carminati6, A., Casanova D´ıaz49, M., Caselle6, J., Castillo Castellanos36, V., Catanescu21, C., Cavicchioli6, P., Cerello14, B., Chang32, S., Chapeland6, J. 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V., de Barros81, A., De Caro82, G., de Cataldo83, J., de Cuveland17, A., De Falco84, D., De Gruttola82, N., De Marco14, S., De Pasquale82, R., De Remigis14, R., de Rooij70, H., Delagrange27, Y., Delgado Mercado66, G., Dellacasa76, Xiv, A., Deloff85, V., Demanov62, E., D´enes7, A., Deppman81, D., Di Bari18, C., Di Giglio18, S., Di Liberto86, A., Di Mauro6, P., Di Nezza49, T., Dietel42, R., Divi`a6, Ø., Djuvsland1, A., Dobrin46, Xv, T., Dobrowolski85, I., Dom´ınguez77, B., D¨onigus19, O., Dordic59, O., Driga27, A. K., Dubey9, J., Dubuisson6, L., Ducroux68, P., Dupieux37, A. K., Dutta Majumdar57, M. R., Dutta Majumdar9, D., Elia83, D., Emschermann42, H., Engel22, H. A., Erdal87, B., Espagnon58, M., Estienne27, S., Esumi72, D., Evans40, S., Evrard6, G., Eyyubova59, C. W., Fabjan6, Xvi, D., Fabris88, J., Faivre29, D., Falchieri15, A., Fantoni49, M., Fasel19, R., Fearick64, A., Fedunov43, D., Fehlker1, V., Fekete61, Lea, Ramona, G., Feofilov20, A., Fern´andez T´ellez75, A., Ferretti34, R., Ferretti76, Xvii, M. A. S., Figueredo81, S., Filchagin62, R., Fini83, D., Finogeev89, F. M., Fionda18, E. M., Fiore18, M., Floris6, S., Foertsch64, P., Foka19, S., Fokin13, Fragiacomo, Enrico, M., Fragkiadakis91, U., Frankenfeld19, U., Fuchs6, F., Furano6, C., Furget29, M., Fusco Girard82, J. J., Gaardhøje44, S., Gadrat29, M., Gagliardi34, A., Gago66, M., Gallio34, P., Ganoti91, Xviii, C., Garabatos19, R., Gemme76, J., Gerhard17, M., Germain27, C., Geuna36, A., Gheata6, M., Gheata6, B., Ghidini18, P., Ghosh9, M. R., Girard92, G., Giraudo14, P., Giubellino34, Xix, E., Gladysz Dziadus41, P., Gl¨assel63, R., Gomez93, L. H., Gonz´alez Trueba8, P., Gonz´alez Zamora52, H., Gonz´alez Santos75, S., Gorbunov17, S., Gotovac94, V., Grabski8, R., Grajcarek63, A., Grelli70, A., Grigoras6, C., Grigoras6, V., Grigoriev54, A., Grigoryan95, S., Grigoryan43, B., Grinyov16, N., Grion90, P., Gros71, J. F., Grosse Oetringhaus6, J. Y., Grossiord68, Grosso, Raffaele, F., Guber89, R., Guernane29, C., Guerra Gutierrez66, B., Guerzoni15, K., Gulbrandsen44, T., Gunji96, A., Gupta48, R., Gupta48, H., Gutbrod19, Ø., Haaland1, C., Hadjidakis58, M., Haiduc79, H., Hamagaki96, G., Hamar7, J. W., Harris4, M., Hartig28, D., Hasch49, D., Hasegan79, D., Hatzifotiadou26, A., Hayrapetyan95, M., Heide42, M., Heinz4, H., Helstrup87, A., Herghelegiu21, C., Hern´andez19, G., Herrera Corral74, N., Herrmann63, K. F., Hetland87, B., Hicks4, P. T., Hille4, B., Hippolyte45, T., Horaguchi72, Y., Hori96, P., Hristov6, I., Hˇrivn´aˇcov´a58, M., Huang1, S., Huber19, T. J., Humanic23, D. S., Hwang97, R., Ichou27, R., Ilkaev62, I., Ilkiv85, M., Inaba72, E., Incani84, G. M., Innocenti34, P. G., Innocenti6, M., Ippolitov13, M., Irfan10, C., Ivan19, A., Ivanov20, M., Ivanov19, V., Ivanov47, A., Jachołkowski6, P. M., Jacobs98, L., Jancurov´a43, S., Jangal45, R., Janik61, S. P., Jayarathna53, Xx, S., Jena99, L., Jirden6, G. T., Jones40, P. G., Jones40, P., Jovanovi´c40, H., Jung11, W., Jung11, A., Jusko40, S., Kalcher17, P., Kaliˇn´ak38, M., Kalisky42, T., Kalliokoski32, A., Kalweit100, R., Kamermans70, K., Kanaki1, E., Kang11, J. H., Kang101, V., Kaplin54, O., Karavichev89, T., Karavicheva89, E., Karpechev89, A., Kazantsev13, U., Kebschull22, R., Keidel102, M. M., Khan10, A., Khanzadeev47, Y., Kharlov55, B., Kileng87, D. J., Kim32, D. S., Kim11, D. W., Kim11, H. N., Kim11, J. H., Kim97, J. S., Kim11, M., Kim11, M., Kim101, S., Kim97, S. H., Kim11, S., Kirsch6, Xxi, I., Kisel22, Iv, S., Kiselev12, A., Kisiel6, J. L., Klay103, J., Klein63, C., Klein B¨osing42, M., Kliemant28, A., Klovning1, A., Kluge6, M. L., Knichel19, K., Koch63, M. K., K¨ohler19, R., Kolevatov59, A., Kolojvari20, V., Kondratiev20, N., Kondratyeva54, A., Konevskih89, E., Korna´s41, C., Kottachchi Kankanamge Don46, R., Kour40, M., Kowalski41, S., Kox29, K., Kozlov13, J., Kral32, I., Kr´alik38, F., Kramer28, I., Kraus100, Xxii, T., Krawutschke63, Xxiii, M., Kretz17, M., Krivda40, Xxiv, D., Krumbhorn63, M., Krus50, E., Kryshen47, M., Krzewicki51, Y., Kucheriaev13, C., Kuhn45, P. G., Kuijer51, P., Kurashvili85, A., Kurepin89, A. B., Kurepin89, A., Kuryakin62, S., Kushpil3, V., Kushpil3, M. J., Kweon63, Y., Kwon101, P., La Rocca39, P., Ladr´on de Guevara52, Xxv, V., Lafage58, C., Lara22, D. T., Larsen1, C., Lazzeroni40, Y., Le Bornec58, R., Lea60, K. S., Lee11, S. C., Lee11, F., Lef`evre27, J., Lehnert28, L., Leistam6, M., Lenhardt27, V., Lenti83, I., Le´on Monz´on93, H., Le´on Vargas28, P., L´evai7, X., Li104, R., Lietava40, S., Lindal59, V., Lindenstruth22, C., Lippmann6, M. A., Lisa23, L., Liu1, V. R., Loggins46, V., Loginov54, S., Lohn6, D., Lohner63, X., Lopez37, M., L´opez Noriega58, E., L´opez Torres2, G., Løvhøiden59, X. G., Lu63, P., Luettig28, M., Lunardon25, G., Luparello34, L., Luquin27, C., Luzzi6, K., Ma65, R., Ma4, D. M., Madagodahettige Don53, A., Maevskaya89, M., Mager6, D. P., Mahapatra80, A., Maire45, M., Malaev47, I., Maldonado Cervantes77, D., Mal’Kevich12, P., Malzacher19, A., Mamonov62, L., Manceau37, L., Mangotra48, V., Manko13, F., Manso37, V., Manzari83, Y., Mao65, Xxvi, J., Mareˇs105, Margagliotti, Giacomo, A., Margotti26, A., Mar´ın19, I., Martashvili106, P., Martinengo6, M. I., Mart´ınez75, A., Mart´ınez Davalos8, G., Mart´ınez Garc´ıa27, Y., Martynov16, A., Mas27, S., Masciocchi19, M., Masera34, A., Masoni73, L., Massacrier68, M., Mastromarco83, A., Mastroserio6, Z. L., Matthews40, A., Matyja41, D., Mayani77, G., Mazza14, M. A., Mazzoni86, F., Meddi107, A., Menchaca Rocha8, P., Mendez Lorenzo6, J., Mercado P´erez63, P., Mereu14, Y., Miake72, J., Midori108, L., Milano34, J., Milosevic59, Xxvii, A., Mischke70, D., Mi´skowiec19, C., Mitu79, J., Mlynarz46, B., Mohanty9, L., Molnar6, L., Monta˜no Zetina74, M., Monteno14, E., Montes52, M., Morando25, D. A., Moreira De Godoy81, S., Moretto25, A., Morsch6, V., Muccifora49, E., Mudnic94, H., M¨uller6, S., Muhuri9, M. G., Munhoz81, J., Munoz75, L., Musa6, A., Musso14, B. K., Nandi99, R., Nania26, E., Nappi83, C., Nattrass106, F., Navach18, S., Navin40, T. K., Nayak9, S., Nazarenko62, G., Nazarov62, A., Nedosekin12, F., Nendaz68, J., Newby109, M., Nicassio18, B. S., Nielsen44, S., Nikolaev13, V., Nikolic24, S., Nikulin13, V., Nikulin47, B. S., Nilsen67, M. S., Nilsson59, F., Noferini26, G., Nooren70, N., Novitzky32, A., Nyanin13, A., Nyatha99, C., Nygaard44, J., Nystrand1, H., Obayashi108, A., Ochirov20, H., Oeschler100, S. K., Oh11, J., Oleniacz92, C., Oppedisano14, A., Ortiz Velasquez77, G., Ortona34, A., Oskarsson71, P., Ostrowski92, I., Otterlund71, J., Otwinowski19, G., Øvrebekk1, K., Oyama63, K., Ozawa96, Y., Pachmayer63, M., Pachr50, F., Padilla34, P., Pagano82, G., Pai´c77, F., Painke17, C., Pajares30, S., Pal36, S. K., Pal9, A., Palaha40, A., Palmeri33, G. S., Pappalardo33, W. J., Park19, V., Paticchio83, A., Pavlinov46, T., Pawlak92, T., Peitzmann70, D., Peresunko13, C. E., P´erez Lara51, D., Perini6, D., Perrino18, W., Peryt92, A., Pesci26, V., Peskov6, Y., Pestov110, A. J., Peters6, V., Petr´aˇcek50, M., Petris21, P., Petrov40, M., Petrovici21, C., Petta39, Piano, Stefano, A., Piccotti14, M., Pikna61, P., Pillot27, O., Pinazza6, L., Pinsky53, N., Pitz28, F., Piuz6, D. B., Piyarathna46, Xxviii, R., Platt40, M., Płosko´n98, J., Pluta92, T., Pocheptsov43, Xxix, S., Pochybova7, P. L. M., Podesta Lerma93, M. G., Poghosyan34, K., Pol´ak105, B., Polichtchouk55, A., Pop21, V., Posp´ıˇsil50, B., Potukuchi48, S. K., Prasad46, Xxx, R., Preghenella35, F., Prino14, C. A., Pruneau46, I., Pshenichnov89, G., Puddu84, A., Pulvirenti39, V., Punin62, M., Putiˇs56, J., Putschke4, E., Quercigh6, H., Qvigstad59, A., Rachevski90, A., Rademakers6, O., Rademakers6, S., Radomski63, T. S., R¨aih¨a32, J., Rak32, A., Rakotozafindrabe36, L., Ramello76, A., Ram´ırez Reyes74, M., Rammler42, R., Raniwala111, S., Raniwala111, S. S., R¨as¨anen32, K. F., Read106, J. S., Real29, K., Redlich85, R., Renfordt28, A. R., Reolon49, A., Reshetin89, F., Rettig17, J. P., Revol6, K., Reygers63, H., Ricaud100, L., Riccati14, R. A., Ricci78, M., Richter1, Xxxi, P., Riedler6, W., Riegler6, F., Riggi39, A., Rivetti14, M., Rodr´ıguez Cahuantzi75, D., Rohr17, D., R¨ohrich1, R., Romita19, F., Ronchetti49, P., Rosinsk´y6, P., Rosnet37, S., Rossegger6, A., Rossi25, F., Roukoutakis91, S., Rousseau58, C., Roy27, P., Roy57, A. J., Rubio Montero52, Rui, Rinaldo, I., Rusanov6, E., Ryabinkin13, A., Rybicki41, S., Sadovsky55, K. ˇ., Safaˇr´ık6, R., Sahoo25, P. K., Sahu80, P., Saiz6, S., Sakai98, D., Sakata72, C. A., Salgado30, T., Samanta9, S., Sambyal48, V., Samsonov47, L., ˇs´andor38, A., Sandoval8, M., Sano72, S., Sano96, R., Santo42, R., Santoro83, J., Sarkamo32, P., Saturnini37, E., Scapparone26, F., Scarlassara25, R. P., Scharenberg112, C., Schiaua21, R., Schicker63, C., Schmidt19, H. R., Schmidt19, S., Schreiner6, S., Schuchmann28, J., Schukraft6, Y., Schutz27, K., Schwarz19, K., Schweda63, G., Scioli15, E., Scomparin14, P. A., Scott40, R., Scott106, G., Segato25, S., Senyukov76, J., Seo11, S., Serci84, E., Serradilla52, A., Sevcenco79, G., Shabratova43, R., Shahoyan6, N., Sharma5, S., Sharma48, K., Shigaki108, M., Shimomura72, K., Shtejer2, Y., Sibiriak13, M., Siciliano34, E., Sicking6, T., Siemiarczuk85, A., Silenzi15, D., Silvermyr31, G., Simonetti6, Xxxii, R., Singaraju9, R., Singh48, B. C., Sinha9, T., Sinha57, B., Sitar61, M., Sitta76, T. B., Skaali59, K., Skjerdal1, R., Smakal50, N., Smirnov4, R., Snellings51, Xxxiii, C., Søgaard44, A., Soloviev55, R., Soltz109, H., Son97, M., Song101, C., Soos6, F., Soramel25, M., Spyropoulou Stassinaki91, B. K., Srivastava112, J., Stachel63, I., Stan79, G., Stefanek85, G., Stefanini6, T., Steinbeck22, E., Stenlund71, G., Steyn64, D., Stocco27, R., Stock28, M., Stolpovskiy55, P., Strmen61, A. A. P., Suaide81, M. A., Subieta V´asquez34, T., Sugitate108, C., Suire58, M., ˇsumbera3, T., Susa24, D., Swoboda6, T. J. M., Symons98, A., Szanto de Toledo81, I., Szarka61, A., Szostak1, C., Tagridis91, J., Takahashi69, J. D., Tapia Takaki58, A., Tauro6, M., Tavlet6, G., Tejeda Mu˜noz75, A., Telesca6, C., Terrevoli18, J., Th¨ader19, D., Thomas70, J. H., Thomas19, R., Tieulent68, A. R., Timmins46, D., Tlusty50, A., Toia6, H., Torii108, L., Toscano6, F., Tosello14, T., Traczyk92, D., Truesdale23, W. H., Trzaska32, A., Tumkin62, R., Turrisi88, A. J., Turvey67, T. S., Tveter59, J., Ulery28, K., Ullaland1, A., Uras84, J., Urb´an56, G. M., Urciuoli86, G. L., Usai84, Vacchi, Andrea, M., Vala43, L., Valencia Palomo58, S., Vallero63, N., van der Kolk51, M., van Leeuwen70, P., Vande Vyvre6, L., Vannucci78, A., Vargas75, R., Varma99, M., Vasileiou91, A., Vasiliev13, V., Vechernin20, Venaruzzo, Massimo, E., Vercellin34, S., Vergara75, R., Vernet113, M., Verweij70, L., Vickovic94, G., Viesti25, O., Vikhlyantsev62, Z., Vilakazi64, O., Villalobos Baillie40, A., Vinogradov13, L., Vinogradov20, Y., Vinogradov62, T., Virgili82, Y. P., Viyogi9, A., Vodopyanov43, K., Voloshin12, S., Voloshin46, G., Volpe18, B., von Haller6, D., Vranic19, J., Vrl´akov´a56, B., Vulpescu37, B., Wagner1, V., Wagner50, R., Wan45, Xxxiv, D., Wang65, Y., Wang63, Y., Wang65, K., Watanabe72, J. P., Wessels42, U., Westerhoff42, J., Wiechula63, J., Wikne59, M., Wilde42, A., Wilk42, G., Wilk85, M. C. S., Williams26, B., Windelband63, H., Yang36, S., Yasnopolskiy13, J., Yi114, Z., Yin65, H., Yokoyama72, I. K., Yoo114, X., Yuan65, I., Yushmanov13, E., Zabrodin59, C., Zampolli6, S., Zaporozhets43, A., Zarochentsev20, P., Z´avada105, H., Zbroszczyk92, P., Zelnicek22, A., Zenin55, I., Zgura79, M., Zhalov47, X., Zhang65, D., Zhou65, A., Zichichi15, G., Zinovjev16, Y., Zoccarato68, and M., Zynovyev16
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ALICE ,multiplicity density ,mid rapidity ,Pb - Abstract
The centrality dependence of the charged-particle multiplicity density at mid-rapidity in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 2:76 TeV is presented. The charged-particle density normalized per participating nucleon pair increases by about a factor 2 from peripheral (70–80%) to central (0–5%) collisions. The centrality dependence is found to be similar to that observed at lower collision energies. The data are compared with models based on different mechanisms for particle production in nuclear collisions.
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- 2011
37. Categorization and recognition performance of a memory-impaired group: Evidence for single-system models
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Robert M. Nosofsky, Safa R. Zaki, Frederick W. Unverzagt, and Nenette M. Jessup
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Male ,Dissociation (neuropsychology) ,Models, Psychological ,Memory systems ,Alzheimer Disease ,Humans ,Memory impairment ,Geriatric Assessment ,Problem Solving ,Aged ,Memory Disorders ,Verbal Behavior ,General Neuroscience ,Retention, Psychology ,Recognition, Psychology ,Verbal Learning ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology ,Pattern Recognition, Visual ,Categorization ,Mental Recall ,Female ,Amnesia ,Neurology (clinical) ,Psychology ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated dissociations between categorization and recognition performance in amnesic patients, supporting the idea that separate memory systems govern these tasks. However, previous research has also demonstrated that these dissociations are predicted by a single-system model that allows for reasonable parameter differences across groups. Generally, previous studies have employed categorization tasks that are less demanding than the recognition tasks. In this study, we distinguish between single-system and multiple-system accounts by testing memory-impaired individuals in a more demanding categorization task. These patients, just like previous amnesic participants, show a dissociation between categorization and recognition when tested in previously employed paradigms. However, they display a categorization deficit when tested in the more challenging categorization task. The results are interpreted as support for a single-system framework in which categorization and recognition depend on one representational system. (JINS, 2003, 9, 394–406.)
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
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38. Exemplar and prototype models revisited: Response strategies, selective attention, and stimulus generalization
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Safa R. Zaki and Robert M. Nosofsky
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Cognitive science ,Linguistics and Language ,Stimulus generalization ,Categorization ,Generalization ,Similarity (psychology) ,Probabilistic logic ,Contrast (statistics) ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Cognition ,Exemplar theory ,Psychology ,Language and Linguistics - Abstract
J. D. Smith and colleagues (J. P. Minda & J. D. Smith, 2001; J. D. Smith & J. P. Minda, 1998, 2000; J. D. Smith, M. J. Murray, & J. P. Minda, 1997) presented evidence that they claimed challenged the predictions of exemplar models and that supported prototype models. In the authors’ view, this evidence confounded the issue of the nature of the category representation with the type of response rule (probabilistic vs. deterministic) that was used. Also, their designs did not test whether the prototype models correctly predicted generalization performance. The present work demonstrates that an exemplar model that includes a response-scaling mechanism provides a natural account of all of Smith et al.’s experimental results. Furthermore, the exemplar model predicts classification performance better than the prototype models when novel transfer stimuli are included in the experimental designs. A classic issue in cognitive psychology concerns the manner in which people represent categories in memory. According to prototype models (Homa, 1984; Posner & Keele, 1968; Reed, 1972), people represent categories by forming a summary representation that is a central tendency of all of the experienced members of a category. Classification decisions are based on the similarity of an item to the alternative prototypes. By contrast, according to exemplar models (Hintzman, 1986; Medin & Schaffer, 1978; Nosofsky, 1986), people represent categories by storing the individual members or exemplars of a category as separate traces and classify items based on their similarity to these stored exemplars.
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- 2002
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39. Exemplar accounts of blending and distinctiveness effects in perceptual old–new recognition
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Safa R. Zaki and Robert M. Nosofsky
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Linguistics and Language ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Language and Linguistics - Published
- 2001
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40. Dissociations Between Categorization and Recognition in Amnesic and Normal Individuals: An Exemplar-Based Interpretation
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Safa R. Zaki and Robert M. Nosofsky
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Probabilistic classification ,Dissociation (neuropsychology) ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,050109 social psychology ,Decision rule ,Memory systems ,Exemplar theory ,computer.software_genre ,050105 experimental psychology ,Categorization ,Concept learning ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Artificial intelligence ,business ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,computer ,General Psychology ,Natural language processing ,Recognition memory - Abstract
In recent work, the finding of dissociations between categorization and recognition in amnesic and normal individuals has been taken as evidence of multiple memory systems mediating these tasks. The present research provides support for the alternative idea that these dissociations can be interpreted in terms of a single-system exemplarmemory model that makes allowance for parameter differences across groups. In one experiment, a parameter change in memory sensitivity was induced by testing classification and recognition at varying delays; the results closely matched the ones observed by Knowlton and Squire (1993) for normal and amnesic participants. The exemplar model also yielded good quantitative predictions of the categorization-recognition dissociation. A second analysis demonstrated that dissociations between early versus late probabilistic classification learning and memory sensitivity were also well predicted by the single-system exemplar model. Limitations of the exemplar interpretation and future research directions are also discussed. According to exemplar models of classification, people represent categories by storing individual exemplars in memory, and classify objects based on their similarity to these stored exemplars. Exemplar models have had a great deal of success in predicting classification performance, and have compared favorably with alternatives such as prototype, feature-frequency, and simple rule-based models (for a review, see Nosofsky, 1992). An important research theme motivated by exemplar models involves the study of relations between categorization and old/ new recognition performance. Presumably, if individual exemplars are stored in memory during category learning, then that fact should be corroborated in postacquisition recognition memory tests. Indeed, in early research, single-system exemplar models were taken to task on grounds of certain dissociations between categorization and recognition performance. For example, researchers reported studies that demonstrated low correlations or lack of positive contingencies between classification and recognition, and argued that these results posed problems for single-system exemplar-memory models (e.g., Anderson, Kline, & Beasley, 1979, p. 314; Metcalfe & Fisher, 1986, p. 164; Omohundro, 1981). Nosofsky (1988), however, showed that each of the dissociations was in fact well predicted by a single-system exemplar model. The key idea was that although classification and recognition may be mediated by a single representational system involving stored exemplars, the decision rules that operate in the tasks may differ (see also Estes, 1986b; Gillund & Shiffrin, 1984; Hintzman, 1986, 1988; Medin, 1986). Consider a task in which an observer learns to classify objects into multiple categories. According to the categorization decision rule, the probability that an object is classified into a target category is based on the object’s similarity to the exemplars of the target category relative to its similarity to the objects of the contrast categories. By contrast, recognition is based on the absolute summed similarity of the object to all exemplars of all the categories. This absolute summed similarity gives a measure of familiarity, with higher familiarity values leading to higher recognition probabilities. If different decision rules are involved, dissociations between categorization and recognition could exist, even though similarity comparisons to stored exemplars are involved in both tasks. Beyond demonstrating that the dissociations were consistent with the exemplar model’s predictions, Nosofsky (1988, 1991; Shin & Nosofsky, 1992) demonstrated that the model provided good, simultaneous quantitative fits to the fine-grained classification and recognition probabilities associated with individual objects in the stimulus sets used. Thus, the ability of the exemplar model to simultaneously predict quantitative details of classification and recognition performance provided strong converging evidence in its favor.
- Published
- 1998
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41. Procedural memory effects in categorization: evidence for multiple systems or task complexity?
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Safa R. Zaki and Dave F. Kleinschmidt
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Adult ,Dissociation (neuropsychology) ,Concept Formation ,Cognitive complexity ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Procedural memory ,Young Adult ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Categorization ,Concept learning ,Task Performance and Analysis ,Humans ,Learning ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,Category structure ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
According to an influential multiple-systems model of category learning, an implicit procedural system governs the learning of information-integration category structures, whereas a rule-based system governs the learning of explicit rule-based categories. Support for this idea has come in part from demonstrations that motor interference, in the form of inconsistent mapping between response location and category labels, results in observed deficits, but only for learning information-integration category structures. In this article, we argue that this response location manipulation results in a potentially more cognitively complex task in which the feedback is difficult to interpret. In one experiment, we attempted to attenuate the cognitive complexity by providing more information in the feedback, and demonstrated that this eliminates the observed performance deficit for information-integration category structures. In a second experiment, we demonstrated similar interference of the inconsistent mapping manipulation in a rule-based category structure. We claim that task complexity, and not separate systems, might be the source of the original dissociation between performance on rule-based and information-integration tasks.
- Published
- 2013
42. Potential protective effects of trimetazidine and quercetin on isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in rats
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Mohammad I. Shaban, Abd El-Rahman A. Yaseen, Mahmoud H El-Odemi, Safa R El-Fiky, and Doaa Z Mohammad Shebl
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Antioxidant ,010405 organic chemistry ,business.industry ,Materials Science (miscellaneous) ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Trimetazidine ,Pharmacology ,Malondialdehyde ,medicine.disease_cause ,medicine.disease ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Isoprenaline ,medicine ,Myocardial infarction ,Quercetin ,business ,Saline ,Oxidative stress ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of trimetazidine (TMZ), quercetin, and their combination on isoprenaline (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction (MI) in rats. Background ISO has been found to produce MI in large doses; it generates highly cytotoxic free radicals that produce severe damage to the myocardial membrane. Pretreatment with TMZ and quercetin reduce oxidative stress induced by ISO. Materials and methods Fifty adult rats were divided into five groups (n = 10). Group 1 (control) and group 2 (ISO-treated) received normal saline orally through a orogastric tube for 14 days and subcutaneously for the last 2 days. Group 3 (quercetin–ISO treated) received quercetin (50 mg/kg; orally), group 4 (TMZ–ISO treated) received TMZ (10 mg/kg; orally), and group 5 (quercetin-treated and TMZ–ISO treated) received combined drugs for 14 days. All groups except the control group received ISO (100 mg/kg; subcutaneously) in the last 2 days. Serum separation and estimation of highly sensitive cardiac troponin-I, C-reactive protein, serum malondialdehyde, and total serum antioxidant were performed. In addition, histopathological changes of the rat heart were assessed. Results The ISO-treated group showed increased serum levels of highly sensitive cardiac troponin-I, C-reactive protein, and malondialdehyde and decreased serum levels of total serum antioxidant, pathological picture of MI by hematoxylin and eosin staining, and negative myoglobin expression. These parameters improved better in the group receiving combined drugs compared with rats receiving TMZ or quercetin alone. Conclusion The combined treatment showed better synergistic antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects compared with either treatment alone.
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- 2017
- Full Text
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43. Studies of implicit prototype extraction in patients with mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer's disease
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Safa R. Zaki, Robert M. Nosofsky, Anne F. Murphy-Knudsen, Frederick W. Unverzagt, and Stephen E. Denton
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Male ,Linguistics and Language ,Concept Formation ,Short-term memory ,Amnesia ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Neuropsychological Tests ,Language and Linguistics ,Article ,Alzheimer Disease ,Concept learning ,medicine ,Explicit memory ,Humans ,Learning ,Cognitive Dysfunction ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,Working memory ,Middle Aged ,Implicit learning ,Memory, Short-Term ,Categorization ,Task analysis ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Photic Stimulation ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Studies of incidental category learning support the hypothesis of an implicit prototype-extraction system which is distinct from explicit memory (Smith, 2008). In those studies, patients with explicit-memory impairments due to damage to the medial-temporal lobe performed normally in implicit categorization tasks (Bozoki, Grossman, & Smith, 2006; Knowlton & Squire, 1993). However, alternative interpretations are that: i) even people with impairments to a single memory system have sufficient resources to succeed on the particular categorization tasks that have been tested (Nosofsky & Zaki, 1998; Zaki & Nosofsky, 2001); and ii) working memory can be used at time of test to learn the categories (Palmeri & Flanery, 1999). In the present experiments, patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment or early Alzheimer’s disease were tested in prototype-extraction tasks to examine these possibilities. In a categorization task involving discrete-feature stimuli, the majority of subjects relied on memories for exceedingly few features, even when the task structure strongly encouraged reliance on broad-based prototypes. In a dot-pattern categorization task, even the memory-impaired patients were able to use working memory at time of test to extract the category structure (at least for the stimulus set used in past work). We argue that the results weaken the past case made in favor of a separate system of implicit-prototype extraction.
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- 2012
44. The role of gaze direction in face memory in autism spectrum disorder
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Safa R, Zaki and Shannon A, Johnson
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Adult ,Male ,Adolescent ,Recognition, Psychology ,Fixation, Ocular ,Young Adult ,Pattern Recognition, Visual ,Child Development Disorders, Pervasive ,Memory ,Face ,Humans ,Female ,Child ,Photic Stimulation - Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that the direction of gaze of target faces may play a role in reported face recognition deficits in those with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In previous studies, typically developing children and adults better remembered faces in which the eyes were gazing directly at them compared with faces in which the eyes were averted. In the current study, high-functioning children and adolescents with an ASD and age- and IQ-matched typically developing controls were shown a series of pictures of faces in a study phase. These pictures were of individuals whose gaze was either directed straight ahead or whose gaze was averted to one side. We tested the memory for these study faces in a recognition task in which the faces were shown with their eyes closed. The typically developing group better remembered the direct-gaze faces, whereas the ASD participants did not show this effect. These results imply that there may be an important link between gaze direction and face recognition abilities in ASD.
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- 2012
45. A high-distortion enhancement effect in the prototype-learning paradigm: dramatic effects of category learning during test
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Safa R. Zaki and Robert M. Nosofsky
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Speech recognition ,Concept Formation ,Transfer, Psychology ,ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Exemplar theory ,Flattening ,Discrimination Learning ,Judgment ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Distortion ,Concept learning ,Orientation ,Humans ,Perceptual Distortion ,Discrimination learning ,Problem Solving ,Abstraction (linguistics) ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Categorization ,Pattern Recognition, Visual ,Mental Recall ,Probability Learning ,Psychology ,Social psychology - Abstract
Recent research suggests that exemplar models of classification are disconfirmed by the finding of extreme prototype-enhancement effects and steep typicality gradients in a version of the prototype-learning paradigm. We argue that these results are due to learning-during-transfer effects and not to the abstraction of a prototype from the training instances. In the standard version of the paradigm, observers are flooded with multiple presentations of the prototype and its low distortions during transfer. In a modified transfer condition, we instead present multiple instances of an arbitrary high distortion and low distortions of that high distortion. An extreme “high-distortion enhancement effect” is observed. Also, there is a flattening of the typicality gradient associated with the standard patterns (prototype, low distortions, and standard high distortions). The results provide dramatic evidence of the role of learning during transfer in this task and force a reevaluation of the dominant current interpretation of the steep typicality gradient.
- Published
- 2008
46. Prototype and exemplar accounts of category learning and attentional allocation: a reassessment
- Author
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Robert M. Nosofsky, Roger D. Stanton, Andrew L. Cohen, and Safa R. Zaki
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Linguistics and Language ,Point (typography) ,Logic ,Concept Formation ,Transfer, Psychology ,Decision Making ,Flexibility (personality) ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Subject (documents) ,Cognition ,Models, Psychological ,Exemplar theory ,Language and Linguistics ,Discrimination Learning ,Categorization ,Pattern Recognition, Visual ,Concept learning ,Humans ,Attention ,Probability Learning ,Transfer of learning ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,Problem Solving ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
In a recent article. J. P. Minda and J. D. Smith (2002; see record 2002-00620-002) argued that an exemplar model provided worse quantitative fits than an alternative prototype model to individual subject data from the classic D. L. Medin and M. M. Schaffer (1978) 5/4 categorization paradigm. In addition, they argued that the exemplar model achieved its fits by making untenable assumptions regarding how observers distribute their attention. In this article, we demonstrate that when the models are equated in terms of their response-rule flexibility, the exemplar model provides a substantially better account of the categorization data than does a prototype or mixed model. In addition, we point to shortcomings in the attention-allocation analyses conducted by J. P. Minda and J. D. Smith (2002). When these shortcomings are corrected, we find no evidence that challenges the attention-allocation assumptions of the exemplar model.
- Published
- 2003
47. A hybrid-similarity exemplar model for predicting distinctiveness effects in perceptual old-new recognition
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Safa R. Zaki and Robert M. Nosofsky
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Linguistics and Language ,Concept Formation ,Decision Making ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Verbal learning ,Exemplar theory ,Language and Linguistics ,Discrimination Learning ,Judgment ,Similarity (psychology) ,Humans ,Attention ,Discrimination learning ,Communication ,business.industry ,Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition ,Pattern recognition ,Verbal Learning ,Memory, Short-Term ,Pattern Recognition, Visual ,Reading ,Face ,Word recognition ,Pattern recognition (psychology) ,Optimal distinctiveness theory ,Artificial intelligence ,Probability Learning ,business ,Psychology ,Color Perception - Abstract
In 2 sets of experiments, the authors investigated the basis for old-item distinctiveness effects in perceptual recognition, whereby distinctive old items are recognized with higher probability than are typical old items. In Experiment 1, distinctive old items were defined as those lying in isolated regions of a continuous-dimension similarity space. In this case, any beneficial effects of distinctiveness were absent or small, regardless of the structure of the test list used to assess recognition memory. In Experiment 2, distinctive items were defined as those objects containing certain discrete, individuating features. In this case, large old-item distinctive effects were observed, with the nature of the effects being modulated by the structure of the test lists. A hybrid-similarity exemplar model, combining elements of continuous-dimension distance and discrete-feature matching, was used to account for these distinctiveness effects in the recognition data.
- Published
- 2003
48. A single-system interpretation of dissociations between recognition and categorization in a task involving object-like stimuli
- Author
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Safa R. Zaki and Robert M. Nosofsky
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Cued recall ,Adult ,Male ,Dissociation (neuropsychology) ,Recall ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,Memoria ,Retention, Psychology ,Cognition ,Memory systems ,Developmental psychology ,Discrimination Learning ,Behavioral Neuroscience ,Categorization ,Pattern Recognition, Visual ,Reference Values ,Mental Recall ,Humans ,Female ,Psychology ,Problem Solving ,Recognition memory ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
In previous research (Reed, Squire, Patalano, Smith, & Jonides, 1999), amnesic patients performed at near normal levels in a categorization task involving stimuli with discrete features, but showed impaired recall of the features. These results were taken as evidence of the existence of separate memory systems for categorization and recall/recognition. The present research addresses a single-system account of this dissociation. In Experiment 1, results closely matching the dissociation pattern were obtained when normal participants' classification and recognition performance was tested either immediately or after a week delay. In addition, formal modeling of the data suggested that participants use only a few of the dimensions in the categorization task, whereas they must use many dimensions in the cued-recall task. In Experiment 2, we found that many participants could perform the categorization task without any exposure to the training sequence. These results suggest that different memory demands across the two tasks may be responsible for the observed dissociation—separate memory systems are not necessarily involved.
- Published
- 2002
49. Exemplar and prototype models revisited: response strategies, selective attention, and stimulus generalization
- Author
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Robert M, Nosofsky and Safa R, Zaki
- Subjects
Male ,Concept Formation ,Transfer, Psychology ,Reproducibility of Results ,Models, Psychological ,Generalization, Psychological ,Random Allocation ,Discrimination, Psychological ,Mental Processes ,Generalization, Stimulus ,Mental Recall ,Humans ,Attention ,Female ,Forecasting - Abstract
J. D. Smith and colleagues (J. P. MindaJ. D. Smith, 2001; J. D. SmithJ. P. Minda, 1998,2000; J. D. Smith, M. J. Murray,J. P. Minda, 1997) presented evidence that they claimed challenged the predictions of exemplar models and that supported prototype models. In the authors' view, this evidence confounded the issue of the nature of the category representation with the type of response rule (probabilistic vs. deterministic) that was used. Also, their designs did not test whether the prototype models correctly predicted generalization performance. The present work demonstrates that an exemplar model that includes a response-scaling mechanism provides a natural account of all of Smith et al.'s experimental results. Furthermore, the exemplar model predicts classification performance better than the prototype models when novel transfer stimuli are included in the experimental designs.
- Published
- 2002
50. Category variability, exemplar similarity, and perceptual classification
- Author
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Safa R. Zaki, Andrew L. Cohen, and Robert M. Nosofsky
- Subjects
Motivation ,Visual perception ,Qualitative evidence ,media_common.quotation_subject ,education ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Cognition ,Developmental psychology ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Section (category theory) ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Categorization ,Perception ,Similarity (psychology) ,Visual Perception ,Humans ,Baseline (configuration management) ,Psychology ,Cognitive psychology ,media_common - Abstract
Experiments were conducted in which observers learned to classify simple perceptual stimuli into low-variability and high-variability categories. Similarities between objects were measured in independent psychological-scaling tasks. The results showed that observers classified transfer stimuli into the high-variability categories with greater probability than was predicted by a baseline version of an exemplar-similarity model. Qualitative evidence for the role of category variability on perceptual classification, which could not be explained in terms of the baseline exemplar-similarity model, was obtained as well. Possible accounts of the effects of category variability are considered in the General Discussion section.
- Published
- 2002
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