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The paper continues the study of the population ageing in the regions of the Northwestern Federal District. It characterized population ageing based on prospective ageing indicators that take into account remaining life expectancy. The dynamics of life expectancy (LE) at birth was analyzed. A computation and comparative analysis of the old age threshold for the regions that are part of the Northwestern Federal District have been carried out. A comparative analysis of ageing indicators - traditional and prospective (the proportion of the elderly and the share of the population above the old age threshold) was carried out. It has been found that there are no fundamental differences in the dynamics of life expectancy in older ages, as well as in the of old age threshold, between the regions considered. It is shown that for the male population in almost all regions in 2021, the value of the old age threshold is below 60 years, while for the female population the opposite inequality is observed. Thus, in 2021, the share of men over the old age threshold exceeds the proportion of the elderly in almost all regions considered, and for the female population, the share of the elderly is expected to be higher than the values of the prospective indicator.

When studying the process of population ageing, much attention is invariably paid to mortality and its generalizing characteristic, life expectancy (LE). The dynamics of LE of men and women at older ages in the regions of the North-Western Federal District has been analyzed. It is shown that in all the regions considered, in all considered older ages, life expectancy decreased at the beginning of the reform period, then from the beginning of the 2000s it grew until 2019, after which it decreased. It has been shown that there are no principal differences between the male and female populations in the character of the dynamics of LE at older ages, but there is a significant gap in the value of life expectancy at older ages between them. It is shown that there are no fundamental differences in the dynamics of life expectancy at older ages between the regions considered. The largest decrease in LE at older ages after 2019 took place just in those regions where the largest increase in LE was observed in the period from the beginning of the 2000s to 2019. Both the relative increase and the relative decrease in life expectancy rise with age for both men and women.

Studies of old-age mortality are an important part of demography, especially the demography of ageing. Demographic development of Russia is characterized by heterogeneity including regional differences in mortality. The aim of the paper is to analyze the dependence of mortality at old-age groups on socio-economic indicators. The study is conducted using methods of regression analysis; the units of observation are the regions of the Russian Federation, the explained variable is the mortality rate of male (female) population at older (60+) ages standardized by the population-age structure. As a result, the significant socio-economic factors, explaining the differences of mortality rates in the regions of the Russian Federation, were identified.

In the paper a number of issues, including conceptual ones, related to the specific features of making statistical decisions, choosing tests and computing characteristics that will strengthen the evidence base of the conclusions obtained when analyzing data using methods of mathematical statistics, are considered. The paper aims not to describe the methods of mathematical statistics themselves, but to analyze the conditions and the need to apply the most common tests. In particular, the magnitude of the indicator of the statistical significance of the observed effects - p-value - and the sample size to obtain a significant effect are discussed, the effect of multiple comparisons, the application of the Bayesian approach, and others are considered.

Dynamics of life expectancy at birth (LE0) and at older ages has been analyzed and the contribution of older ages (60+) to the life expectancy changes has been estimated for greatest Russian megacities Moscow and Saint-Petersburg. The contributions of aggregated age groups to differences of LE0 values for Moscow and Saint-Petersburg have been studied. It has been found, in particular, that the increase in life expectancy at older ages makes a significant contribution to the LE0 growth.

The paper is the second part of the series of two articles on demographic aspects of population aging in Saint-Petersburg in 1990-2010/2014 compared to the situation in the Russian Federation as a whole. In the first part, the situation with population aging in Saint-Petersburg and Russia was considered based on traditional aging measures. In the second part, a number of prospective aging measures that take account of remaining life expectancy are studied, such as Prop. RLE 15 (proportion of population with remaining life expectancy 15 years or less), POADR (prospective old-age dependency ratio), population average remaining years of life (PARIL). Prospective aging indicators are compared with their traditional analogues. Gender imbalance of prospective aging measures has been considered.

The paper represents the first part of the series of two articles on demographic aspects of population aging in Saint-Petersburg in 1990-2010 compared to the situation in the Russian Federation as a whole. In the first part, the situation with the population aging in Saint-Petersburg and Russia is considered based on traditional aging measures - the proportion of elderly in the total population, aging index, old age dependency rate and the parents support ratio. In the second part, a number of prospective aging indicators that take account of remaining life expectancy, will be studied. The analysis also includes the consideration of gender imbalance of aging indicators. Accelerating of population aging in Saint-Petersburg and Russia leads to a new demographic situation requiring a number of economic and socially oriented measures.

Demographic aspects of gender differences in aging characteristics for Russian Federation and Saint-Petersburg, the greatest non-metropolitan Russian megalopolis, for the period 1990-2009 have been considered. Differences in the number and proportions of the elderly in the male and female populations, gender gap in life expectancies, gender differences in aging indicators which take account of remaining years of life have been examined. Results of the study demonstrate significant gender differences in aging characteristics. Gender imbalance should be taken into account when elaboration effective demographic, social and economic policies.

The paper aims at analyzing major topics in the demography of aging and related fields in Russia and the world.

St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, NWB of RAMS, 3 pr. Dinamo, St. Petersburg 197110; For St. Petersburg, aging issues are of great importance as values of many aging indicators for St. Petersburg are higher than for Russia as a whole. Taper aims at analyzing the dynamics of life expectancy at older ages and comparing traditional (proportion of the elderly, average age, median age) and new (proportion of population with a remaining life expectancy 15 years or less, population average remaining years of life) aging indicators for St. Petersburg in 1990-2006.

The paper aims at comparative analysis of future trends of population ageing in Russia and Ukraine. The UN Population Prospects (The 2004 Revision) and probabilistic projections for Russia and Ukraine up to the year 2050 are analyzed. A number of ageing characteristics (proportions of the population aged 65+ and 80+, old age dependency ratio, median age) are considered.

Regional differences in ageing characteristics in Russia have been studied. A number of ageing characteristics (e.g. the proportion of population aged 60 or over, ageing index, old-age dependency ratio) have been computed for Russia and Federal Districts based on the 2002 census data. A significant regional differentiation of ageing process has been demonstrated. All considered ageing characteristics have minimal values for The Far East Federal District and maximal--for The Central Federal District. Regional heterogeneity should be taken into account when elaborating effective socio-economic policies.

Population ageing, an increase in the proportion of elderly, is a worldwide process. Having numerous economic, social and political consequences, population ageing has now risen to the top of developed nations' agendas. The evolution of ageing characteristics during 1970-2000 for Saint-Petersburg and their future trends have been considered. Comparisons with characteristics of ageing for Russia have been done. Special attention has been paid to gender disparities of ageing characteristics.

The paper aim is making a comparative analysis of demographic forecasts for Russia and Ukraine till the 30-th of the 21-st century published in the last decade. More than ten forecasts made by different scientific centres and demographers have been considered, each of them in turn consisting of several variants. Some authors' projections have been also included.

"A concept of instability as an integral measure for estimating [the] age structure of real and stable populations is substantiated. A system of instability indices is suggested [that] permits estimating the effect of external conditions and internal factors of population reproduction on the age structure." The geographical focus is on the USSR. (SUMMARY IN ENG), (excerpt)