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Abstract Sleep plays an essential role in improving the quality of life of people living with HIV (PLWH); however, sleep traits in this population are not well studied. This study aims to evaluate the sleep traits and related associated factors among PLWH in Iran. A nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted with 1185 PLWH who attended Voluntary Counseling and Testing centers in 15 provinces in Iran between April 2021 and March 2022. The Berlin Obstructive Sleep Apnea questionnaire, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Insomnia Severity Index were used. A two-step clustering method was employed to identify the number of sleep clusters in PLWH. Prevalence of poor sleep quality, sleepiness and insomnia were 49.6%, 21.15% and 42.7% respectively. Three sleep trait clusters were identified: I. minor sleep problems (45.6%); II. Snoring & sleep apnea (27.8%), and III. poor sleep quality and insomnia (26.7%). Age (Odds Ratio (OR) 1.033, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.017–1.050), academic education (OR 0.542, 95% CI 0.294–0.998) and HIV duration were associated with being in Snoring & sleep apnea cluster, while age (OR = 1.027, 95% CI 1.009–1.040) was associated with being in Poor sleep quality and insomnia cluster. PLWH with depression had higher odds of being in Poor sleep quality and insomnia cluster, and those with anxiety had higher odds of being in Snoring & sleep apnea cluster and Poor sleep quality and insomnia cluster. A significant proportion of PLWH have poor sleep quality, sleepiness, and insomnia. The identification of three distinct sleep trait clusters underscores the need for increased attention and tailored interventions to address the specific sleep issues experienced by PLWH.

Background: Age is a strong risk factor for increasing the risk of severity and death from Covid-19. The risk of hospitalization for Covid-19 disease increases with age. Since the elderly constitute a large proportion of Covid-19 patients, the present study was performed to evaluate the severity of the disease in the hospitalized elderly due to Covid-19 and the delay in hospitalization and death resulting from it, for better disease management. Methods: The present retrospective cohort study was performed on 444 elderly patients with Covid-19 admitted from 1 April until late October 2020 in Baharloo Hospital in Tehran, Iran. After being diagnosed using the results of RT-PCR and CT scan, patients, were divided into 3 groups: moderate, severe and very severe based on the severity of the disease. Analysis of variance was used to compare quantitative data and a chi-square test was used to examine qualitative variables in disease groups. Results: From 444 elderly participants in the study, 73% were infected moderately, 15% severely, and 12% had a very severe form. The mean age was 72.90±8.42 and patients with a very severe form of the disease (75.68±8.28) were older. The average time from the onset of symptoms to hospitalization was 7 days. In the elderly with a very severe form of the disease, respiratory dyspnea (P=0.002) and decreased level of consciousness (P