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This meta-analysis examines the efficacy of the cognitive behavioral approach to interventions toward the improvement of executive function for children/ adolescents with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (HF-ASD). This meta-analysis paper has identified ten studies involving 437 participants with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder aged between 5 and 18. All the participants reported IQs were at or above 70. A random effect meta-analysis yielded a moderately significant effect (Hedge g = 0.72) with significant heterogeneity [Q(10) = 228.36, p < .001]. There were considerable variations in the executive function domain, i.e., working memory (hedge g = 1.23) and inhibition (g = 0.47), showing significant treatment effects. On the other hand, cognitive flexibility (g = -0.51) and planning (g = -0.07) show non-significant effects toward cognitive behavioral interventions. The finding suggests that the cognitive behavioral approach to intervention demonstrates efficacy in improving executive function in children or adolescents with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. All the cognitive behavioral intervention studies were conducted in developed countries, so differences between the approaches between developed and developing countries were inconclusive. Future studies are needed to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral techniques in intervention for low-functioning autism spectrum disorder children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Revelation and improvement of a modern sedate is generally known as an awfully complex handle which takes a parcel of time and assets. So presently a day computer helped medicate design approaches are used very broadly to extend the productivity of the drug discovery and improvement course. Various approaches of CADD are assessed as promising techniques concurring to their require, in between all these structure-based sedate plan and ligand-based drug plan approaches are known as exceptionally efficient and effective procedures in sedate revelation and development. These both strategies can be applied with atomic docking to virtual screening for lead recognizable proof and optimization. Within the recent times computational apparatuses are broadly utilized in pharmaceutical businesses and investigate ranges to improve viability and viability of drug discovery and advancement pipeline. In this article we deliver an outline of computational approaches, which is innovative prepare of finding novel leads and help within the prepare of medicate disclosure and development inquire about. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethosomes are novel ethanolic phospholipid vesicles which are significantly used for the transdermal drug delivery. Ethanol is an efficient permeation enhancer which is used in ethosomes about 20-45%. These are non-invasive in nature and have emerged as an area of active research interest because they significantly lead to enhanced skin penetration, improvement in drug delivery, increased drug entrapment efficiency it can deliver both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs efficiently. Increased patient compliance etc. The drug penetrates the skin surface and gets absorbed by two phases i.e., the ethanol effect and ethosomes effect. Ethosomes are predominantly being used over liposomes because of their greater penetration rate which is attributed to the high concentration of ethanol. Hence it is an active area of research. The primary aim of the review is to provide a comprehensive account on the methods of preparation, properties, characterization, advantages and applications of ethosomes in the management of several skin diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Trigonella foenum-graecum L (Fenugreek) is an annual herb, mainly cultivated for its seed as well as for its sprouts. Pharmacological investigations reported anti-bacterial, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-diarrheal, anti-hypercholesteremic, and antiinflammatory activities of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Aim: The purpose of this study was to accentuate on formulation of granules and investigate the effect of germinated Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (TFG) granules in Diabetes mellitus (DM) rats induced by streptozotocin as fenugreek retains hypoglycemic property. Materials and Methods: Granules of germinated TFG powder were arranged by means of several excipients comprising diverse amounts of super disintegrants by (wet) granulation method and proceed for the solid dosage form evaluation. Further, in-vivo study was performed in STZ induced DM Wister rats for four weeks. TFG granules 1600mg/kg and Glibenclamide 0.45 mg/kg (as a positive control for comparison) were orally administrated and evaluate the diabetics in rats. Results: All evaluation parameter are correct: as in standard tablet. The STZ (Streptozotocin) induced rats the treatment with the Drug (Glibenclamide) and TFG granules significantly lowered the blood plasma glucose levels by 36% (mean ± SD glucose 120 ± 0.6 mg/dL ( p < 0.001)) and 38% (mean ± SD glucose 114 ± 0.4 mg/dL; p < 0.001) respectively after 4 weeks of treatment when compared to T2DM (Type 2 Diabetes mellitus) rats. Conclusion: Experimental studies had shown that bioactive compounds found in Trigonella Foenum graceum herb have potential to cure diabetes especially due to the presence of unique chemical constituent including trigonelline, galactomannan and amino acid 4-hydroxy isoleucine. These findings suggested that TFG granules may be an alternative medicine for the management of DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): Invasomes are nano-sized vesicular systems made of ethanol, soybean phosphatidylcholine and terpenes that promote skin penetration by disrupting the lipoidal structure of stratum corneum, interacting with the matrix proteins and augmenting the partitioning of the drug moiety in the skin layer. Curcumin is a well-known bright yellow coloured polyphenol which is produced by the plants of curcuma long class belonging to family Zingiberaceae. It is being used in the therapeutic field since ancient times for the treatment of several diseases. It is a complex molecule with substantial activity against a number of ailments. Despite having a number of health benefits, curcumin's limited water solubility and poor skin penetration are the major barriers in its transdermal application. Materials and Methods: In present research work, terpenoid invasomal nano vesicles of curcumin were prepared using mechanical dispersion process with eucalyptol as the permeation enhancer. The prepared invasomal formulations were characterised and optimised in terms of entrapment efficiency, vesicle size, in vitro drug release, ex vivo permeation and skin retention analysis. Results: The transmission electron microscope confirmed the presence of spherical-shaped vesicles with a vesicle size of 461.57± 1.38 nm and 80.54 ± 0.38 % entrapment efficiency. In vitro release kinetics conformed well with Higuchi kinetic model for release. Ex vivo study confirmed that the curcumin permeation across the pig ear skin from the optimised formulation was 2.5 times higher than curcumin solution and had a flux of 179.44±0.26 µg/cm2/h. Conclusion: The study suggests that invasomes have a high potential for transdermal administration of curcumin which can increase the topical utility of curcumin in several skin diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ilmenite concentrates obtained from beach sand in the eastern coast of India have been treated by plasma smelting to produce TiOg containing slag and pig iron. Petroleum coke has been used as the reductant and parameters such as amount of reductant, effect of power input and slag characteristics have been varied. In some cases, the slag was flowable but In other cases, it was not. Characterization of the slag by physical methods have been tried. The presence of suboxides of titanium (Ti2O3) hindered the flowabilty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Encapsulating selegiline with P-gp inhibitor in lipid nanocarrier. • Enhanced permeation of selegiline across duodenum. • Examination of permeation depth of LNC via confocal study to evaluate in vivo prospect of LNC. • Improvement in the behavioural activities of rats. In the present study, SEL was loaded in a lipid nanocarrier (LNC) formulation with a P-gp pump inhibitor i.e., Quercetin (QUR) for improving the bioavailability of the SEL in the brain via the oral route. SEL-QUR LNC was formulated using modified emulsiosonication method and optimized using central composite rotatable design (CCRD) design. The results showed that optimized SEL-QUR LNC formulation was spherical with globule size, polydispersity index, entrapment efficiency and zeta potential within the range of 92.46–95.34 nm, 0.239–0.248, 88.94–91.26%, and −6.21 to −7.75 mV respectively. A 4-fold and 6-fold increase was observed in the permeation of SEL from SEL-QUR LNC across the gut sac in comparison with SEL-QUR and SEL suspensions respectively. CLSM images showed 2-fold deeper permeation of SEL across intestinal membrane demonstrating excellent in vivo prospect of the formulation. The behavioural studies including forced swimming, muscle coordination, locomotor activity, akinesia, and catalepsy were performed in the haloperidol-induced PD rats that demonstrated increased efficacy of the formulation in contrast to the SEL-QUR and SEL suspensions. These studies concluded that developed LNC formulation loaded SEL with P-gp inhibitor had the potential in improving bioavailability of SEL in the brain via oral route. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The pathogenesis of hepatic diseases involves several cells, which complicates the delivery of pharmaceutical agents. Many severe liver diseases affecting the worldwide population cannot be effectively treated. Major hindrances or challenges are natural physiological barriers and non-specific targeting of drugs administered, leading to inefficient treatment. Hence, there is an earnest need to look for novel therapeutic strategies to overcome these hindrances. A kind of literature has reported that drug safety and efficacy are incredibly raised when a drug is incorporated inside or attached to a polymeric material of either hydrophilic or lipophilic nature. This has driven the dynamic investigation for developing novel biodegradable materials, drug delivery carriers, target-specific drug delivery systems, and many other novel approaches., Objective: Present review is devoted to summarizing receptor-based liver cell targeting using different modified novel synthetic drug delivery carriers. It also highlights recent progress in drug targeting to diseased liver mediated by various receptors, including asialoglycoprotein, mannose and galactose receptor, Fc receptor, low-density lipoprotein, glycyrrhetinic, and bile acid receptor. The essential consideration is given to treating liver cancer targeting using nanoparticulate systems, proteins, viral and non-viral vectors, homing peptides and gene delivery., Conclusion: Receptors based targeting approach is one such approach that was explored by researchers to develop novel formulations which can ensure site-specific drug delivery. Several receptors are on the surfaces of liver cells, which are highly overexpressed in various disease conditions. They all are helpful for the treatment of liver cancer., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)