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Background. Late diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection contributes to its spread and becomes an obstacle to achieving the goal of early treatment. Aim. To conduct an epidemiological analysis of factors associated with late diagnosis of HIV infection. Material and methods. The study included data from 348 patients over 18 years of age living in Kazan, who were diagnosed with HIV infection for the first time in 2019. The proportion of patients with late diagnosis of HIV infection was determined. The criteria for late diagnosis were the level of CD4+-lymphocytes less than 200 cells/mm3 and/or the presence of 4 HIV stage (stage of secondary diseases) at the time of diagnosis. The assessment of the influence of probable factors on the timeliness of diagnosis was carried out using binary logistic regression. The regression model included data from 307 people who managed to determine the timeliness of diagnosis. For each factor, odds ratios were calculated (unadjusted based on the results of univariate analysis, adjusted based on the results of multivariate analysis), as well as their 95% confidence intervals. Results. Late diagnosis of HIV infection was noted in 32.6% of cases. Examination for clinical indications was associated with late diagnosis in comparison with examination for preventive purposes (adjusted odds ratio 2.427, 95% confidence interval 1.1844.973). The age of 50 years and older was associated with late diagnosis compared with patients 3049 years of age (adjusted odds ratio 3.348, 95% confidence interval 1.5427.265).The chances of late diagnosis under the age of 30 years are 5 times lower than in the 3049 year old group (adjusted odds ratio 0.200, 95% confidence interval 0.0720.556). The odds of late diagnosis are significantly higher among people who become infected through parenteral transmission through injecting drug use compared to those who become infected through sexual (heterosexual) transmission (adjusted odds ratio 2.012, 95% confidence interval 1.0423.885). Conclusion. In order to control the spread of HIV infection in the population, it is necessary to increase the coverage of HIV screening testing for all population groups, especially the older age group and injecting drug users.

Background. The impact of stress on the central serous chorioretinopathy development has been studied in a small number of studies, and the results are conflicting. Aim. To assess the association of the level of individual stress with the central serous chorioretinopathy development. Material and methods. A cross-sectional study based on a survey of 110 patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (the main group) and 110 individuals without central serous chorioretinopathy was conducted. The stress level was assessed on the Perceived Stress Scale. Quantitative and categorical data between the groups were compared. Comparison of groups by quantitative indicator was performed using the MannWhitney U-test, and by categorical indicator using the odds ratio and its 95% confidence intervals. Results. The groups of respondents were comparable according to the main demographic indicators. The median total score for the Overstrain subscale in the central serous chorioretinopathy group was 12 points (Q25%Q75% 9.2514 points), in the control group 10 points (Q25%Q75% 712 points; p=0.0002). The median total score for the Stress Response subscale in the central serous chorioretinopathy group was 7 points (Q25%Q75% 58 points), in the control group it was 4 points (Q25%Q75% 37 points; p=0.000003). In the group with central serous chorioretinopathy, compared with the control group, the proportion of people with moderate stress level was higher (74.5% vs. 53.6%; odds ratio 2.53, 95% confidence interval 1.434.48) and the proportion of people with low stress level was lower (19.1% vs. 45.5%; odds ratio 0.28, 95% confidence interval 0.150.52). Conclusion. The study demonstrated the association of stress with the development of central serous chorioretinopathy.

Фольклор как сокровищница русского народа используется во всех формах работы с дошкольниками, в том числа на занятиях по физической культуре, помогая находить новые формы развития двигательных способностей у детей и позволяя им проявить инициативу в двигательной активности. На практике физические упражнения в сочетании с фольклором используются педагогами сравнительно мало, в основном на физкультурных занятиях игрового типа, спортивных и обрядовых праздниках.

Context: It should be noted that one of the most important functions of using the native language in foreign language lessons is translation from the native language into a foreign language and vice versa. Goal: This study is aimed at studying the positive and negative aspects of using the translation method in foreign language lessons. Design: The study also used an online survey and statistical research. Moreover, it discusses the role and history of translation in teaching a foreign language, the object of research is the process of teaching foreign languages. The subject of the study is the place, functions, advantages and disadvantages of translation and its systemic representation in mastering a foreign language. Environment and participants: To achieve this goal, the following main tasks are solved in the study: 1. Conducting a survey on "Technical universities and philological universities in the use of translation exercises" among teachers of foreign languages 2. Conducting a study among students of a technical specialized university based on the results of a survey, {"references":["Baker, M. (1992) In Other Words—A Coursebook on Translation. Routledge, London and New York, 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203327579","Canagarajah, S. (2011) Translanguaging in the classroom: emerging issues for research and pedagogy. Applied Linguistics Review 2 (1), 28. doi:10.1515/9783110239331.1.","Common European competences of foreign language proficiency. Study, education, assessment / Council of Europe. - M., 2003.","Cook, G. (2010) Translation in Language Teaching: An Argument for Reassessment. Oxford University Press, Oxford. (p.177-200) https://www.worldcat.org/title/translation-in-language-teaching-an-argument-for-reassessment/oclc/795701125","Druce P. M. (2012) Attitudes to the use of L1 and translation in second language teaching and learning / Journal of Second Language Teaching and Research, 2(1), 60–86. http://www.llas.ac.uk/news/6652","Duff, P. and C.G. Polio. (1990) How much foreign language is there in the foreign language classroom? Modern Language Journal, 74(2), 154–66. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1990.tb02561","García, O. and C.E. Sylvan. (2011) Pedagogies and practices in multilingual classrooms: singularities in pluralities. The Modern Language Journal, 95 (3:))385–400. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.2011.01208.x","Hebbani A., Obijiofor L., Bristed H. (2010) Intercultural Communication Challenges Confronting Female Sudanese Former Refugees in Australia, ARAS Vol.31 No.1, June","Karimian Z., Talebinejad R. (2013) Students' Use of Translation as a Learning Strategy in EFL Classroom, Journal of Language Teaching and Research 4(3) DOI:10.4304/jltr.4.3.605-610","Leontev A.N. (1977) Some questions of the psychology of teaching speech in a foreign language / Psycholinguistics and teaching Russian to non-Russians, pp. 5-13.","Liao P. (2006) EFL Learners' Beliefs about and Strategy Use of Translation in English Learning, RELC Journal 37(2) DOI:10.1177/0033688206067428","Passov E.I. (1977) Fundamentals of methods of teaching foreign languages, p. 216","Pulkina I.M. (1962) To the question of the development of the Soviet methodology of teaching the Russian language to foreigners / Russian language in the national school, No. 5.","Saeed, M. A., Ghazali, K., Suffian Sahuri, S., & Abdulrab, M. (2018). Engaging EFL learners in online peer feedback on writing: What does it tell us? Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 17,39-61. https://doi.org/10.28945/3980","Shinta Sari B. Analysis on negative transfer of the students' writing compositions, [ 56] conference proceeding 2nd IC-Ling: \"Current Issues on Linguistics, Literature, Translation, and Language Teaching; https://www.researchgate.net/publication","Stepanova M.M. (2010) The use of modern information technologies in teaching a foreign language in the master's program of a non-linguistic university // Questions of teaching methods at a university: a collection of articles, Issue. 13. - pp. 273-277.","Ter-Minasova S.G. (2012) Translation problems: Mission Impossible? // Bulletin of the Moscow University. - Ser. 19. Linguistics and intercultural communication, No. 2., P. 9"]}