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Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of the death of teenagers in the United States. Young drivers have shown a higher propensity to get involved in crashes due to using a cellphone while driving, breaking the speed limit, and reckless driving. This study analyzed motor vehicle crashes involving young drivers using New Jersey crash data. Specifically, four years of crash data (2016–2019) were gathered and analyzed. Different machine learning (ML) methods, such as Random Forest, Light GBM, Catboost, and XGBoost, were used to predict the injury severity. The performance of the models was evaluated using accuracy, precision, and recall scores. In addition, interpretable ML techniques like sensitivity analysis and Shapley values were conducted to assess the most influential factors' impacts on young driver-related crashes. The results revealed that XGBoost performed better than Random Forest, CatBoost, and LightGBM models in crash severity prediction. Results from the sensitivity analysis showed that multi-vehicle crashes, angular crashes, crashes at intersections, and dark-not-lit conditions had increased crash severity. A partial dependence plot of SHAP values revealed that speeding in clear weather had a higher likelihood of injury crashes, and multi-vehicle crashes at the intersection had more injury crashes. We expect that the results obtained from this study will help policymakers and practitioners take appropriate countermeasures to improve the safety of young drivers in New Jersey.

Intracellular assemblies play vital roles in maintaining cellular functions through structural recognition‐mediated interactions. The introduction of artificial structures has garnered substantial interest in modulating cellular functions via activation/inhibition interactions with biomacromolecules. However, the cellular uptake of these high‐molecular‐weight structures may limit their performance. Recently, intracellular chemical‐reaction‐induced self‐assembly has emerged as a promising strategy for generating in situ nanostructures with biofunctionalities for interacting with biomacromolecules. This approach addresses the challenge of synthetic reactions occurring in complex intracellular environments by utilizing diverse chemical reactions that respond to endogenous and exogenous stimuli. This review provides an overview of the latest advancements in intracellular chemical‐reaction‐induced self‐assembly techniques. It focuses on their responsiveness to specific endogenous conditions, such as redox environments and overexpressed enzymes. Additionally, the initiation of chemical reactions through exogenous stimuli, including chemical reagents and irradiation is explored. Polymerization‐induced hydrophobicity is highlighted, leading to self‐assembly into micro‐/nanostructures. These processes contribute to the in situ construction of synthetic materials with diverse morphologies, offering versatile functionalities for biological applications.

Organic fluorescent probes have attracted attention for bioimaging due to their advantages, including high sensitivity, biocompatibility, and multi-functionality. However, some limitations related to low signal-to-background ratio and false positive and negative signals make them difficult for in situ target detection. Recently, organelle targeting self-assembled fluorescent probes have been studied to meet this demand. Most of the dye molecules suffer from a quenching effect, but, specifically, some dyes like Pyrene, Near-Infrared (NIR), Nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD), Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), Naphthalenediimides (NDI), and Aggregation induced emission (AIE) show unique characteristics when they undergo self-assembly or aggregation. Therefore, in this review, we classified the molecules according to the dye type and provided an overview of the organelle-targeting strategy with an emphasis on the construction of fluorescent nanostructures within complex cellular environments. Results demonstrated that fluorescent probes effectively target and localized inside the organelles (mitochondria, lysosome, and golgi body) and undergo self-assembly to form various nanostructures that possess bio-functionality with long retention time, organelles membrane disruption/ROS generation/enzyme activity suppression ability, and enhanced photodynamic properties for anticancer treatment. Furthermore, we systematically discussed the challenges that remain to be resolved for the high performance of these probes and mentioned some of the future directions for the design of molecules.

This paper disseminates our research findings that we conducted on university students in the years 2021, 2022, and 2023, with the year 2021 taken as the base year. Our research mined and excavated a concealed prevalence of social anxiety as an important and crucial facet of study anxiety in the university students of Pakistan. Using the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS), we found a significant increase in the social anxiety level among university students in the past three years after the COVID-19 lockdown. Our data showed that the ‘very severe anxiety’ level soared up to 52.94% in the year 2023 from just 5.98% in the year 2021, showing a net increase of 47.06%. Statistical analyses demonstrate noteworthy differences in the overall social anxiety levels among the students, reaching significance at the 5% level and a discernable upward trend in the social anxiety levels as study anxiety. We also employed predictive analytics, including binary classifiers and generalized linear models with a 95% confidence interval, to identify individuals at risk. This study highlights a dynamic shift with escalating social anxiety levels among the university students and thus emphasizing its awareness, which is significantly important for the timely intervention, potentially preventing symptom escalation and improving outcomes.

Aim: The focus of the education was to assess the success between localanesthetic infiltration injection and inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia in extraction of Chronic periodontitis mandibular posterior teeth. Methods: 100 patients aged between 13 and 73 years who attended the Department of Dental surgery, BIRDEM General Hospital for extraction of advance periodontitis of mandibular molars were included in this study. For the infiltration anesthetic technique, patient’s approval was taken. The patients were equally divided into two groups. Group (1) received 0.6 ml out of 1.8 ml of 2% lidocaine with 1:80000 adrenaline injection bucally and the same amount infiltration lingually opposite the intended tooth. Group (2) received 1.5 ml out of 1.8 ml of 2% lidocaine with 1:80000 and the remaining 0.3 ml was injected for long buccal nerve anesthesia. Results: In this Study we found 88% patients were pain free and Group-2 94% patients were pain free During extraction of Advance periodontitis of mandibular molars. P-value was 0.138 and it was not < 0.05. So it was not significant. On the other side 103 patients out of 113 were pain free in male and 79 patients out of 87 were pain free in female and 6 patients out of 87 were feeling pain during tooth extraction of advance periodontitis of mandibular molars. P-value was 0.138 and it was not < 0.05. So it was not significant. Conclusion: Infiltration anesthesia for non-vital mandibular molars is effective as a substitute for inferior alveolar block technique. Update Dent. Coll. j: 2020; 10 (1): 13-15

Mandibular defects may occur from maxillofacial injury, inflammatory disease, benign or malignant tumour resections and osteoradionecrosis. Mastication, speech and facial disfigurement are often severely compromised without reconstruction leading to poor quality of life. The goal of mandibular reconstruction is to restore facial form and function, repair of mandibular continuity and soft tissue reanimation. Implant insertion should be feasible to allow occlusal rehabilitation and if possible the inferior alveolar nerve function should be restored. Mandibular reconstruction principles and techniques have evolved dramatically over the years. Refinements in techniques continue to improve patient quality of life. This paper reviews short history, current techniques and few promising future endevours related to mandibular reconstruction. Update Dent. Coll. j: 2019; 9 (2): 50-54

Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of linea alba buccalis in Bangladeshi population. Objective: To study the prevalence of frictional keratosis encompassed by the particular age groups with and without parafunctional habits. Background: Linea alba buccalis is a thickened whitish line on the buccal mucosa at the horizontal of the occlusal plane extending from the corners of the mouth to the posterior teeth. It is usually correlated with the frictional activity of the teeth and may be emphasized by cheek biting or parafunction. The appearance is caused by a keratosis of the epithelial tissue, which cannot be rubbed off. It is asymptomatic and is frequently present bilaterally. The condition does not require treatment. Logic: Linea alba buccalis being common finding, it may also found in individuals who chew tobacco, a thorough analysis of the prevalence along with the various contributing factors would assist in prompt treatment and prevent further complications. Update Dent. Coll. j: 2019; 9 (2): 17-19

Background: Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) generically known as Aspirin is an analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and also an antiplatelet drug. In order to avoid excessive bleeding and to be on the safer side, dentists have traditionally advised their patients to stop taking aspirin before extraction of teeth although this surgical procedure can be done without cessation of aspirin intake. Objective: The purpose of the study was to assess the necessity of interrupting aspirin therapy prior to dental extraction. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in November 2015 at outpatient department of dentistry, BIRDEM Hospital, Dhaka. Sample of 50 patients who took low dose aspirin (75mg) once daily were purposely selected for this study. The blood pressure of all the subjects was recorded preoperatively. The extractions were done atraumatically under local anesthesia using 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine. A gelatin sponge piece was placed in socket and closed by atraumatic silk. The subjects were instructed to apply pressure pack with sterile gauze for 30 min. Evaluation was done in every 10 minutes for 30 minutes. Results: Among 50 patients, 82.0% patients were suffering from IHD. Simple extraction was done in 92.0% of patients while the remaining extractions were done surgically. 68% was managed by pressure pack and gelatin sponge while 26.0% were managed by pressure pack only. According to Post-extraction bleeding, it was found that the bleeding time was 10 min in case of 94% patients while only 2% showed 30 minutes of bleeding time. Conclusion: The study revealed that it is not necessary to alter or stop aspirin therapy and local hemostatic measures are sufficient to control bleeding. Therefore it can be assumed that extraction can be done without cessation of low dose aspirin and avoiding the life threatening issues. Update Dent. Coll. j: 2019; 9 (1): 32-36

We present a case of reconstruction of a bony defect due to the excision of recurrent mandibular odontogenic keratocyst in a 45 years old diabetic male. Free vascularized fibular composite graft was taken from the contra lateral lower leg to reconstruct the defect. A two team approach consisting of plastic and maxillofacial (MF) surgeon was adopted. The functional and aesthetical outcome was satisfactory and bone healing occurred without any major complication. IMC J Med Sci 2017; 11(2): 70-72

Aim: This prospective observational study was conducted to find out “delay of starting adequate treat- ment” as a prognosis predictor of head and neck space infections. Material and method:50 patients were selected purposively with inclusion criteria of presence of head and neck space infections. The exclusion criteria was presence of any other co-morbid diseases. After proper evaluation and diagnosis, adequate treatment was provided. Structured questioner method was used to collect data related to delay of starting of treatment and outcome of disease. Result: In this prospective observational study, caries was the most frequent cause of space infection. Time elapsed in between starting of symptoms and initiation of adequate treatment (timing of starting treatment) was 8.52(±6.689) days. This delay of starting treatment causing increased recovery time significantly (P= < 0.001 level). However, there was no correlation in between delay of starting treat- ment and number of involved space infection but later has impact on recovery time. Conclusion: Information about delay of starting treatment and number of involved spaces can be used as a prognosis predictor in HNSI. Update Dent. Coll. j: 2018; 8 (1): 41-44

In this paper, A 23 year old married woman who was diagnosed as a case of giant condyloma acuminatum of vulva measuring about 15 x 8 x 3 cm, irregular surface with multiple projections, oval in shape, firm to hard in consistency, mildly tender, exophytic, cauliflower like growth involving the whole vulva (lower part of mons pubis, labia, vestibule, clitoris, around vaginal opening). Another multiple small lesions were present at perineal region but there was no inguinal lymphadenopathy. She underwent a combined electro cauterization and cryotherapy for small to moderate size multiple primary and recurrent warty lesions and wide surgical excision with fasciocutaneous advancement flaps procedure for a giant lesions in the vulva. Excisional biopsies were performed to detect potential malignancy but malignancy was not found histologically. The patient was advised to first follow-up 1 month after operation when multiple small warty lesions were developed and treated and the subsequent follow-ups for 3 months.

A 41 year old multiparous lady, with previous history of one cesarean section presented at her 24 weeks of gestation with frank hematuria. The case was diagnosed as placenta previa percreta with the bladder involvement by ultrasound doppler and confirmed by MR urogram. So, peripartum hysterectomy was planned. On opening of the abdomen, a hugely distended bladder was found, which when retracted engorged blood vessels were found over the lower segment of uterus. Baby was delivered by giving a transverse incision in the upper segment. By keeping placenta in situ, total abdominal hysterectomy was done with quick successive clamping. Severe per-operative bleeding was occurred. Bladder irrigation started following total abdominal hysterectomy. Continuous small clots were coming out through catheter. A large old blood clot was removed by cystostomy done by an urologist. A sprouting vessel and a linear injury were noticed at the base of the bladder. The vessel was ligated and the injury was repaired. After proper hemostasis, the abdomen was closed in layers. The patient was shifted to ICU. Patient developed complications like MI, watery diarrhoea, low grade fever which was managed accordingly. She was discharged healthy on her 19th post-operative day.