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Smoking during pregnancy has negative effects on both maternal and fetal health. One of these negative maternal effects is the potential for depression. A high rate of cigarette smoking in pregnancy is an important public health issue since it affects not only the pregnant woman but also the newborn and its healthy development. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between smoking, influencing factors, and depression prevalence in pregnant Syrian refugees and pregnant citizens of the Republic of Turkey (TR). Pregnant citizens in the TR and pregnant Syrian refugees who were registered at health centers between 15.04.2017 and 15.10.2017 in the border city of Ceylanpınar in the Province of Şanlıurfa in Syria were visited in their living areas in the district center and at a tent village, respectively. A total of 414 pregnant women agreed to participate in the study and were included in the survey. To collect data for the cross-sectional study, a sociodemographic and pregnancy characteristics questionnaire was used, in addition to the Fageström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The rate of smoking in all pregnant women was determined to be 49.3% (n = 204) before pregnancy and 37.9% (n = 157) during pregnancy. A statistically significant difference was found between age groups and educational status in relation to smoking status (p = 0.005, p = 0.001). There was also a statistically significant difference between the smoking status of pregnant women and that of their partners and family members (p = 0.001, p = 0.002). The percentage of pregnant women who were passive smokers was 80.2% (n = 332), and a statistically significant difference was found between passive smoking and smoking status (Fisher; 0.000). The presence of risk for depression was detected in 49.8% (n = 206) of all pregnant women surveyed; the rate of depression risk was 50.5% (n = 104) in pregnant TR citizens and 49.5% (n = 102) in pregnant refugees, with no significant difference between the two groups. There was a statistically significant difference between smoking status in pregnancy and the presence of depression risk (p = 0.001). 32.5% of pregnant women were highly nicotine dependent. A moderate positive correlation was determined between the FTND and BDI scores of pregnant women (r = 0.346; p = 0.001). It was found that one-third of all pregnant women smoked and that one of every two showed a risk for depression. A statistically significant correlation was found between smoking status and risk for depression. No statistically significant difference was determined between the two groups, despite high levels of smoking, nicotine dependence, and depression in both. These data suggest the need to develop new preventive strategies in regard to smoking among pregnant women.

Aims of Study: To compare a novel oxidative stress biomarker dynamic thiol/disulphide homoeostasis between patients with lung tuberculosis and healthy controls., Methods: Our study included 50 patients with active lung tuberculosis and 50 healthy controls. Serum thiol/disulphide was measured with a new automated spectrometric method developed and results were compared statistically., Results: We found that native and total thiol levels were significantly decreased in patients with lung tuberculosis, disulphide/native thiol and disulphide/total thiol levels were found to be higher in lung tuberculosis patients when compared with the control group. However, disulphide levels were higher in the control group than in the patient group., Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, it can be said that oxidative stress is closely associated with lung tuberculosis pathogenesis. There is a need for new studies that will show the possible effects of oxidative stress on lung tuberculosis pathogenesis., (© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is responsible for up to 85% of deaths associated with lung cancer. Chemotherapy is still an important treatment method on the treatment of inoperable cases. In this study, the anticancer properties of a series of Schiff bases were tested on the A549 cell line representing NSCLC., Methods: Fluorinated Schiff bases (compounds 1-6) were synthesized based on 2-amino phenylhydrazines and benzaldehydes containing fluorine were used. The cytotoxic effects of the compounds on the A549 cell line were determined by colorimetric MTT assay and the antiproliferative effects of the compounds on the A549 cell line by the CFSE method. To demonstrate the development of apoptosis, cleaved caspase-3 expression in cells was tested using the immunofluorescence method. Morphological changes indicating apoptosis in cells were determined by histopathological staining methods (H & E, giemza, PAP)., Results: The strongest cytotoxic effect on A549 lung cancer cells was obtained with compound 6 (IC50: 0.64 μM) containing 5 fluorine atoms. The strongest antiproliferative effect on A549 cells was achieved with compound 5 (PI: 4.95) carrying 2 fluorine atoms. Apoptosis induction was effective in cell death. In addition to cleaved caspase-3 expression, chromatin condensation, marginalization, and apoptotic bodies were observed in the cells., Conclusion: Some of the compounds tested showed high cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects, indicating that these compounds could be potential chemotherapeutic agent candidates for lung cancer. The result of immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical analysis showing that the cytotoxic effects have been induced by apoptosis is an important advantage., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Sak et al. Published by Tehran University of Medical Sciences.)

Objective: Forced migration caused by wars has led to regression in health parameters, including tuberculosis. This study aims to determine the relationship between living area, family type and the number of contacts among refugees and Turkish citizens diagnosed with tuberculosis., Method: This study was designed using retrospective file scanning. A total of 194 patients with diagnosed TB were included in this study. In addition, patients' addresses were visited and their family lifestyles and living areas were recorded., Results: Of 194 patients in the age range of 1-72 years (mean = 31.15, SD = 15.16), 98 patients were refugees. The number of contacts among refugees was 549, and their total living area was 7,740 m 2 . A total of 57 refugees lived in a communal living situation, and their average living area was significantly lower than that of Turkish citizens. Statistical significance was observed between family lifestyle and habitats. This was found due to the difference between nuclear families and communal living situations., Conclusion: Tuberculosis was found to infect more people in war-related living conditions. This situation is caused by communal living, which refers to people who are not blood relatives living together; this is new information. Communal life should be taken into account in the contact examination of refugees for tuberculosis, and the obstacles to reach health services for refugees living outside of camps should be examined.

Ojective: To investigate respiratory health problems related to pesticide exposure in the inhabitants of agricultural areas., Material and Methods: This study included 252 participants prior to pesticide application and 66 participants from the first group after pesticide application across four cotton farms. Symptom questionnaires were filled out by participants and respiratory function tests were measured before and after pesticide exposure. In addition, PM 10 , PM 2.5 , air temperature, and humidity were measured in all four farming villages before and after pesticide administration., Results: PM 10 and PM 2.5 levels were significantly increased after pesticide application. After pesticide application, all participants' nose, throat, eye, and respiratory complaints increased significantly. Expected forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) percentage values decreased significantly. The rates of FVC and FEV1 values lower than 80% were 23.5% and 22%, espectively, before pesticide application, and this rate increased to 42.4% and 43.1%, respectively, after pesticide application. There was a significant negative correlation between PM 10 levels and FVC, FEV1, and PEF values. After PM 2.5 pesticide application, the risk of experiencing burning in the mouth, nose, and throat increased by 2.3-fold (OR: 2.316), 2.6-fold for burning symptoms in the eyes (OR: 2.593), 2.1-fold for wheezing (OR: 2.153), and 2.2-fold for chest tightness (OR: 2.211). With increased PM 10 levels, the risk of chest tightness increased 1.1-fold (OR: 1.123)., Conclusions: After pesticide administration, the respiratory health of the participants deteriorated. Performing pesticide applications in agriculture with harmless methods is the most important measure to be taken to protect public health.

Objectives: Displacement, for whatever reason, is an urgent situation that affects both the migrant and the migratory society in a holistic manner, and that especially hurts Middle Eastern societies. Studies show that health problems experienced as a result of immigration are important in terms of cost reduction and quality of life. This study aimed to investigate chest diseases (CD) among refugees living in a tent camp and Turkish citizens living in the district Şanlıurfa Ceylanpınar which is located in the South East of the Turkey., Materials and Methods: A retrospective registry-scan type study was performed between January 2015 and December 2015. The extent of this study is the citizens of Turkish Republic and refugees who applied to Şanlıurfa Ceylanpınar State Hospital CD Policlinic and Annex Building CD Policlinic and Emergency Polyclinic. The study has been divided into two groups as Refugees and Turkish citizens, the data of patients who were referred to the Chest Diseases Policlinic and Emergency Polyclinic for chest complaints were recorded. The diagnoses of chest diseases in both groups were compared. Patients who presented with a chest complaint but did not have any diagnosis were sent for further psychiatric evaluation with regard to anxiety. Tuberculosis, which is an important public health problem, was also studied in detail., Results: In total; 455,882 patients were admitted to the Şanlıurfa Ceylanpınar State Hospital center and Annex Building Chest Diseases Policlinic and Emergency Polyclinic with chest complaints. Pneumonia, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were found to occur more frequently in refugees from the tent camp than in Turkish citizens. Anxiety was higher among Turkish Citizens in patients who had a chest complaint but did not receive any diagnosis., Conclusion: Refugees living in tent camps and Turkish citizens living in the same area were found to have similar results in terms of respiratory diseases, including tuberculosis. Physiological and psychological effects of war were expected to be high in refugees because they were affected by immigration; however, they were no different than the physiological and psychological effects noted in local people. These data suggest that the local people as well as current immigrants may be psychologically affected., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.