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1. Network Technologies for SDM

Author

Klaus, Werner, Sakaguchi, Jun, Puttnam, Benjamin J., Kikuchi, Nobuhiko, Lee, Yong, Tanaka, Kenichi, Lotsch, H.K.V., Founding Editor, Rhodes, William T., Editor-in-Chief, Adibi, Ali, Series Editor, Asakura, Toshimitsu, Series Editor, Hänsch, Theodor W., Series Editor, Krausz, Ferenc, Series Editor, Masters, Barry R., Series Editor, Midorikawa, Katsumi, Series Editor, Venghaus, Herbert, Series Editor, Weber, Horst, Series Editor, Weinfurter, Harald, Series Editor, Kobayashi, Kazuya, Series Editor, Markel, Vadim, Series Editor, Nakazawa, Masataka, editor, Suzuki, Masatoshi, editor, Awaji, Yoshinari, editor, and Morioka, Toshio, editor

Published
2022
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2. Optical Transmission Technologies

Author

Morita, Itsuro, Hirooka, Toshihiko, Takara, Hidehiko, Awaji, Yoshinari, Fukuchi, Kiyoshi, Igarashi, Koji, Koga, Masafumi, Miyamoto, Yutaka, Mizuno, Takayuki, Nakazawa, Masataka, Puttnam, Benjamin J., Sakaguchi, Jun, Sano, Akihide, Tsuritani, Takehiro, Yamashita, Shinji, Lotsch, H.K.V., Founding Editor, Rhodes, William T., Editor-in-Chief, Adibi, Ali, Series Editor, Asakura, Toshimitsu, Series Editor, Hänsch, Theodor W., Series Editor, Krausz, Ferenc, Series Editor, Masters, Barry R., Series Editor, Midorikawa, Katsumi, Series Editor, Venghaus, Herbert, Series Editor, Weber, Horst, Series Editor, Weinfurter, Harald, Series Editor, Kobayashi, Kazuya, Series Editor, Markel, Vadim, Series Editor, Nakazawa, Masataka, editor, Suzuki, Masatoshi, editor, Awaji, Yoshinari, editor, and Morioka, Toshio, editor

Published
2022
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4. Transmission of 273.6 Tb/s Over 1001 km of 15-Mode Multi-Mode Fiber Using C-Band Only 16-QAM Signals

Author

van den Hout, Menno, Di Sciullo, Giammarco, Luis, Ruben S., Puttnam, Benjamin J., Fontaine, Nicolas K., Ryf, Roland, Chen, Haoshuo, Mazur, Mikael, Neilson, David T., Sillard, Pierre, Achten, Frank, Mefleh, Ali, Sakaguchi, Jun, Antonelli, Cristian, Okonkwo, Chigo, Furukawa, Hideaki, Rademacher, Georg, van den Hout, Menno, Di Sciullo, Giammarco, Luis, Ruben S., Puttnam, Benjamin J., Fontaine, Nicolas K., Ryf, Roland, Chen, Haoshuo, Mazur, Mikael, Neilson, David T., Sillard, Pierre, Achten, Frank, Mefleh, Ali, Sakaguchi, Jun, Antonelli, Cristian, Okonkwo, Chigo, Furukawa, Hideaki, and Rademacher, Georg

Abstract

In recent years, space-division multiplexing (SDM) has been proposed and investigated as a technique to increase the per-fiber capacity in order to cope with the ever-increasing demand for capacity in optical transmission networks. Considering the various SDM architectures proposed, multi-mode fibers potentially allow for the highest spatial channel density, but current demonstrations have been limited to mostly short-distance high-mode count or long-distance low-mode count transmission. In this work, we transmit 15 modes × 184 wavelength channels × 24.5 GBd PDM-16-QAM signals, spanning the full C-band, over 1001 km of 15-mode multi-mode fiber. The resulting net data rate of 273.6 Tb/s is the highest reported data rate in long-distance multi-mode fiber transmission and results in a record capacity-distance product of 273.9 Pb/s · km for multi-mode transmission. This was achieved by using mode multiplexers with low mode-dependent loss (MDL) and insertion loss, as well as a 15-mode fiber optimized for a low differential mode delay (DMD) transmission regime.

Published
2024

6. Experimental Analysis of Receiver Failure For 19-Core Randomly Coupled Core Fibre Transmission

Author

van den Hout, Menno, primary, Ospina, Ruby S. B., additional, Luís, Ruben S., additional, Puttnam, Benjamin J., additional, Di Sciullo, Giammarco, additional, Hayashi, Tetsuya, additional, Inoue, Ayumi, additional, Nagashima, Takuji, additional, Gross, Simon, additional, Ross-Adams, Andrew, additional, Withford, Michael J., additional, Sakaguchi, Jun, additional, Mello, Darli A. A., additional, Antonelli, Cristian, additional, Furukawa, Hideaki, additional, Okonkwo, Chigo, additional, and Rademacher, Georg, additional

Published
2024
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7. Causal inference between indoor dampness and adverse health effects

Author

Hasegawa Kenichi, Mitamura Teruaki, Kagi Naoki, Sakaguchi Jun, Shiraishi Yasuyuki, and Shinohara Naohide

Subjects
Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract

Indoor dampness can promote the establishment of microbes in indoor environments, and as such, controlling dampness is important for maintaining a healthy indoor environment. Here, an index is proposed for evaluating indoor dampness based on checking for visible condensation, mold in living rooms and bedrooms, and moldy odors indoors. In this evaluation method, eight items related to visible condensation, presence of mold, and moldy odors are assigned a maximum score of 3 points; the total score (a maximum of 24 points) is then used as an index for the degree of dampness. We classified the total score into four rankings based on quartiles. Rank 4 represents the lowest rank and was assigned to houses that had the most severe levels of indoor dampness. We hypothesized that the lower the rank, the higher the incidence of sick housing syndrome (SHS) would be among young children. To clarify whether there was an association between child SHS and indoor dampness, we conducted an Internet-based cross-sectional survey on children aged 4–12 years. This study first identified potential confounding variables for exposure to indoor dampness using a directed acyclic graph. The results indicated that the higher the degree of dampness, the higher the health risk was for ocular, nasal, and throat symptoms. Dose-response relationships between indoor dampness and SHS were presented using the dampness index proposed in this study.

Published
2023
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9. Multi-Calorons Revisited

Author

Nakamula, Atsushi and Sakaguchi, Jun

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Theory, Mathematical Physics
Abstract

Analytic Nahm data is re-examined for SU(2) calorons, or periodic instantons, of instanton charge 2. The Nahm equations are solved analytically in terms of Jacobi elliptic functions and the possible matching conditions are classified. The dimensions of framed moduli space for charge 2 caloron is enumerated and the maximal parameter, which is 16 for charge 2, case is identified. The monopole and instanton limits are also considered. It is found that the Nahm data which does not correspond to the standard monopoles plays significant role for calorons., Comment: 29 pages, 3 figures, published version

Published
2009
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13. Transmission of 273.6 Tb/s Over 1001 km of 15-Mode Multi-Mode Fiber Using C-Band Only 16-QAM Signals

Author

Hout, Menno van den, Sciullo, Giammarco Di, Luis, Ruben S., Puttnam, Benjamin J., Fontaine, Nicolas K., Ryf, Roland, Chen, Haoshuo, Mazur, Mikael, Neilson, David T., Sillard, Pierre, Achten, Frank, Mefleh, Ali, Sakaguchi, Jun, Antonelli, Cristian, Okonkwo, Chigo, Furukawa, Hideaki, and Rademacher, Georg

Abstract

In recent years, space-division multiplexing (SDM) has been proposed and investigated as a technique to increase the per-fiber capacity in order to cope with the ever-increasing demand for capacity in optical transmission networks. Considering the various SDM architectures proposed, multi-mode fibers potentially allow for the highest spatial channel density, but current demonstrations have been limited to mostly short-distance high-mode count or long-distance low-mode count transmission. In this work, we transmit 15 modes × 184 wavelength channels × $24.5 \,\mathrm{GBd}$ PDM-16-QAM signals, spanning the full C-band, over $1001 \,\mathrm{km}$ of 15-mode multi-mode fiber. The resulting net data rate of $273.6 \,\mathrm{Tb}/\mathrm{s}$ is the highest reported data rate in long-distance multi-mode fiber transmission and results in a record capacity-distance product of 273.9 Pb/s$\cdot$km for multi-mode transmission. This was achieved by using mode multiplexers with low mode-dependent loss (MDL) and insertion loss, as well as a 15-mode fiber optimized for a low differential mode delay (DMD) transmission regime.

Published
2024
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15. Randomly Coupled 19-Core Multi-Core Fiber with Standard Cladding Diameter

Author

Rademacher, Georg, primary, van den Hout, Menno, additional, Luís, Ruben S., additional, Puttnam, Benjamin J., additional, Di Sciullo, Giammarco, additional, Hayashi, Tetsuya, additional, Inoue, Ayumi, additional, Nagashima, Takuji, additional, Gross, Simon, additional, Ross-Adams, Andrew, additional, Withford, Michael J., additional, Sakaguchi, Jun, additional, Antonelli, Cristian, additional, Okonkwo, Chigo, additional, and Furukawa, Hideaki, additional

Published
2023
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16. 273.6 Tb/s Transmission Over 1001 km of 15-Mode Fiber Using 16-QAM C-Band Signals

Author

Van Den Hout, Menno, primary, Di Sciullo, Giammarco, additional, Rademacher, Georg, additional, Luís, Ruben S., additional, Puttnam, Benjamin J., additional, Fontaine, Nicolas K., additional, Ryf, Roland, additional, Chen, Haoshuo, additional, Mazur, Mikael, additional, Neilson, David T., additional, Sillard, Pierre, additional, Achten, Frank, additional, Sakaguchi, Jun, additional, Antonelli, Cristian, additional, Okonkwo, Chigo, additional, and Furukawa, Hideaki, additional

Published
2023
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17. Transmission of 273.6 Tb/s Over 1001 km of 15-Mode Multi-Mode Fiber Using C-Band Only 16-QAM Signals

Author

Hout, Menno van den, primary, Sciullo, Giammarco Di, additional, Luís, Ruben S., additional, Puttnam, Benjamin J., additional, Fontaine, Nicolas K., additional, Ryf, Roland, additional, Chen, Haoshuo, additional, Mazur, Mikael, additional, Neilson, David T., additional, Sillard, Pierre, additional, Achten, Frank, additional, Mefleh, Ali, additional, Sakaguchi, Jun, additional, Antonelli, Cristian, additional, Okonkwo, Chigo, additional, Furukawa, Hideaki, additional, and Rademacher, Georg, additional

Published
2023
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18. Hyperfine Structure Measurements of Antiprotonic Helium and Antihydrogen

Author

Widmann, Eberhard, Eades, John, Hayano, Ryugo S., Hori, Masaki, Horvath, Dezso, Ishikawa, Takashi, Juhazs, Bertalan, Sakaguchi, Jun, Torii, Hiroyuki A., Yamaguchi, Hidetoshi, Yamazaki, Toshimitsu, Beig, R., editor, Ehlers, J., editor, Frisch, U., editor, Hepp, K., editor, Hillebrandt, W., editor, Imboden, D., editor, Jaffe, R. L., editor, Kippenhahn, R., editor, Lipowsky, R., editor, Löhneysen, H. v., editor, Ojima, I., editor, Weidenmüller, H. A., editor, Wess, J., editor, Zittartz, J., editor, Karshenboim, Savely G., editor, Bassani, F., editor, Pavone, F.S., editor, Inguscio, M., editor, and Hänsch, T.W., editor

Published
2001
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23. Large capacity and wideband transmission over SDM fibers

Author

Rademacher, Georg, primary, Puttnam, Benjamin J., additional, Luis, Ruben S., additional, Klaus, Werner, additional, Sakaguchi, Jun, additional, Ryf, Roland, additional, Heide, Sjoerd v., additional, Fontaine, Nicolas K., additional, Chen, Haoshuo, additional, Essiambre, Rene-Jean, additional, Awaji, Yoshinari, additional, and Furukawa, Hideaki, additional

Published
2021
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24. Highly Spectral Efficient C + L-Band Transmission Over a 38-Core-3-Mode Fiber

Author

Rademacher, Georg, primary, Puttnam, Benjamin J., additional, Luis, Ruben S., additional, Sakaguchi, Jun, additional, Klaus, Werner, additional, Eriksson, Tobias A., additional, Awaji, Yoshinari, additional, Hayashi, Tetsuya, additional, Nagashima, Takuji, additional, Nakanishi, Tetsuya, additional, Taru, Toshiki, additional, Takahata, Taketoshi, additional, Kobayashi, Tetsuya, additional, Furukawa, Hideaki, additional, and Wada, Naoya, additional

Published
2021
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26. Multi-Span Transmission over 65 km 38-Core 3-Mode Fiber

Author

Rademacher, Georg, primary, Puttnam, Benjamin J., additional, Luis, Ruben S., additional, Sakaguchi, Jun, additional, Klaus, Werner, additional, Eriksson, Tobias A., additional, Awaji, Yoshinari, additional, Hayashi, Tetsuya, additional, Nagashima, Takuji, additional, Nakanishi, Tetsuya, additional, Taru, Toshiki, additional, Takahata, Taketoshi, additional, Kobayashi, Tetsuya, additional, and Furukawa, Hideaki, additional

Published
2020
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27. Air exchange rates and advection–diffusion of CO2 and aerosols in a route bus for evaluation of infection risk.

Author

Shinohara, Naohide, Tatsu, Koichi, Kagi, Naoki, Kim, Hoon, Sakaguchi, Jun, Ogura, Isamu, Murashima, Yoshiko, Sakurai, Hiromu, and Naito, Wataru

Subjects
BUS travel, FOREIGN exchange rates, MICROBIOLOGICAL aerosols, AEROSOLS, PUBLIC transit, RISK assessment, AIR filters, BUS transportation
Abstract

As COVID‐19 continues to spread, infection risk on public transport is concerning. Air exchange rates (ACH) and advection–diffusion of CO2 and particles were determined in a route bus to evaluate the infection risk. ACH increased with bus speed whether windows were open or closed, and ACH were greater when more windows were open. With two open windows, ACH was greater when a front and rear window were open than when two rear windows were open. With both front and rear ventilation fans set to exhaust, ACH was more than double that when both were set to supply. With air conditioning (AC) off, CO2 and particles spread proportionally at the same rate from a source, whereas with the AC on, the spread rate of particles was about half that of CO2, because particles might be trapped by a prefilter on the AC unit. Infection risk can be reduced by equipping AC unit with an appropriate filter. Calculations with a modified Wells–Riley equation showed that average infection risk was reduced by 92% in the moving bus with windows open comparing to with windows closed. When the bus was moving with windows closed, exhaust fan operation reduced the average risk by 35%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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29. 10.66 Peta-Bit/s Transmission over a 38-Core-Three-Mode Fiber

Author

Rademacher, Georg, primary, Puttnam, Benjamin J., additional, Luís, Ruben S., additional, Sakaguchi, Jun, additional, Klaus, Werner, additional, Eriksson, Tobias A., additional, Awaji, Yoshinari, additional, Hayashi, Tetsuya, additional, Nagashima, Takuji, additional, Nakanishi, Tetsuya, additional, Taru, Toshiki, additional, Takahata, Taketoshi, additional, Kobayashi, Tetsuya, additional, Furukawa, Hideaki, additional, and Wada, Naoya, additional

Published
2020
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33. Hyperfine Structure Measurements of Antiprotonic Helium and Antihydrogen

Author

Widmann, Eberhard, primary, Eades, John, additional, Hayano, Ryugo S., additional, Hori, Masaki, additional, Horvath, Dezso, additional, Ishikawa, Takashi, additional, Juhazs, Bertalan, additional, Sakaguchi, Jun, additional, Torii, Hiroyuki A., additional, Yamaguchi, Hidetoshi, additional, and Yamazaki, Toshimitsu, additional

Published
2001
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34. Polarization equalization in optical vector network analysis for SDM fiber characterization

Author

Rommel, Simon, Van Weerdenburg, John, Tafur Monroy, Idelfonso, Wada, Naoya, Delgado Mendinueta, Jose Manuel, Klaus, Werner, Sakaguchi, Jun, Vegas Olmos, Juan Jose, Koonen, Ton, Awaji, Yoshinari, Okonkwo, Chigo, Rommel, Simon, Van Weerdenburg, John, Tafur Monroy, Idelfonso, Wada, Naoya, Delgado Mendinueta, Jose Manuel, Klaus, Werner, Sakaguchi, Jun, Vegas Olmos, Juan Jose, Koonen, Ton, Awaji, Yoshinari, and Okonkwo, Chigo

Abstract

Precise characterization of space division multiplexing fibers is a key requirement for their further development and deployment in the field. Optical vector network analysis allows to measure all linear parameters of such fibers in a single, fast acquisition over a large bandwidth. As the reference arm of the optical vector network analyzer must approximately match the length of the measured fiber, additional fiber must be introduced when measuring longer fibers. This results in the polarization of the reference arm varying with wavelength over the sweep range employed in the measurement. The resulting fading of the recorded interference signal produces severe distortions of the measurement and hence must be compensated for. This work introduces a simple equalization technique to compensate for this fading, based on introducing a polarizer in the reference path and recording a fraction of the polarized reference as a correction signal. Applying the inverse of the correction signal to the recorded signal, the impact of the polarization fading is almost entirely removed, as are the corresponding measurement distortions. The proposed technique is validated in the measurement of a 39-core few-mode multi-core fiber, significantly improving measurement of wavelength dependent insertion loss.

Published
2019

35. Enhanced modal dispersion estimation enabled by chromatic dispersion compensation in optical vector network analysis

Author

van Weerdenburg, John, Rommel, Simon, Mendinueta, Jose Manuel Delgado, Klaus, Werner, Sakaguchi, Jun, Vegas Olmos, Juan Jose, Koonen, Ton, Awaji, Yoshinari, Monroy, Idelfonso Tafur, Okonkwo, Chigo, Wada, Naoya, van Weerdenburg, John, Rommel, Simon, Mendinueta, Jose Manuel Delgado, Klaus, Werner, Sakaguchi, Jun, Vegas Olmos, Juan Jose, Koonen, Ton, Awaji, Yoshinari, Monroy, Idelfonso Tafur, Okonkwo, Chigo, and Wada, Naoya

Abstract

Component characterization is fundamental for understanding the limits of optical devices, sub-systems, and transmission systems. With the introduction of space division multiplexing in optical fiber transmission systems, new impairments, such as mode dependent loss and differential mode dispersion arise. Spatially-diverse optical vector network analyzers are capable of measuring these characteristics in a fast single sweep over a very large bandwidth. As a result of this large bandwidth, these analyzers are sensitive to differential chromatic dispersion within the interferometric measurement setup. This study discusses the influence and compensation of differential chromatic dispersion in such systems. Partial chromatic dispersion compensation is demonstrated to improve the representation and accuracy of impulse response measurements obtained from optical vector network analyzers for fibers and components with large differential chromatic dispersion. Analysis of a 39-core few-mode multi-core fiber is discussed, reporting variances of −2.9–0.1 ps/nm, and 0.6–6.9 ps/nm for the two mode groups, respectively, between the few-mode cores. A correlation with the total impulse response is observed. Furthermore, a maximum propagation skew of 20 ns between cores is observed after 13.6 km.

Published
2019

36. Chromatic dispersion analysis and compensation in a large core-count few-mode multi-core fiber based on optical vector network analysis

Author

van Weerdenburg, John, Rommel, Simon, Delgado Mendinueta, Jose Manuel, Klaus, Werner, Sakaguchi, Jun, Vegas Olmos, Juan Jose, Koonen, Ton, Awaji, Yoshinari, Tafur Monroy, Idelfonso, Okonkwo, Chigo, Wada, Naoya, van Weerdenburg, John, Rommel, Simon, Delgado Mendinueta, Jose Manuel, Klaus, Werner, Sakaguchi, Jun, Vegas Olmos, Juan Jose, Koonen, Ton, Awaji, Yoshinari, Tafur Monroy, Idelfonso, Okonkwo, Chigo, and Wada, Naoya

Abstract

Chromatic dispersion in a large core-count 3-mode fiber is analyzed, observing up to 0.75 ps/(nm km) variations between mode groups. Furthermore, digital CD compensation is shown to relax the stringent path length matching required in such systems.

Published
2019

38. Enhanced Modal Dispersion Estimation Enabled by Chromatic Dispersion Compensation in Optical Vector Network Analysis

Author

van Weerdenburg, John, primary, Rommel, Simon, additional, Mendinueta, Jose Manuel Delgado, additional, Klaus, Werner, additional, Sakaguchi, Jun, additional, Vegas Olmos, Juan Jose, additional, Koonen, Ton, additional, Awaji, Yoshinari, additional, Monroy, Idelfonso Tafur, additional, Okonkwo, Chigo, additional, and Wada, Naoya, additional

Published
2019
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42. Chromatic Dispersion Analysis and Compensation in a Large Core-Count Few-Mode Multi-Core Fiber Based on Optical Vector Network Analysis

Author

van Weerdenburg, John, primary, Rommel, Simon, additional, Mendinueta, José Manuel Delgado, additional, Klaus, Werner, additional, Sakaguchi, Jun, additional, Olmos, Juan José Vegas, additional, Koonen, Ton, additional, Awaji, Yoshinari, additional, Monroy, Idelfonso Tafur, additional, Okonkwo, Chigo, additional, and Wada, Naoya, additional

Published
2019
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45. Measurement of modal dispersion and group delay in a large core count few-mode multi-core fiber

Author

Rommel, Simon, Mendinueta, Jose Manuel Delgado, Klaus, Werner, Sakaguchi, Jun, Olmos, Juan Jose Vegas, Awaji, Yoshinari, Monroy, Idelfonso Tafur, Wada, Naoya, Rommel, Simon, Mendinueta, Jose Manuel Delgado, Klaus, Werner, Sakaguchi, Jun, Olmos, Juan Jose Vegas, Awaji, Yoshinari, Monroy, Idelfonso Tafur, and Wada, Naoya

Abstract

In this work, the impulse response of a 39-core 3-mode fiber is measured and analyzed, finding durations of 0.6 ns-3.0 ns, with total group delay varying by 17 ns between cores and observing largely different modal dispersion and wavelength dependence of propagation delay.

Published
2018

46. Impulse Response of a 36-Core Few-Mode Photonic Lantern Hybrid Spatial-Multiplexer

Author

Rommel, Simon, Mendinueta, José Manuel Delgado, Klaus, Werner, Sakaguchi, Jun, Vegas Olmos, Juan José, Awaji, Yoshinari, Tafur Monroy, Idelfonso, and Wada, Naoya

Abstract

Space division multiplexing (SDM) using fibers with multiple cores and/or supporting multiple modes has become an essential technology to support Pbit/s transmissions in a single fiber [1,2]. Despite significant mode-mixing in few-mode fibers (FMF), the original signals can be recovered through multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) equalization, provided mode-dependent loss (MDL) is small [3]. Furthermore, modescrambling at the transmitter improves tolerance to MDL and maximizes system capacity if all supported modes are used to transmit information [3]. Thus, the MDL and mode mixing properties of spatial multiplexers (SMUXs) are important. In this work, we characterize the impulse response of a 36-core three-mode photonic lantern SMUX, similar to [4], with no mode selectivity, coupled to 2.9m 36-core three-mode fiber including a splice, using a spatially diverse optical vector network analyzer (SDMOVNA). Each mode group was identified and significant mode-mixing was found at the splice. The SDM-OVNA setup is a swept-wavelength interferometer as shown in Fig. 1(a), using time multiplexing with fiber delays for separation of device responses from different paths and thus allowing full characterization of one photonic lantern in a single sweep [5]. The measurement of the 36 photonic lanterns yields a 6×6 time domain response for each core, as shown inFig. 1(b). Reduced 3×3 matrices as shown in Fig. 1(c) and (d) are obtained when summing over the four possible polarization paths between an input-output pair. Comparing these across the 36 cores of the fiber, two groups with different behavior are identified: i) three peaks are visible within the time response matrix entries as in Fig. 1(c), ii) two additional peaks located between the extreme and central peaks are visible as inFig. 1(d). The groups of cores are found to be in opposite halves of the fiber, as highlighted in Fig. 1(e), showing a camera image of the cleaved fiber facet. Analysis of their relative delays and comparison with the known fiber differential mode delay [2] allows identification of mode groups and mode-mixing paths, showing significant mode mixing to take place at the multicore few-mode fiber splice. Furthermore, insertionloss and MDL of the system are further analyzed.

Published
2017

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