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Background: The study explores transdermal drug delivery as a solution to traditional oral and parenteral administration challenges, highlighting improvements in efficiency and scope with micro needle technology. Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to fabricate a natural gum-grafted matrix transdermal patch for prolonged migraine treatment, emphasizing it's in vitro characterization. Materials and Methods: The materials utilized included active pharmaceutical ingredients (Ibuprofen, Caffeine), polymers (HPMC, Tamarind and Moringa), solvent (distilled water), permeation enhancer (Tween-80 5%w/w) and a backing layer. For the fabrication of the patches modified solvent evaporation method was employed. Results and Discussion: The physical characteristics, including folding endurance and drug content, are within the official limit. The thermal analysis shows its excellent thermal stability. The in vitro drug release shows the maximum 98.3% drug release up to 24 hr, while the release kinetic shows its sustained behavior upon applying different kinetic models. Conclusion: In conclusion, this innovative and economical transdermal approach holds promise for prolonged migraine management for up to 24 hr, offering a potential alternative to address challenges associated with traditional delivery methods used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and its associated factors among medical students residing in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Aziz Fatimah Medical and Dental College, Faisalabad, Pakistan from July 2023 to December 2023. All medical students aged 18 years and above were included. HRQOL was assessed using the 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36), covering eight domains: Physical Functioning, Role Limitations due to Physical Health, Role Limitations due to Emotional Problems, Vitality, Mental Health, Social Functioning, Bodily Pain, and General Health Perception. Each domain was scored from 0 (low) to 100 (high). Physical and Mental Component Summary scores were also calculated. Results: Of total 300 students, SF-36 domains showed higher mean scores in Bodily Pain and Physical Functioning i.e., 66.6 ±24.9 and 61.6 ±29.1. Males reported significantly higher mean scores in General Health Perception (pvalue < 0.001) and Vitality (p-value 0.013), while females had significantly higher Physical Functioning scores (pvalue <0.005). Students >21 years had significantly higher mean scores in Physical Functioning (p-value 0.017). Furthermore, day scholars showed significantly better mean scores in Physical Functioning (p-value <0.001), Bodily Pain (p-value 0.020), Social Functioning (p-value 0.030), and Physical Component Summary (p-value <0.001) than hostelites. Students who exercised (p-value 0.020), had strong family relationships (p-value 0.003), and faced no distressing family events (p-value <0.001) reported significantly higher SF-36 scores. Conclusion: Overall, SF-36 domains showed higher mean scores in Bodily Pain and Physical Functioning, with significant differences in HRQOL based on age, gender, residence, and lifestyle factors among medical students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the mystery of baryogenesis for isotropic and anisotropic universe models in the context of Rastall's theory of gravity (RTG). In the first part, we utilize the Rastall field equations (FEs) for the flat Friedmann Robertson Walker (FRW) metric to find the solutions of density ρ and Hubble parameter H. Additionally, Rastall parameter plays a crucial role to discuss baryogenesis and fulfilling its criteria on the observational ground. It is found that very large positive/negative values of Rastall parameter like λ ≥ 1 0 5 4 (for ω = 0) and λ ≤ − 1 0 2 2 (for ω = 1) are required to satisfy the observational bounds on baryon asymmetry factor (BAF), see Fig. 1. In the second part, we develop the FEs for RTG using the Locally Rotationally Symmetric (LRS) Bianchi type-1 line-element. Then we find the solutions of the FEs and use them to find the BAF using Rastall parameter as λ ≤ − 1 0 3 7 and anisotropic parameter n ≥ 2 to meet the consistency with the experimental limit, see Fig. 3. For n = 1 , the anisotropic model reduces to the isotropic FRW model, where we have a zero BAF. Finally, we conclude that RTG with both universe models is a good candidate to study baryogenesis in the early universe and the variable λ has a considerable impact on the BAF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field of philosophy and activity known as orientalism creates images of the East or the Orient. This paper examines how Orientalism, according to Said, is used to stereotype the east as exotic, feminine, frail, and vulnerable in the book Heart of Darkness. The study's major claim is that, while viewing the East as something different, the west has been able to dominate, recreate, and exercise authority over the Orient. Postcolonial theory is the foundation of the study. The terms self or Occident and "other or Orient" are strongly related to this idea. The Occident is constantlyin control and regarded as superior, whereas the Orient is seen as inferior and weak in contrast. Later, Orientalism developed into a colonizer's mindset and was frequently applied in occupied territories. The study found that the colonisers, the Europeans treated the colonised, the Africans,as others. It also explores that orientalism is an overtly political work that aims to analyse discourse from the perspective of an oriental where the East is associated with danger and menace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Normal blood pressure has a certain normal range and therefore it is common to see people having blood pressure towards lower range but considering it as "low blood pressure". Among these majority of the people including medical students consider "low blood pressure" as a disease which once diagnosed, needs to be treated. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of medical students towards low blood pressure. METHODOLOGY: This cross-sectional study was conducted by recruiting medical students (MBBS) of Dow Medical College, Civil Hospital Karachi during October 2016 to February 2017. A total of 306 students from first year to final year were approached through after an informed consent and questionnaire regarding the symptoms of low blood pressure were noted. The students were divided equally into pre-clinical (1st and 2nd year students) and clinical (3rd, 4th and 5th year) groups to assess difference in between their knowledge based on their clinical exposure. Every participant underwent blood pressure measurement regardless of the symptoms. Results were compared and analyzed using SPSS software version 16.0. RESULTS: 171 (n=100 from clinical and n=71 from pre-clinical group) students out of a total of 306 participants do not consider low blood pressure a disease. They also believe that low blood pressure among healthy people neither presents with any symptoms nor requires any treatment. CONCLUSION: It is concluded by our study that most of the students enrolled in a medical college believe that low blood pressure is a normal entity for a person which doesn't require any intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Software defined networks decouples or separate control and data planes from each other while providing great amount of flexibility to the network administrators to program and manage the network and to make it functional as needed or required. High availability of controllers or distributed controllers is needed to provide fault tolerance in an environment where delays or losses in the delivery of packets cannot be tolerated. In this paper we conducted experiments of multiple controllers which provide fault tolerance in such a way that each controller has full state of information of the network topology. The throughput results for a data center network connected to single controller and then connected to multiple controllers were observed and we found that only 2.82 % more data transfer was observed in single controller environment as compared to multiple controller environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]