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A quadruple Beltrami (QB) equilibrium state for a four-component plasma that consists of inertial electrons, positrons, lighter positive (H+) ions and heavier negative ions O 2 − is derived and investigated. The QB relaxed state is a linear superposition of four distinct single Beltrami fields and provides the possibility of the formation of four self-organized vortices of different length scales. In addition, robust magnetofluid coupling characterizes this non-force-free state. The analysis of the QB state also shows that by adjusting the generalized helicities and densities of plasma species, the formation of multiscale structures as well as the paramagnetic and diamagnetic behavior of the relaxed state can be controlled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this School Effectiveness study, the researcher will explore the perception of male and female school teachers, administrators and curriculum experts about the school effectiveness. The objectives of this study were to investigate into the term school effectiveness and explore gender differences in school effectiveness. Research Questions were related with the preferences and gender differences in the perception of school effectiveness. Sample was selected from all the districts of Punjab (N=36). A total number of 18 districts, with high literacy rate (N=9) and low literacy rate (N=9) were selected for the study. The participants of this study consisted of administrators, teachers, and curriculum experts (N=800). Research Design was survey method. Research tool was a questionnaire developed by the researchers, based on items related with school effectiveness. Results showed participants' preferences and gender differences in school effectiveness. 'Professionalism' was the top priority factor for school effectiveness. Gender differences were found in the perception of SE. Implications was made for researchers and policy makers to improve the schools. The findings of this study will initiate future researches in the field of school improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study the researcher developed a model on school effectiveness. The theoretical framework for the study was models on school effectiveness by Creemers (1994) and Reynolds and Cuttence, (1992). The sample consisted of the teachers, heads and administrators of the secondary schools, planners from curriculum wing, faculty from University of Education and policy makers from the province of Punjab. The questionnaire on school effectiveness was developed by the researcher. The data were collected by postal mail. The results of the study showed that there was a consensus of all the teachers, administrators and planners on the school effectiveness model developed by the researcher. A strong correlation was found between different variables of school effectiveness. The finding of the study confirmed that the model is good to increase school effectiveness. Implications for Pakistani schools were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]