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Researchers and engineers are actively working on enhancing the efficiency of heat exchangers in engineering applications by developing novel designs, exploring new materials, and utilizing nanofluids. Three kinds of nanofluids with varying concentrations are investigated in this paper. The objective is to assess the performance of N‐shaped double‐pipe heat exchanger used in thermoelectric power plants. The performance has been evaluated using COMSOL Multiphysics software. The findings show that higher nanofluid concentrations resulted in elevated heat transfer coefficients and improved efficiency of N‐shape double pipe heat exchanger. The analysis revealed that a mere 1% rise in the volume fraction of nanofluids enhanced the efficiency of the heat exchanger on average 23% when compared to the base fluid (water). In comparison to the N‐shape double pipe (Inconel 625) heat exchangers, the N‐shape double pipe (copper) heat exchangers appear to be more efficient. The introduction of nanoparticles has a notable impact on the heat transfer coefficients. Specifically, within an N‐shaped double pipe (copper) heat exchanger, the inclusion of a 1% volume fraction results in a 2.09% enhancement in the heat transfer coefficient for Al2O3/water, a 1.3% improvement for Fe3O4/water, and a 1.15% increase for TiO2/water. It also exposed that adding 1% Al2O3/water led to a significant 0.623% increase in effectiveness, while TiO2/water showed a 0.259% rise, and Fe3O4/water exhibited a 0.375% improvement. Moreover, increasing the Reynolds number enhances the Nusselt number for Al2O3/water and Fe3O4/water nanofluids by 55.22%, and for TiO2/water by 54.60% at a 6% volume concentration, leading to additional increases in exchanger efficiency. Therefore, the augmentation in nanofluid concentration leads to a reduction in the temperature pinch points both at the intake and outflow. This observation suggests that nanofluids exhibit a superior ability compared to conventional fluids when it comes to effectively lowering temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pakistan has been facing the threat of religious extremism and terrorism for the last two decades. This phenomenon has both national and transnational roots with the involvement of militant outfits like Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), AL-Qaeda, Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) and others. In this context, the presence of IMU in Pakistan and its lethal operational activities cannot be ignored. After the Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) of the US in Afghanistan, IMU incubated itself in erstwhile FATA and carried out its ferocious activities by joining hands with local as well as international militant organizations. The current article argues that IMU felt the group’s presence by attacking important government installations and permeating its Jihadi militant doctrines in local organization in Pakistan. However, Pakistani forces through its tactical strategy not only managed to break the alliances of IMU with other organizations but also weed out IMU from Pakistani territory by launching successful military operation [Operation Zerb-eAzab] and others. Furthermore, the research also focuses tactical mapping of IMU, its genesis, activities in central Asia and Pakistan and its affiliation with other Jihadi organizations, its ideological grounding and threat perspectives. It contends that though IMU has no active presence in Pakistan and Pakistani military operations and strategies have been successful, the Pakistani state apparatus has to be cautious in future in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study explored the possible consequences of delayed justice system in the disposition of civil and criminal cases. In Pakistan, the disposition of justice in civil cases is one of the burning issues due to the presence of several flaws in the justice system. The current study was limited to land disputes among peasants and landlords. Data were collected through interview schedule from 20 respondents-including petitioners and respondents involved in the lengthy process by adopting purposive sampling technique. The study concluded that the judicial system is inefficient, cost consuming and boring for general masses. The study recommended drastic institutional reforms in the existing judicial system to cope with such problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is the world most populous state with a population over 1.3 billion, overlaying about 9.6 million kilometers. China has the largest educational system throughout world with almost 260 million college students and over 15 million teachers in about 514 000 schools. In current years, the Ministry of Education has shifted from direct manipulate to macro level. It steers education reform through legal guidelines, plans, finances allocation, information offerings, and coverage steering and administrative method. In this regard, teachers are the most crucial and useful means in schools that make an essential effect on improvement of the whole society. Without enough and qualified instructors, it is difficult to attain educational targets. Teachers' education mainly focused to develop four elements: enhancing the general academic education of instructors, increasing their knowledge about the subjects they are going to educate, knowledge about children in schools and the improvement of practical competencies. Thus the current study is fundamentally focusing on reforms introduced by the Chinese government which, undoubtedly, directly contributing to the quality of education system in China. Moreover, the understanding of reforms in China's education system will be a thought provoking for other countries which are endeavoring to build their education system on sound lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyber space or technology is used to share data or information with unlimited audience. So, sophistication of cyber space has created a global network, where information can be shared or accessed while sitting at home, office or cafe. It has been used by business entrepreneurs to expand their business, researchers to access requires data and information; media houses to increase their TRPs and government bodies to maintain their policies and records. Meanwhile, the coin always has two sides. Thus, beside positive uses of internet; cyber space has been used by terrorist and criminal gangs for the propagation of their thoughts or to increase their working capacity. It also generates space for financing, training and incitement for terrorist organizations. Meanwhile, internet is used as a mean to access and exploit the mind of young individuals by propagating the Jihadi literature. The use of cyber space to enhance radical thoughts has created challenges for states like Pakistan in war against terrorism. So, this paper is an attempt to examine the dynamics of E-Jihad in Muslim world in the context of changing communication means that have been used by terrorist in contemporary digital age. The used methodology to explore the topic is qualitative research methods followed by case study of Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pakistan is grisly facing the challenge of religious extremism, ethno-nationalist violence and jihadi culture for the last many decades. These threats are the outcomes of flawed policies adopted by the state apparatus to achieve settled foreign policy objectives. The streamlining of political Islam with external security challenges gave rise to many sectarian and militant organizations which have now become security challenge for law enforcing institutions. The current research explores the factors responsible for the political violence in Pakistan in the recent past and the linkages between the religious political parties, ethnic groups and Islamist militants groups. Apart from this, it is deeply focused that how internal security developments and external security challenges are interlinked with each other. Arguably, the militant organizations and sectarian outfits can be useful to the some extant but the argument is that in the long run it would be deadly embrace for Pakistan. The management of security governance is no doubt is a challenging task for the security manager of Pakistan, it is therefore, argued in the paper that obstacle interposes in the way of internal security governance should reform with revisiting its revisionist policies towards its eastern and western fronts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Pakistan, democracy has been facing multiple challenges since its creation as a newly born state. In these difficult circumstances, the struggle of different political leaders occupies a vital place; particularly to restore democracy. This study encapsulates Benazir Bhutto's political struggle to restore democracy in Pakistan. It also explores those hardships, problems and challenges that confronted her political acumen and she became victorious while showing dexterity and bravery towards opponent forces. For the restoration of democracy, even the forces of extremism, militancy and military, could not stop her, from her struggle and efforts during her life time. This paper tries to unfold those circumstances and political challenges which required a gigantic task and she equally responded with her courageous will power and fearless attitude for the cause of democracy. Therefore, this article incorporates her personal perceptions of democracy, her struggle in her imprisonment during her early days of political career, her confrontation with dictatorial regime and various campaigns to strengthen the PPP and to steer it for the revival of democracy in Pakistan. Inspite of various hurdles and difficulties, the PPP was facing leadership crisis and it required Benazir Bhutto's efforts to transform it; in a more competent political organization. Therefore, the saga of Benazir Bhutto's political struggle to restore democracy in Pakistan contributed for the democratic norms and values in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After 9/11 Pakistan became one of the leading recipients of the US foreign assistance to counter the extremist and militant forces in Afghanistan and borderland area. The US financial support was consisting of military, non-military and humanitarian development. The fundamental aim of the financial support to Pakistan was to enhance the ability and capability of the security forces of Pakistan against new kind of war. It was expected that the financial aid will strengthen the Pak-US strategic Partnership but all futuristic silver hopes go in vain when it became a bone of contention between the partners and trust deficit emerged on the issue of mismanagement of financial aid. US leveled a number of corruption charges not only on the civil government of Pakistan but also on the military. The controversy over financial assistance between Washington and Islamabad not only undermined partnership but also damaged security forces' efforts against terrorists in Pakistan as well as in Afghanistan. Thus, the paper thoroughly examines and discusses the controversial issue of US financial aid with critical analysis of different documentary record which provides clear picture of the hardened attitude from both the sides. Moreover, timely study about the issue of aid is essential for strengthening the strategic partnership against the terrorist outfits operating in the region which is in the best interests of both the states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The war on terror and military operations greatly disturbed the lives of people on one side but on the other side proved the great resilience of the nation in this perspective. The nation was never prepared to coup with such huge internal and external outcomes. In the opinion of the researchers the nation is tremendously affected psychologically in this war against terror, however, the operations against militancy will continue on many fronts but here is one thing needs to be highlighted that the traditional strategies adopted against the militants should be revised and advanced accordingly in order to counter the militants effectively. In fact the civil government and military personnel are doing every possible effort to control the militancy nationwide and to minimize whatever psychological effects of this war on the society. In view of this scenario, this paper attempts to critically analyze the counter terrorism policies of Pakistan especially with reference to NISP and NAP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graph convolutional neural networks (GCNN) have been widely used in graph learning and related applications. It has been identified that the filters in the state-of-the-art spectral graph convolutional networks (SGCNs) are essentially low-pass filters that enforce smoothness across the graph and use the functions of graph Laplacian as a tool that injects graph structure into the learning algorithm. There had been research findings that connect the smoothness functional in graphs, graph Laplacian, and regularization operators. We review the existing SGCNs in this context and propose a framework where the state-of-the-art filter designs can be deduced as special cases. We designed new filters that are associated with well-defined low-pass behavior and tested their performance on semisupervised node classification tasks. Their performance was found to be superior to that of the other state-of-the-art techniques. We further investigate the representation capability of low-pass features and make useful observations. In this context, we discuss a few points to further optimize the network, new strategies for designing SGCNs, their challenges, and some latest related developments. Based on our framework, we also deduce the connection between support vector kernels and SGCN filters.