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BackgroundDepression and anxiety are prevalent in youth populations and typically emerge during adolescence. Repetitive negative thinking (RNT) is a putative transdiagnostic mechanism with consistent associations with depression and anxiety. Targeting transdiagnostic processes like RNT for youth depression and anxiety may offer more targeted, personalised and effective treatment.MethodsA meta-analysis was conducted to examine the effect of psychological treatments on RNT, depression and anxiety symptoms in young people with depression or anxiety, and a meta-regression to examine relationships between outcomes.ResultsTwenty-eight randomised controlled trials examining 17 different psychological interventions were included. Effect sizes were small to moderate across all outcomes (Hedge's g depression = −0.47, CI −0.77 to −0.17; anxiety = −0.42, CI −0.65 to −0.20; RNT = −0.45, CI −0.67 to −0.23). RNT-focused and non-RNT focused approaches had comparable effects; however, those focusing on modifying the process of RNT had significantly larger effects on RNT than those focusing on modifying negative thought content. Meta-regression revealed a significant relationship between RNT and depression outcomes only across all intervention types and with both depression and anxiety for RNT focused interventions only.ConclusionConsistent with findings in adults, this review provides evidence that reducing RNT with psychological treatment is associated with improvements in depression and anxiety in youth. Targeting RNT specifically may not lead to better outcomes compared to general approaches; however, focusing on modifying the process of RNT may be more effective than targeting content. Further research is needed to determine causal pathways.

One‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌most‌ ‌prominent‌ ‌construction‌ ‌materials‌ ‌for‌ ‌walls‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌Philippines‌ ‌is‌ ‌the‌ ‌concrete‌ ‌hollow‌ ‌blocks‌ ‌or‌ ‌CHB‌ ‌due‌ ‌to‌‌ their lower cost‌ ‌than‌ ‌other‌ ‌available‌ ‌materials‌ ‌and‌ ‌the‌ ‌ease‌ ‌of‌ ‌production‌ ‌and‌ ‌installation.‌ To manage our energy and resources, including waste, carbonized‌ ‌biomass‌ ‌as‌ ‌a‌ ‌bonding‌ ‌agent‌ ‌for‌ ‌CHB‌ ‌production was studied to ‌aid‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌country's growing‌ ‌need‌ ‌for‌‌construction materials‌ ‌. On-site fabricated CHB with several percent of carbonized biomass (CB) as substitutes for sand (0%, 20%, and 50% CB), including commercial CHB, are subjected to volume, weight, density determination, and ultimate compressive strength test. The gathered data undergo analysis through one-way ANOVA to determine the difference among the gathered compressive strength of CHB produced with different percentages of carbonized biomass. Cost analysis was also done to determine the costs and profitability of the CHB. As a result, the CHB with carbonized biomass as bonding agent produced CHB with low density, ultimate compressive strength better than commercially available CHB (with proper curing applied), and can be more profitable with increasing the carbonized biomass content.

Bibliography: pages 215-224., This thesis analyses the discourse of two manic patients, interviewed at an acute stage of their illness. The analysis has two aims: to begin a comprehensive analysis of manic discourse, a task which has not been undertaken in other work; and to describe and refine a methodology suited to the purpose of analysing discourse taken from unstructured interviews with psychotic patients. The aims of this study are set in the context of broader aims for research in the area of language and psychopathology. A selective review of the relevant literature is given. This is followed by a brief over- view of those disciplines from which concepts informing the analysis have been drawn. These disciplines include pragmatics, social psychology and sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and linguistics and semiotics. The analysis is divided into two parts; micro-analysis and macro- analysis. The micro-analysis consists of tone-unit analysis, which examines the process by which the speaker segments utterances into message blocks; and cohesion analysis, which examines the way in which words are selected, and combined to form cohesive utterances. The macro- analysis includes exchange structure analysis, an examination of the interchanges between patient and interviewer; and analysis of topic structure. This addresses itself to the movement from one topic to another as well as to the well-formedness of single topic sequences. The thesis concludes with an appraisal of the findings, an evaluation of the methodology and suggestions for further research.

This is a case study of a community-based interdisciplinary team of Mental Health professionals who work with homeless people in a large English city. Its aim is to 'unpack' the team's decision-making processes. Such processes construct the client as vulnerable in terms of mental health and/or homelessness. The analysis shows the ways in which client description is an organised social accomplishment and is contexted in related research in the sociology of mental illness. Following Goffman (1974) and Gubrium (1989), data are analysed against a background of changing and laminated frames and local cultures. A charge of deviancy is brought and then debated (McHugh 1970). The relation of this analysis to ethical and policy issues is discussed.