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Stem cell therapy has emerged as the most vibrant area of research, due to the capacity of stem cells for self-renewal and differentiation into different types of cell lines upon their culture. But lately, scientists become increasingly aware of the limitations of conventional 2D culture and stem cell culture media, due to several key drawbacks associated with this model, such as immune response upon transplantation, animal pathogen contamination, and complication, during developmental studies due to undefined factors in the cultural media. In this study, an attempt has been made to develop a new type of polymeric 3D scaffold based on the self-assembly of a star-like amphiphilic copolymer of poly(caprolactone)–poly(ethylene oxide) unit into nanowires (nanofibers), that have a scale similar to the native extracellular matrix and are capable of mimicking the extracellular microenvironment where the functional properties of stem cells can be observed and manipulated. The obtained data showed that polymeric-based nanofibers can be used as a 3D scaffold for mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) growth without losing their stem cell phenotype. The results obtained suggest that the polymeric 3D scaffolds (nanofibers) not only support stem cells’ growth and proliferation but also preserve the mESC pluripotency.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) possess considerable biocompatibility and therefore gaining more attention for their biomedical applications. Previous studies have shown the transient increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines expression in different organs of rats and mice exposed to AuNPs. Structural changes in the spleen of mice treated with AuNPs have also been reported. This investigation was aimed to study the immunostaining of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in mice treated with different sizes of AuNPs. The animals were divided into 7 groups of 4 animals in each group. One group received saline and served as control. Two sets of three groups were treated with 5 nm, 20 nm and 50 nm diameter AuNPs. One set was sacrificed on day 1 and the other on day 7 following the AuNPs injections. Spleens were dissected out and promptly fixed in formalin for 3 days and then processed for IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α immunostaining using target-specific antibodies. The immunoreactivities of IL-1β and IL-6 were increased with the increase of AuNP size. The immunostaining of IL-1β in spleen of 20 nm AuNP treated mice was subsequently decreased on day 7 whereas it persisted in 50 nm AuNP group. The increase in the immunoreactivity of IL-6 on day 1 was decreased on day 7 in the spleens of mice treated with 20 nm or 50 nm AuNPs. The immunostaining of TNF-α was found to be negative in all the treatment groups. In conclusion, the size of AuNPs plays an important role in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in mouse spleen; small size (5 nm) AuNPs caused minimal effect, whereas larger (50 nm) AuNPs produced intense immunostaining. Keywords: Gold nanoparticles, Spleen, Immunohistochemistry, Cytokines, Inflammation

In the present work, a novel strategy was explored to fabricate nanofiber scaffolds consisting of cellulose assimilated with titanium dioxide (TiO2) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs). The concentration of the TiO2 NPs in the composite was adjusted to 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 wt % with respect to polymer concentration used for the electrospinning of colloidal solutions. The fabricated composite scaffolds were dispensed to alkaline deacetylation using 0.05 M NaOH to remove the acetyl groups in order to generate pure cellulose nanofibers containing TiO2 NPs. Moreover, to augment our nanofiber scaffolds with antibacterial activity, the in situ deposition approach of using Ag NPs was utilized with varied molar concentrations of 0.14, 0.42, and 0.71 M. The physicochemical properties of the nanofibers were identified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and contact angle meter studies. This demonstrated the presence of both TiO2 and Ag NPs and complete deacetylation of nanofibers. The antibacterial efficiency of the nanofibers was scrutinized against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, revealing proper in situ deposition of Ag NPs and confirming the nanofibers are antibacterial in nature. The biocompatibility of the scaffolds was accustomed using chicken embryo fibroblasts, which confirmed their potential role to be used as wound-healing materials. Furthermore, the fabricated scaffolds were subjected to analysis in simulated body fluid at 37 degrees C to induce mineralization for future osseous tissue integration. These results indicate that fabricated composite nanofiber scaffolds with multifunctional characteristics will have a highest potential as a future candidate for promoting new tissues artificially.

Data Availability Statement: Not applicable. Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Nanoparticles are efficient drug delivery vehicles for targeting specific organs as well as systemic therapy for a range of diseases, including cancer. However, their interaction with the immune system offers an intriguing challenge. Due to the unique physico-chemical properties, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are considered as nanocarriers of considerable interest in cancer diagnosis and therapy. CNTs, as a promising nanomaterial, are capable of both detecting as well as delivering drugs or small therapeutic molecules to tumour cells. In this study, we coupled a recombinant fragment of human surfactant protein D (rfhSP-D) with carboxymethyl-cellulose (CMC) CNTs (CMC-CNT, 10–20 nm diameter) for augmenting their apoptotic and immunotherapeutic properties using two leukemic cell lines. The cell viability of AML14.3D10 or K562 cancer cell lines was reduced when cultured with CMC-mwCNT-coupled-rfhSP-D (CNT + rfhSP-D) at 24 h. Increased levels of caspase 3, 7 and cleaved caspase 9 in CNT + rfhSP-D treated AML14.3D10 and K562 cells suggested an involvement of an intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. CNT + rfhSP-D treated leukemic cells also showed higher mRNA expression of p53 and cell cycle inhibitors (p21 and p27). This suggested a likely reduction in cdc2-cyclin B1, causing G2/M cell cycle arrest and p53-dependent apoptosis in AML14.3D10 cells, while p53-independent mechanisms appeared to be in operation in K562 cells. We suggest that CNT + rfhSP-D has therapeutic potential in targeting leukemic cells, irrespective of their p53 status, and thus, it is worth setting up pre-clinical trials in animal models Funding: This project was funded by the National Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation (MAARIFAH), King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Award Number (15-NAN-3664-02).

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are among the ideal nano-sized materials for medical applications such as imaging and drug delivery. Considering the significance of recent reports on acute phase induction of inflammatory mediators by GNPs, we studied the effect of GNPs on proinflammatory cytokines gene expression in mouse brain. Group 1 served as control whereas groups 2–4 were given only one intraperitoneal dose of 5, 20 and 50 nm GNPs, respectively and sacrificed after 24 h. The animals in groups 5–7 also received the same treatment but sacrificed after 7 days. Groups 8–10 received two injections of GNPs (5, 20 and 50 nm, respectively), first at the beginning of study and second on day 6, and sacrificed on day 7. Total RNA was extracted from the cerebral tissue and analyzed for the gene expressions of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. A single injection of 5 nm diameter GNPs significantly increased the mRNA expression of IL-1β and IL-6 in mouse brain on day 7, which was not augmented by the second dose of the same GNPs. Larger size GNPs (20 nm and 50 nm) did not cause any significant change in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in mouse brain. In conclusion, systemic administration of small sized GNPs (5 nm) induced a proinflammatory cascade in mouse brain indicating a crucial role of GNPs size on immune response. It is important to use the right sized GNPs in order to avoid an acute phase inflammatory response that could be cytotoxic or interfere with the bioavailability of nanomaterials. Keywords: Gold nanoparticles, Proinflammatory cytokines, Brain, Inflammation, Mice

C4b Binding Protein (C4BP) is a major fluid phase inhibitor of the classical and lectin pathways of the complement system. Complement inhibition is achieved by binding to and restricting the role of activated complement component C4b. C4BP functions as a co-factor for factor I in proteolytic inactivation of both soluble and cell surface-bound C4b, thus restricting the formation of the C3-convertase, C4b2a. C4BP also accelerates the natural decay/dissociation of the C3 convertase. This makes C4BP a prime target for exploitation by pathogens to escape complement attack, as seen in Streptococcus pyogenes or Flavivirus. Here, we examined whether C4BP can act on its own in a complement independent manner, against pathogens. C4BP bound H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes of Influenza A Virus (IAV) most likely via multiple sites in Complement Control Protein (CCP) 1-2, 4-5, and 7-8 domains of its α-chain. In addition, C4BP CCP1-2 bound H3N2 better than H1N1. C4BP bound three IAV envelope proteins: Haemagglutinin (~70 kDa), Neuraminidase (~55 kDa), and Matrix protein 1 (~25kDa). C4BP suppressed H1N1 subtype infection into the lung epithelial cell line, A549, while it promoted infection by H3N2 subtype. C4BP restricted viral entry for H1N1 but had the opposite effect on H3N2, as evident from experiments using pseudo-typed viral particles. C4BP downregulated mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory IFN-α, IL-12, and NFκB in the case of H1N1, while it promoted a pro-inflammatory immune response by upregulating IFN- α, TNF-α, RANTES, and IL-6 in the case of H3N2. We conclude that C4BP differentially modulates the efficacy of IAV entry, and hence, replication in a target cell in a strain-dependent manner, and acts as an entry inhibitor for H1N1. Thus, CCP containing complement proteins such as factor H and C4BP may have additional defense roles against IAV that do not rely on the regulation of complement activation.

A sesquiterpene quinone, ilimaquinone, was accessed for its cellular antioxidant efficacy and possible antimicrobial mechanism of action against foodborne pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) in vitro and in vivo. Ilimaquinone was found to be protective against H2O2-induced oxidative stress as validated by the reduction in the ROS levels, including increasing expression of SOD1 and SOD2 enzymes. Furthermore, ilimaquinone evoked MIC against S. aureus and E. coli within the range of 125–250 µg/mL. Ilimaquinone established its antimicrobial mode of action against both tested pathogens as evident by bacterial membrane depolarization, loss of nuclear genetic material, potassium ion, and release of extracellular ATP, as well as compromised membrane permeabilization and cellular component damage. Also, ilimaquinone showed no teratogenic effect against zebrafish, suggesting its nontoxic nature. Moreover, ilimaquinone significantly reduced the S. aureus count without affecting the sensory properties and color values of cold-storaged ground chicken meat even under temperature abuse condition.

Copyright © 2020 Murugaiah, Agostinis, Varghese, Belmonte, Vieni, Alaql, Alrokayan, Khan, Kaur, Roberts, Madan, Bulla and Kishore. Human surfactant protein D (SP-D) belongs to the family of collectins that is composed of a characteristic amino-terminal collagenous region and a carboxy-terminal C-type lectin domain. Being present at the mucosal surfaces, SP-D acts as is a potent innate immune molecule and offers protection against non-self and altered self-such as pathogens, allergens, and tumour. Here, we examined the effect of a recombinant fragment of human SP-D (rfhSP-D) on a range of breast cancer lines. Breast cancer has four molecular subtypes characterised by varied expression of oestrogen (ER), progesterone (PR) and EGF receptors (HER2). The cell viability of HER2 over-expressing (SKBR3) and triple-positive (BT474) breast cancer cell lines (but not of triple-negative cell line (BT20), was reduced following rfhSP-D treatment at 24h. Upregulation of p21/p27 cell cycle inhibitors and p53 phosphorylation (Ser15) in rfhSP-D-treated BT474 and SKBR3 cell lines signified G2/M cell cycle arrest. Cleaved caspase 9 and 3 were detected in rfhSP-D- treated BT474 and SKBR3 cells, suggesting an involvement of intrinsic apoptosis pathway. However, rfhSP-D-induced apoptosis was nullified in the presence of hyaluronic acid whose increased level in breast tumor microenvironment is associated with malignant tumor progression and invasion. rfhSP-D bound to solid-phase HA and promoted tumor cell proliferation. rfhSP-D-treated SKBR3 cells in the presence of hyaluronic acid showed decreased transcriptional levels of p53 when compared to SKBR3 cells treated with rfhSP-D only. Thus, hyaluronic acid appears to negate the anti-tumorigenic properties of rfhSP-D against HER2-over-expressing and triple-positive breast cancer cells. King Saud University, Riyadh, International Scientific Partnership Program (ISPP) ISPP-145; Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy, RC20/16 and 5MILLE15D.

Copyright © 2020 Murugaiah, Varghese, Saleh, Tsolaki, Alrokayan, Khan, Collison, Sim, Nal, Al-Mohanna and Kishore. The complement system is an ancient innate immune defence mechanism that can recognise molecular patterns on the invading pathogens. Factor H, as an inhibitor of the alternative pathway, down-regulates complement activation on the host cell surface. Locally synthesised factor H at the site of infection/injury, including lungs, can act as a pattern recognition molecule without involving complement activation. Here, we report that factor H, a sialic acid binder, interacts with influenza A virus (IAV) and modulates IAV replication, as observed by an upregulation of matrix protein 1 (M1) expression in H3N2-infected A549 cells, while downregulating M1 in H1N1 subtype-infected cells. Far-western blot revealed that factor H binds hemagglutinin (HA, ~70kDa), neuraminidase (NA, ~60kDa), and M1 (~25kDa). IAV-induced transcriptional levels of IFN-α, TNF-α, IL-12, IL-6, IFN-α, while RANTES were reduced following factor H treatment for the H1N1 subtype at 6 h post-infection. However, for the H3N2 subtype, mRNA levels of these pro-inflammatory cytokines were enhanced. Recombinant form of vaccinia virus complement control protein (VCP), which like factor H, contains CCP modules and has complement-regulatory activity, mirrored the results obtained with factor H. Both factor H (25%) and VCP (45%) were found to reduce luciferase reporter activity in MDCK cells transduced with H1N1 pseudotyped lentiviral particles. Factor H (50%) and VCP (30%) enhanced the luciferase reporter activity for H3N2, suggesting an entry inhibitory role of factor H and VCP against H1N1, but not H3N2. Thus, factor H can modulate IAV infection and inflammatory response independent of its complement-related functions. King Saud University, Riyadh, International Scientific Partnership Programme (ISPP) ISPP-145.

The present study was designed to explore the neuroprotective properties of Aconitum napellus (Ranunculaceae). The plant detoxification was done using either water, or cow or goat milk as per the Ayurvedic shodhana method. The evaluation of the neuroprotective role of A. napellus was performed on diabetic neuropathy induced by streptozotocin in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Body mass, blood sugar level, oral glucose tolerance test, hyperalgesia, cold allodynia, motor co-ordination test, and locomotor activity, oxidative biomarkers (TBARS, reduced glutathione, catalase and superoxide dismutase) and sciatic nerve histomorphology were assessed. The in vitro studies were done on human neuroblastoma cell line SHSY-5Y and used an MTT assay to assess the antiproliferative activity of different extracts. Results suggest that the goat milk treated chloroform extract has less percentage of aconitine. After administration of the detoxified chloroform extract to the diabetic animals, there was a significant improvement in the myelination and degenerative changes of the nerve fibers along with behavioral changes (p &lt, 0.05 as compared with diabetic control group). The findings of the in vitro research show an effective neuroprotective role of A. napellus. This suggests that A. napellus should be further investigated for its effect in diabetic pathology.

Present study explores native L-asparaginase encapsulated long-acting cross-linker-free PLGA-nanoformulation in an Ehrlich ascites tumor model. L-asparaginase-PLGA nanoparticles for tumor were prepared using a double emulsion solvent evaporation technique, optimized and validated by Box-Behnken Design. L-ASN-PNs showed a particle size of 195 nm ± 0.2 nm and a PDI of 0.2. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) techniques revealed its smooth morphology and elicited an in-vitro release of 80% of the drug, following the Higuchi drug release model. In-vivo studies of L-ASN-PNs on an Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) model were completed and compared with the standard medication of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) treatment. L-ASN-PN treated mice showed a 51.15% decrease in tumor volume and 100% survival rate with no reduction in body weight, no haemotoxicity and no hepatotoxicity, as evident from the hematological parameters, and liver enzyme parameters that were well within the prescribed limits. Chemotherapy has severe side effects and restricted therapeutic success. Henceforth, the purported L-Asparaginase PLGA nanoparticles are a suitable entity for better tumor regression, intra-tumor accumulation and no hematological side-effects.

Lead (Pb) toxicity has a great impact in terms of toxicity towards living organisms as it severely affects crop growth, yield, and food security, thus, warranting appropriate measures for the remediation of Pb polluted soils. Phytoextraction of heavy metals (HMs) using tolerant plants along with organic chelators has gained global attention. Thus, this study examines the possible influence of citric acid (CA) on unveiling the potential phytoextraction of Pb by using castor beans. For this purpose, different levels of Pb (0, 300, 600 mg kg&minus, 1 of soil) and CA (0, 2.5, and 5 mM) were supplied alone and in all possible combinations. The results indicate that elevated levels of Pb (especially 600 mg kg&minus, 1 soil) induce oxidative stress, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malanodialdehyde (MDA) production in plants. The Pb stress reduces the photosynthetic traits (chlorophyll and gas exchange parameters) in the tissues of plants (leaves and roots), which ultimately lead to a reduction in growth as well as biomass. Enzyme activities such as guaiacol peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and catalase are also linearly increased in a dose-dependent manner under Pb stress. The exogenous application of CA reduced the Pb toxicity in plants by improving photosynthesis and, ultimately, plant growth. The upsurge in antioxidants against oxidative stress shows the potential of CA-treated castor beans plants to counteract stress injuries by lowering H2O2 and MDA levels. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that CA treatments play a promising role in increasing the uptake of Pb and reducing its phytotoxicity. These outcomes recommend that CA application could be an effective approach for the phytoextraction of Pb from polluted soils by growing castor beans.

Surfactant Protein D (SP-D), a pattern recognition innate immune molecule, has been implicated in the immune surveillance against cancer. A recent report showed an association of decreased SP-D expression in human prostate adenocarcinoma with an increased Gleason score and severity. In the present study, the SP-D expression was evaluated in primary prostate epithelial cells (PrEC) and prostate cancer cell lines. LNCaP, an androgen dependent prostate cancer cell line, exhibited significantly lower mRNA and protein levels of SP-D than PrEC and the androgen independent cell lines (PC3 and DU145). A recombinant fragment of human SP-D, rfhSP-D, showed a dose and time dependent binding to prostate cancer cells via its carbohydrate recognition domain. This study, for the first time, provides evidence of significant and specific cell death of tumor cells in rfhSP-D treated explants as well as primary tumor cells isolated from tissue biopsies of metatstatic prostate cancer patients. Viability of PrEC was not altered by rfhSP-D. Treated LNCaP (p53+/+) and PC3 (p53 −/−) cells exhibited reduced cell viability in a dose and time dependent manner and were arrested in G2/M and G1/G0 phase of the cell cycle, respectively. rfhSP-D treated LNCaP cells showed a significant upregulation of p53 whereas a significant downregulation of pAkt was observed in both PC3 and LNCaP cell lines. The rfhSP-D-induced apoptosis signaling cascade involved upregulation of Bax:Bcl2 ratio, cytochrome c and cleaved products of caspase 7. The study concludes that rfhSP-D induces apoptosis in prostate tumor explants as well as in androgen dependent and independent prostate cancer cells via p53 and pAkt pathways. ICMR-NIRRH

In the present work, a novel strategy was explored to fabricate nanofiber scaffolds consisting of cellulose assimilated with titanium dioxide (TiO

The complement system is an important humoral immune surveillance mechanism against tumours. However, many malignant tumours are resistant to complement mediated lysis. Here, we report secretion of complement factor H related protein 5 (FHR5) by primary tumour cells derived from Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients. We investigated whether the secreted FHR5 exhibited functional activity similar to factor H, including inhibition of complement mediated lysis, acting as a co-factor for factor I mediated cleavage of C3b, and decay acceleration of C3 convertase. Immunoblotting analysis of primary GBM cells (B30, B31 and B33) supernatant showed the active secretion of FHR5, but not of Factor H. ELISA revealed that the secretion of soluble GBM-FHR5 by cultured GBM cells increased in a time-dependent manner. Primary GBM-FHR5 inhibited complement mediated lysis, possessed co-factor activity for factor I mediated cleavage and displayed decay acceleration of C3 convertase. In summary, we detected the secretion of FHR5 by primary GBM cells B30, B31 and B33. The results demonstrated that GBM-FHR5 shares biological function with FH as a mechanism primary GBM cells potentially use to resist complement mediated lysis. peerReviewed

Low-cost carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was synthesized from fermented tapioca. This precursor is a easily obtained from plant source, economical and more environment friendly compared to fossil source precursor that have to go through many technology process before can be used. In the present study, two different sources was used to synthesis CNTs that are fermented tapioca and commercialized ethanol. The CNTs synthesized were compared based on structural and optical study. The FESEM image captured CNTs size from fermented tapioca less than 50 nm and more than 50 nm by ethanol synthesis. Raman spectroscopy reveal D and G peak at 1480, 1583 and 1227, 1565 cm−1, respectively. The thermogravimetric analysis reveals the decomposed temperature at 450 °C for both precursor used. The immersed heater assisted thermal-CVD (chemical vapor deposition) system was used for the CNTs synthesis.

Innovative advance dielectric materials were utilized to fabricate novel thin film capacitor device. This includes ceramic and polymeric material combination which is considered to enhance the dielectric polarization. The dielectric film presented in the study focused on PbTiO3/PVDF-TrFE which was prepared through layer-by-layer spin coating deposition method. The PVDF-TrFE coating was aimed to encapsulate the fragility and to improve the crystallinity property of PbTiO3 thin film surface. The preferential orientation of (1 0 1) tetragonal perovskite PbTiO3 was obtained in this and high crystallinity was found on bilayered PbTiO3/PVDF-TrFE film. The bilayered film produced good film surface in term of its uniformity and surface roughness. The er and tan (δ) value of bilayered PbTiO 3 / PVDF-TrFE film was taken at 1 kHz that approximately 220 and 0.09 respectively.

Recently, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have shown promising applications in targeted drug delivery and contrast imaging. Although in vitro cytotoxicity of GNPs has been thoroughly studied, there are limited data on in vivo toxicity of GNPs. In this study, we evaluated the effects of intraperitoneally injected 10 nm and 50 nm GNPs (5 μg/animal) on the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) on day 1 and day 5, post-exposure. The results of immunohistochemistry showed that both 10 nm and 50 nm GNPs induced an acute phase expression of proinflammatory cytokines in renal cortex and medulla. This proinflammatory response was comparatively more intense in renal medulla than cortex. All the three cytokines were undetectable in control cortex and medulla. In conclusion, both 10 nm and 50 nm GNPs caused an acute phase induction of proinflammatory cytokines in cortex and medulla of rat kidneys. An intense immunostaining of proinflammatory cytokines in renal medulla warrants further studies to evaluate the nephrotoxicity of GNPs to validate the safe application of GNPs for contrast imaging in renal insufficiency.

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) possess promising applications in targeted drug delivery and controlled release of a variety of chemical agents. However, the immunocompatibility of GNPs is poorly understood. After exposure, GNPs preferentially tend to accumulate is liver, where they induce an acute phase proinflammatory response. We therefore compared the two techniques, immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR for measuring the protein and mRNA expressions of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in liver of rats after intraperitoneal injections (5μg/animal) of 10 and 50nm diameter GNPs for 1 and 5days. The results showed that both 10nm and 50nm GNPs induced an acute phase expression of proinflammatory cytokines that receded on day 5. The proinflammatory response on day 1 was comparatively more severe with 50nm GNPs than 10nm GNPs. A comparative evaluation between immunostaining and real-time PCR showed that the latter technique is more sensitive as it could detect the cytokines mRNA expression in control samples as well. This could be partly attributed to the amplification strategy used in real-time PCR and partly to the variations in the half lives of cytokines mRNA and their resulting proteins.

Wet synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) has been reported as an effective and low cost process for large production thin films. The purpose of this project is to investigate the effect of different precursor, different concentration and annealing temperature on the growth of ZnO nanostructures. The ZnO nanostructures is synthesised via a hydrothermal process on a glass substrate and characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The morphological changes of the nanostructures are systematically investigated as a function of precursors and concentration as well as annealing temperature. The process use two different types of precursor which are Zinc acetate dihydrate and Zinc nitrate hexahydrate.