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Salmonella remains a significant foodborne pathogen globally with S. Typhimurium presenting as a frequently occurring serovar. This study aimed to characterize 67 S. Typhimurium isolates from humans, food, farms, and slaughterhouses collected in Singapore from 2016 to 2017. Using whole-genome sequencing analysis, the isolates were found to belong to either ST19 (n = 33) or ST36 (n = 34). ST36 predominated in human intestinal and chicken isolates, while human extra-intestinal and non-chicken food isolates belonged to ST19. Plasmids were predicted in 88.1% (n = 59) of the isolates with the most common incompatibility group profiles being IncFIB(S), IncFII(S) and IncQ1. IncFIB(S) (adjusted p-value < 0.05) and IncFII(S) (adjusted p-value < 0.05) were significantly more prevalent in ST19 isolates, while Col156 (adjusted p-value < 0.05) was more significantly found in ST36 isolates. ST36 isolates exhibited higher resistance to multiple antibiotic classes such as penicillins, phenicols, folate pathway inhibitors, aminoglycosides, β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones. Phylogenetics analysis suggested potential shared routes of transmission among human, chicken, farm and slaughterhouse environments. Taken together, this study offers a cross-sectional epidemiological insight into the genomic epidemiology and antimicrobial landscape of S. Typhimurium isolates in Singapore, informing strategies for future public health and food safety surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonella is a significant zoonotic foodborne pathogen, and the global spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains poses substantial challenges, necessitating alternatives to antibiotics. Among these alternatives, vaccines protect the community against infectious diseases effectively. This review aims to summarize the efficacy of developed Salmonella vaccines evaluated in various animal hosts and highlight key transitions for future vaccine studies. A total of 3221 studies retrieved from Web of Science, Google Scholar, and PubMed/Medline databases between 1970 and 2023 were evaluated. One hundred twenty-seven qualified studies discussed the vaccine efficacy against typhoidal and nontyphoidal serovars, including live-attenuated vaccines, killed inactivated vaccines, outer membrane vesicles, outer membrane complexes, conjugate vaccines, subunit vaccines, and the reverse vaccinology approach in different animal hosts. The most efficacious vaccine antigen candidate found was recombinant heat shock protein (rHsp60) with an incomplete Freund's adjuvant evaluated in a murine model. Overall, bacterial ghost vaccine candidates demonstrated the highest efficacy at 91.25% (95% CI = 83.69–96.67), followed by the reverse vaccinology approach at 83.46% (95% CI = 68.21–94.1) across animal hosts. More than 70% of vaccine studies showed significant production of immune responses, including humoral and cellular, against Salmonella infection. Collectively, the use of innovative methods rather than traditional approaches for the development of new effective vaccines is crucial and warrants in-depth studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonella is among the causative agents for diarrhea worldwide, but its risk factors in Tanzanian children are poorly understood. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Moshi, Kilimanjaro region, from July 2020 to November 2022 among children under five admitted with diarrhea. A questionnaire was administered to all parents/caretakers of the enrolled children. Logistic regression was utilized to analyze the risk factors, with significance at p < 0.05. A total of 306 children were enrolled in the study. The median age was 13.8 months (IQR 8.4–21.8). The majority (58.5%) were males, and 59.5% were from rural areas. Salmonella was identified in eight (2.6%) stool samples, with a higher prevalence in urban than rural areas (4.8% vs. 1.1%; p-value = 0.044). The significant risk factors associated with Salmonella infection among the children included consuming raw milk (adjusted OR = 30.19; 95% CI: 3.94–231.46), using infant formula (adjusted OR = 15.78; 95% CI: 2.98–83.56), undisclosed household income (adjusted OR = 9.98; 95% CI: 2.46–40.12), purchasing eggs direct from the farms (adjusted OR = 7.58; 95%CI: 1.31–43.96), and contact with chickens (adjusted OR = 6.49; 95%CI: 1.25–33.59). These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions to improve food safety, hygiene practices, and socioeconomic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonella infection causes epidemic death in wild songbirds, with potential to spread to humans. In February 2021, public health officials in Oregon and Washington, USA, isolated a strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium from humans and a wild songbird. Investigation by public health partners ultimately identified 30 illnesses in 12 states linked to an epidemic of Salmonella Typhimurium in songbirds. We report a multistate outbreak of human salmonellosis associated with songbirds, resulting from direct handling of sick and dead birds or indirect contact with contaminated birdfeeders. Companion animals might have contributed to the spread of Salmonella between songbirds and patients; the outbreak strain was detected in 1 ill dog, and a cat became ill after contact with a wild bird. This outbreak highlights a One Health issue where actions like regular cleaning of birdfeeders might reduce the health risk to wildlife, companion animals, and humans.

Salmonella Typhi is a versatile pathogen that can infect almost all organs of its host. There has been an increase in the number of cases of extraintestinal infection caused by Salmonella species during the past decade. Present case is of a 17-year-old immunocompetent female admitted to the hospital with complaints of a general tonic-clonic seizure and diagnosed with a Suprasellar hypodense lesion with Hydrocephalus (HCP) documented on a Computed Tomography (CT) scan of the head. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) revealed signs of an intracranial dermoid cyst. Placement of a right Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) Shunt was performed, followed by a right craniotomy with decompression, during which 5 mL of pus was collected from the lesion. The pus was received in the Department of Microbiology and subjected to culture, which grew Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. The patient had been empirically receiving injection cefoperazone-sulbactam 2g/2g twice daily and injection vancomycin 1g 12 hourly before the isolation of Salmonella Typhi. She had also been receiving injection levetiracetam 500 mg i.v. twice a day and inj. phenytoin 500 mg i.v. thrice a day. Following the positive culture report, injection ceftriaxone 2 g daily was started. The patient was discharged on the fifth postoperative day while on injection ceftriaxone, oral levetiracetam 500 mg, and phenytoin 100 mg and was asked to report to the neurosurgery department after seven days for follow-up. On follow-up, she showed improvement, and there were no complaints of fever, seizure, or loss of consciousness. In conclusion, proper clinical, radiological, and microbiological evaluation is very much necessary, and clinicians should be aware of the relatively rare manifestations of Salmonella Typhi infections.

Salmonellosis is an infectious disease that is zoonotic and includes food borne disease. Salmonella spp. can also be found in pets so that it can be a source of transmission of Salmonellosis to humans. The purpose of this study was to determine the infection level of Salmonella spp. in dogs and cats in clinics/animal hospitals in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. A total of 250 rectal swabs from 83 dogs and 167 cats were taken in this study. Isolation and identification of Salmonella spp. using Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD), Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA), and Lysine Iron Agar (LIA) media. The isolates were confirmed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)using a primer Forward primer (5'- GCT AAG TAT GAC ATT CCG GT -3') and reverse (5'- CCA AAG ACT ATC TGC GGA AT -3') eith targeting the STM2773 (IroB) gene. Information on the patient's medical history was obtained based on the anamnesis and questionnaire to the animal owner. Data analysis was descriptive statistics. A total of 32 isolates of Salmomella spp. obtained through conventional methods and as many as 30 samples (12%) confirmed Salmonella spp. using PCR. A total of 11 (13.25%) of 83 dogs and 19 (11.27%) of 167 cats were identified as positive for Salmonella spp. The results of this study indicated that 12% of pet animals in the Special Region of Yogyakarta were infected with Salmonella spp.

Salmonellosis, caused by Salmonella species, is one of the most common foodborne illnesses worldwide with an estimated 93.8 million cases and about 155,00 fatalities. In both industrialized and developing nations, Salmonellosis has been reported to be one of the most prevalent foodborne zoonoses and is linked with arrays of illness syndromes such as acute and chronic enteritis, and septicaemia. The two major and most common Salmonella species implicated in both warm-blooded and cold-blooded animals are Salmonella bongori and Salmonella enterica. To date, more than 2400 S. enterica serovars which affect both humans and animals have been identified. Salmonella is further classified into serotypes based on three primary antigenic determinants: somatic (O), flagella (H), and capsular (K). The capacity of nearly all Salmonella species to infect, multiply, and survive in human host cells with the aid of their pathogenic and virulence arsenals makes them deadly and important public health pathogens. Primarily, food-producing animals such as poultry, swine, cattle, and their products have been identified as important sources of salmonellosis. Additionally, raw fruits and vegetables are among other food types that have been linked to the spread of Salmonella spp. Based on the clinical manifestation of human salmonellosis, Salmonella strains can be categorized as either non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) and typhoidal Salmonella. The detection of aseptically collected Salmonella in necropsies, environmental samples, feedstuffs, rectal swabs, and food products serves as the basis for diagnosis. In developing nations, typhoid fever due to Salmonella Typhi typically results in the death of 5% to 30% of those affected. The World Health Organization (WHO) calculated that there are between 16 and 17 million typhoid cases worldwide each year, with scaring 600,000 deaths as a result. The contagiousness of a Salmonella outbreak depends on the bacterial strain, serovar, growth environment, and host susceptibility. Risk factors for Salmonella infection include a variety of foods; for example, contaminated chicken, beef and pork. Globally, there is a growing incidence and emergence of life-threatening clinical cases, especially due to multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella spp, including strains exhibiting resistance to important antimicrobials such as beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, and third generation cephalosporins. In extreme cases, especially in situations involving very difficult-to-treat strains, death usually results. The severity of the infections resulting from Salmonella pathogens is dependent on the serovar type, host susceptibility, the type of bacterial strains, and growth environment. This review therefore aims to detail the nomenclature, etiology, history, pathogenesis, reservoir, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, epidemiology, transmission, risk factors, antimicrobial resistance, public health importance, economic impact, treatment, and control of salmonellosis. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(6.000): 1313-1329]

The proportion of infectious diseases in general avian pathology is known to vary significantly, while bacterial infections play a critical role in avian disease occurrence and incidence. Most of them are registered in the country’s large-scale poultry holdings, poultry farms and backyards and pose a serious risk in terms of epidemic and veterinary-sanitary aspects. This paper presents the results of analysis of avian colibacillosis and salmonellosis occurrence in 2018–2022, taking into account the number of outbreaks and diseased poultry for each disease. A retrospective analysis showed that these infections are registered annually in poultry farms of the Russian Federation, within a 5-year-period the number of poultry with colibacillosis ranged from 66.18% in 2018 to 0.15% in 2021 of the total number of diseased birds, and the number of Salmonella-infected poultry ranged from 65.91% in 2019 to 0.57% in 2021. In 2018–2020 219,020 samples of poultry meat and poultry products were tested for Salmonella, while Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella infantis were detected in 0.80% cases. It should be noted that in accordance with the requirements of Technical Regulations TR CU 021/2011 and TR EAEU 051/2021, no Salmonella is allowed in 25 g of poultry meat. According to the VESTA automated system, during the study period, incompliances with microbiological safety parameters were detected in 16.11% of poultry meat and poultry product samples, of which 10.98% of the samples contained mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms, and 5.13% contained Escherichia coli. The data obtained indicate the need for a retrospective analysis of the occurrence of some avian bacterial infections in order to study the animal disease situation in poultry farms for the purpose of improving the set of measures to ensure the disease freedom in poultry industry, while addressing the laboratory test results.

Rationale: Salmonella is a common etiological agent behind the tropical fever syndrome in the Indian subcontinent. Its prevalence in India remains high due to a lack of proper sanitation services in large parts of the country. Its neuropsychiatric manifestations is rare and the understanding on their pathophysiology is still poor. Patient concerns: A 19-year-old male, presented with a 10-day history of altered mental status, high-grade fever and violent behaviour. 2 Days prior to admission, he developed decreased responsiveness and a muttering delirium with self-talking. Diagnosis: Coma vigil secondary to salmonellosis. Interventions: Intravenous ceftriaxone and dexamethasone. Outcomes: The resolution of the coma vigil and the associated Salmonella infection were observed; however, the patient developed residual mutism. Lessons: The atypical presentation of a globally obtunded state followed by mutism in typhoid coma in this case should be brought to the attention of clinicians worldwide. Additionally, the enduring speech limitations and potential psychiatric consequences may be linked to the prolonged duration of the infection.

Objective: to study the features of the epidemic process of salmonella infection under current conditions. To establish a causal relationship between the incidence of salmonellosis and the functioning of public catering enterprises, which can form the epidemiological risks.Materials and methods: to assess the intensity, dynamics and structure of the epidemic process of salmonella infection, methods of operative and retrospective epidemiological analysis used, to identify and characterize etiological agents — laboratory methods: bacteriological, serological, molecular genetic analysis.Results: in the course of the study, the epidemiological features of the spread of salmonellosis in the Rostov region were established, the main risks which can form multiple foci were determined on the example of a specific epidemic situation: the possible source of infection, pathways and transmission factors, the etiological agent — Salmonella enteritidis gr. O:9 (D1). Gross violations of sanitary legislation in organizing the work of a public catering enterprise caused a wide contamination of finished culinary goods by pathogens of salmonella infection.Conclusion: based on the identified features of the epidemic process, a complex of measures developed; the focus of infection localized and eliminated. Recommendations for the prevention of salmonellosis for workers in objects of a similar profile and the population are given.

Abstract Salmonellosis, one of the most common foodborne infections in Europe, is monitored by food safety surveillance programmes, resulting in the generation of extensive databases. By leveraging tree-based machine learning (ML) algorithms, we exploited data from food safety audits to predict spatiotemporal patterns of salmonellosis in northwestern Italy. Data on human cases confirmed in 2015–2018 (n = 1969) and food surveillance data collected in 2014–2018 were used to develop ML algorithms. We integrated the monthly municipal human incidence with 27 potential predictors, including the observed prevalence of Salmonella in food. We applied the tree regression, random forest and gradient boosting algorithms considering different scenarios and evaluated their predictivity in terms of the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and R2. Using a similar dataset from the year 2019, spatiotemporal predictions and their relative sensitivities and specificities were obtained. Random forest and gradient boosting (R2 = 0.55, MAPE = 7.5%) outperformed the tree regression algorithm (R2 = 0.42, MAPE = 8.8%). Salmonella prevalence in food; spatial features; and monitoring efforts in ready-to-eat milk, fruits and vegetables, and pig meat products contributed the most to the models’ predictivity, reducing the variance by 90.5%. Conversely, the number of positive samples obtained for specific food matrices minimally influenced the predictions (2.9%). Spatiotemporal predictions for 2019 showed sensitivity and specificity levels of 46.5% (due to the lack of some infection hotspots) and 78.5%, respectively. This study demonstrates the added value of integrating data from human and veterinary health services to develop predictive models of human salmonellosis occurrence, providing early warnings useful for mitigating foodborne disease impacts on public health.

The poultry market is troubled by Salmonellosis infections which has a large negative impact due to morbidity and decreased productivity. Salmonella pullorum causes a disease named Salmonellosis which affects the poultry industries and has long been a significant obstacle to the development of nations. Due to the occurrence of resistance to most of the antibiotics in the poultry, treatment of infection now becomes difficult and challenging. So, alternative therapy is needed to reduce the burden of bacterial load and to treat the infection. The main objectives of this study were to isolate Salmonella pullorum from the layer poultry birds with to check antibiotic resistance of Salmonella pullorum and to isolate lytic phages against Salmonella pullorum. Poultry fecal samples were collected from poultry farms in different areas. For isolation and purification of Salmonella pullorum, Salmonella Shigella agar (SS-agar) was used. Black centered colonies were observed on SS agar and non-lactose fermenter on MacConkey's agar. For the confirmation of bacterial isolates, gram staining yielded pink-red rods as observed microscopically. For citrate utilization isolates also +ve test, catalase production and methyl red reaction and negative for VP and indole reaction. The disk diffusion method on Mueller Hinton was performed to check the susceptibility pattern of Salmonella pullorum. Bacterium showed resistance to amoxicillin followed by tetracycline and ceftazidime, while sensitive to chloramphenicol and kanamycin. Sewage water was collected for the isolation of phages from different sewage lines of poultry farms. Bacteriophages against Salmonella pullorum were isolated through agar overlay method. Clear plaques were observed on petri plates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Salmonella infections are significant causes of foodborne outbreaks in the European Union. This study investigates a sudden increase in gastroenteritis patients in the hospital district of Central Finland in June 2021. The primary aim was to study the outbreak's magnitude and source of the outbreak. Methods and Results: Epidemiological, microbiological, environmental and traceback investigations were conducted. Over 700 persons fell ill during the outbreak caused by Salmonella Typhimurium associated with a daycare lunch. Similar S. Typhimurium was found in the patients and a vegetable mix containing iceberg lettuce, cucumber and peas served during lunch. The traceback investigation revealed that the batch information of vegetables from the wholesaler was not complete. The wholesaler had received quality complaints about the iceberg lettuce from the central kitchen. The manufacturer did not test the suspected batch for Salmonella since the production plant had given a certificate declaring it Salmonella negative. Conclusions: The most suspect ingredient was one batch of iceberg lettuce due to quality complaints. The lettuce had not been served in two daycare centres without cases. We recommend that in order to enable thorough microbiological investigation, institutional kitchens store the food samples separately as part of the internal quality control and that food items should always be tested when Salmonella contamination in an outbreak is suspected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Salmonellosis represents a considerable public and animal health concern. Cattle and particularly calves can be affected by this infection, which can cause a variety of clinical problems. At present, data about the diffusion of Salmonella spp. in dairy cattle farms of northern Italy are scarce. In this context, this study aims to conduct a retrospective survey on the presence of Salmonella serotypes in dairy cattle farms in the Cremona and Mantua provinces of the Lombardy Region (northern Italy). The results highlight that in most cases, Salmonella spp. was detected in the carcasses or organs of calves and that its presence was widely distributed on the farm. Finally, the analyses of antimicrobial resistance patterns place the attention on the spread of multi-drug resistant Salmonella strains. The presence of Salmonella spp. in dairy cattle farms poses a major risk to animal health and welfare. This study focused on Salmonella detection in dairy farms located in the Cremona and Mantua provinces (northern Italy) in samples collected and submitted to laboratories in 2021–2022. A total of 2710 samples from different sources, including calf carcasses/organs (n = 128), rectal swabs (n = 1937), feces (n = 390), bulk milk (n = 93), and overshoes/swabs (n = 127) for environmental sampling, were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella spp. and were included in the present study. Our results indicate that Salmonella was most commonly firstly identified from calf carcasses and organs (61.67%) and that the serotypes most frequently detected in dairies were S. Dublin (38.33%), S. Typhimurium (23.33%), and S. Typhimurium monophasic variant (14.17%). The most common pathological findings in calf carcasses were enteritis, hepatosplenomegaly, and pneumonia. The antimicrobial resistance pattern analyzed using the MIC assay of 51 Salmonella isolates revealed the presence of multi-resistant strains, which pose a major risk to public and animal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonellosis, one of the most common foodborne infections in Europe, is monitored by food safety surveillance programmes, resulting in the generation of extensive databases. By leveraging tree-based machine learning (ML) algorithms, we exploited data from food safety audits to predict spatiotemporal patterns of salmonellosis in northwestern Italy. Data on human cases confirmed in 2015–2018 (n = 1969) and food surveillance data collected in 2014–2018 were used to develop ML algorithms. We integrated the monthly municipal human incidence with 27 potential predictors, including the observed prevalence of Salmonella in food. We applied the tree regression, random forest and gradient boosting algorithms considering different scenarios and evaluated their predictivity in terms of the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and R2. Using a similar dataset from the year 2019, spatiotemporal predictions and their relative sensitivities and specificities were obtained. Random forest and gradient boosting (R2 = 0.55, MAPE = 7.5%) outperformed the tree regression algorithm (R2 = 0.42, MAPE = 8.8%). Salmonella prevalence in food; spatial features; and monitoring efforts in ready-to-eat milk, fruits and vegetables, and pig meat products contributed the most to the models' predictivity, reducing the variance by 90.5%. Conversely, the number of positive samples obtained for specific food matrices minimally influenced the predictions (2.9%). Spatiotemporal predictions for 2019 showed sensitivity and specificity levels of 46.5% (due to the lack of some infection hotspots) and 78.5%, respectively. This study demonstrates the added value of integrating data from human and veterinary health services to develop predictive models of human salmonellosis occurrence, providing early warnings useful for mitigating foodborne disease impacts on public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonellosis, caused by Salmonella species, is one of the most common foodborne illnesses worldwide with an estimated 93.8 million cases and about 155,00 fatalities. In both industrialized and developing nations, Salmonellosis has been reported to be one of the most prevalent foodborne zoonoses and is linked with arrays of illness syndromes such as acute and chronic enteritis, and septicaemia. The two major and most common Salmonella species implicated in both warm-blooded and cold-blooded animals are Salmonella bongori and Salmonella enterica. To date, more than 2400 S. enterica serovars which affect both humans and animals have been identified. Salmonella is further classified into serotypes based on three primary antigenic determinants: somatic (O), flagella (H), and capsular (K). The capacity of nearly all Salmonella species to infect, multiply, and survive in human host cells with the aid of their pathogenic and virulence arsenals makes them deadly and important public health pathogens. Primarily, food-producing animals such as poultry, swine, cattle, and their products have been identified as important sources of salmonellosis. Additionally, raw fruits and vegetables are among other food types that have been linked to the spread of Salmonella spp. Based on the clinical manifestation of human salmonellosis, Salmonella strains can be categorized as either non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) and typhoidal Salmonella. The detection of aseptically collected Salmonella in necropsies, environmental samples, feedstuffs, rectal swabs, and food products serves as the basis for diagnosis. In developing nations, typhoid fever due to Salmonella Typhi typically results in the death of 5%-30% of those affected. The World Health Organization (WHO) calculated that there are between 16 and 17 million typhoid cases worldwide each year, with scaring 600,000 deaths as a result. The contagiousness of a Salmonella outbreak depends on the bacterial strain, serovar, growth environment, and host susceptibility. Risk factors for Salmonella infection include a variety of foods; for example, contaminated chicken, beef, and pork. Globally, there is a growing incidence and emergence of life-threatening clinical cases, especially due to multidrugresistant (MDR) Salmonella spp, including strains exhibiting resistance to important antimicrobials such as betalactams, fluoroquinolones, and third-generation cephalosporins. In extreme cases, especially in situations involving very difficult-to-treat strains, death usually results. The severity of the infections resulting from Salmonella pathogens is dependent on the serovar type, host susceptibility, the type of bacterial strains, and growth environment. This review therefore aims to detail the nomenclature, etiology, history, pathogenesis, reservoir, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, epidemiology, transmission, risk factors, antimicrobial resistance, public health importance, economic impact, treatment, and control of salmonellosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia boasts diverse native chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) known for more disease resistance in comparison to broiler chicken, and Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan (KUB)-1 is designated as Indonesia's superior breed. Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) is associated with salmonellosis, a foodborne illness that can be transmitted by transovarial, wherein colonisation in the oviduct ascends to the ovaries. However, studies mimicking transovarial salmonellosis via intravaginal treatment of chicken have been limited. Meanwhile, Cytosinephosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) stimulation has been known to induce avian β-defensins (AvBDs). This in vivo study aimed to determine the effects of intravaginal CpG-ODN treatment and SE challenged on microbial count and AvBD10 expression regarding the potential of intravaginally CpG-ODN to enhance innate immunity as an alternative approach against transovarial Salmonellosis. A total of 39 KUB-1 chickens were divided into four groups: T1 (CpG-ODN treatment), T2 (SE treatment), T3 (CpG-ODN treatment + challenged with SE), and C (Control). Observation was carried out from day 1 to day 4 post-intravaginal (PI). We found a significant increase in ovarian microbial count (p=0.05). Notably, ovaries and oviducts remained uncontaminated post-SE challenge. Intravaginal CpG-ODN treatment significantly upregulated AvBD10 in both ovaries (p=0.016) and oviducts (p=0.023). Therefore, KUB-1 chickens exhibit SE immunity, and intravaginal CpG-ODN administration holds promise for preventing transovarial Salmonellosis in laying hens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of bacteriophages (BP) could be a possible method to control poultry salmonellosis. However, the sensitivity of field isolates to different phages can restrict their application in the poultry industry. In this survey, the sensitivity of 20 Salmonella field isolates, including 10 S. Typhimurium and 10 S. Enteritidis, to a bacteriophage cocktail was evaluated. The investigated BP cocktail had a promising lytic effect on all field isolates in this survey. The lytic activity of the BP cocktail was retained at different pH values (5.5–8) and temperatures (25°C and 37°C for 48 h; 55°C for 10 min). Physico-chemical resistance of the BP cocktail indicated that it has the potential to be used as a feed additive to control Salmonella contamination. The BP cocktail in feed contaminated with S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium showed a significant reduction effect on colonization of Salmonella in the liver, crop, spleen, and caeca of the broilers at 7, 14 and 21 days. Bacteriophage (BP) cocktail was partially resistant to different temperatures and pH values. The BP cocktail showed lytic effects on different Salmonella isolates. The BP cocktail reduced Salmonella colonization in the internal organs of broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Salmonella is a common etiological agent behind the tropical fever syndrome in the Indian subcontinent. Its prevalence in India remains high due to a lack of proper sanitation services in large parts of the country. Its neuropsychiatric manifestations is rare and the understanding on their pathophysiology is still poor. Patient concerns: A 19-year-old male, presented with a 10-day history of altered mental status, high-grade fever and violent behaviour. 2 Days prior to admission, he developed decreased responsiveness and a muttering delirium with self-talking. Diagnosis: Coma vigil secondary to salmonellosis. Interventions: Intravenous ceftriaxone and dexamethasone. Outcomes: The resolution of the coma vigil and the associated Salmonella infection were observed; however, the patient developed residual mutism. Lessons: The atypical presentation of a globally obtunded state followed by mutism in typhoid coma in this case should be brought to the attention of clinicians worldwide. Additionally, the enduring speech limitations and potential psychiatric consequences may be linked to the prolonged duration of the infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonellosis is a significant public health concern in Saudi Arabia, with various serovars of Salmonella causing outbreaks and infections. The disease's clinical presentation includes common symptoms such as diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps, with potential complications in severe cases. Diagnosing salmonellosis in Saudi Arabia involves a combination of traditional laboratory methods and molecular techniques to ensure accurate identification and treatment. Preventive measures and control strategies, including vaccination campaigns, food safety protocols, and public health education, have been implemented to mitigate the spread of salmonellosis. Challenges such as antimicrobial resistance, limited healthcare resources in rural areas, and underreporting of cases persist and impact the effective management of the disease. Recommendations for improving salmonellosis prevention and management include enhancing surveillance, implementing public health education campaigns, strengthening food safety regulations, promoting antimicrobial stewardship, investing in research, improving healthcare infrastructure, and fostering collaboration and coordination between sectors. Implementing these recommendations can help Saudi Arabia effectively address the challenges posed by salmonellosis and reduce the burden of the disease on public health.

Resumen: La salmonelosis es una enfermedad que puede llegar a ser generalizada, sobre todo en pacientes con inmunocompromiso; sin embargo, se presenta el caso de un paciente varón de 28 años de edad sin comorbilidades que ingresa con historia de fiebre, hepatoesplenomegalia, enfermedad renal aguda con proteinuria y linfopenia, posterior a ingerir alimentos en un sitio no salubre. Se identifica Salmonella typhi en 3 hemocultivos y responde favorablemente al tratamiento antibiótico. Abstract: Salmonellosis is a disease that can become systemic, especially in immunosuppressed patients. However, the case of a 28-year-old male patient with no comorbidities is presented, who was admitted with a history of fever, hepatosplenomegaly, acute kidney injury with proteinuria, and lymphopenia, following ingestion of food at an unsanitary site. Salmonella typhi was identified in 3 blood cultures, and the patient responded favorably to antibiotic treatment.

Bacterial vaccines have become a crucial tool in combating antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in poultry. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics in poultry farming have led to the development of AMR, which is a growing public health concern. Bacterial vaccines are alternative methods for controlling bacterial diseases in poultry, reducing the need for antibiotics and improving animal welfare. These vaccines come in different forms including live attenuated, killed, and recombinant vaccines, and they work by stimulating the immune system to produce a specific response to the target bacteria. There are many advantages to using bacterial vaccines in poultry, including reduced use of antibiotics, improved animal welfare, and increased profitability. However, there are also limitations such as vaccine efficacy and availability. The use of bacterial vaccines in poultry is regulated by various governmental bodies and there are economic considerations to be taken into account, including costs and return on investment. The future prospects for bacterial vaccines in poultry are promising, with advancements in genetic engineering and vaccine formulation, and they have the potential to improve the sustainability of the poultry industry. In conclusion, bacterial vaccines are essential in combating AMR in poultry and represent a crucial step towards a more sustainable and responsible approach to poultry farming.

Understanding disparities in salmonellosis burden is critical for developing effective, equitable prevention programs. Past efforts to characterize disparities were limited in scope and by the analytical methods available when the study was conducted. We aim to address this gap by identifying disparities in salmonellosis incidence between counties with different determinants of health (DOH) profiles. Using national U.S. Laboratory-based Enteric Disease Surveillance (LEDS) data for 1997–2019, age-adjusted county-level salmonellosis incidence/100,000 persons was calculated and linked to publicly available DOH data. We used hurdle counterfactual random forest (CFRF) to quantify, for each DOH, the risk that (i) ≥1 versus no cases were reported by a county, and (ii) when ≥1 case was reported, whether a high (≥16 cases/100,000 persons) or low incidence (≥1 &

Salmonellosis is one of the most common causes of diarrhea, affecting 1/10 of the global population. Salmonellosis outbreaks (SO) pose a severe threat to the healthcare systems of developing regions. To elucidate the patterns of SO in China, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis encompassing 1,134 reports across 74 years, involving 89,050 patients and 270 deaths. A rising trend of SO reports has been observed since the 1970s, with most outbreaks occurring east of the Hu line, especially in coastal and populated regions. It is estimated to have an overall attack rate of 36.66% (95% CI, 33.88-39.45%), and antimicrobial resistance towards quinolone (49.51%) and beta-lactam (73.76%) remains high. Furthermore, we developed an online website, the Chinese Salmonellosis Outbreak Database (CSOD), for visual presentation and data-sharing purposes. This study indicated that healthcare-associated SO required further attention, and our study served as a foundational step in pursuing outbreak intervention and prediction.

Background: Antimicrobial use (AMU) in livestock contributes to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among zoonotic pathogens, such as non-typhoid Salmonella (NTS). Since 2009, the Netherlands has made substantial efforts to reduce AMU in livestock. Objectives: To assess the association between AMU in livestock and AMR in NTS human isolates. Additionally, associations between AMU in broilers/pigs and AMR in NTS broiler/pig isolates, and between AMR in broilers/pigs and in human NTS isolates were assessed. The focus was on Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) and Salmonella Typhimurium including its monophasic variant (ST/STM). Methods: A national population registry-based study was conducted in the Netherlands from 2008 to 2019. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the associations between livestock AMU and NTS resistance proportion in humans and broilers/pigs, overall as well as per class-specific antimicrobials. Correlation analysis was performed to relate AMR proportions between human and broiler/pig NTS isolates. Results: For SE, only a positive association between penicillins use in broilers and resistance to ampicillin among human isolates was significant. For ST/STM, most associations between AMU in livestock and AMR among human isolates were significantly positive, overall and per class-specific antimicrobials, namely for penicillins-ampicillin, tetracyclines-tetracycline and sulfonamides/trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. Significantly positive associations between AMU in broilers/pigs and AMR in broiler/pig ST/STM isolates were also observed, but not between broiler/pig and human AMR levels. Conclusions: Significant associations were generally found between livestock AMU and AMR in human and broiler/pig ST/STM isolates. However, confounding factors, such as imported meat and travel are of concern. To fully comprehend the impact of livestock AMU on resistance in human NTS isolates, it is imperative to enhance AMR surveillance of NTS.

Purpose: To analyze the nationwide incidence of Salmonella infections in Denmark from 2013 to 2022. Methods: Confirmed cases of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica were examined using the National Register of Enteric Pathogens during 2013–2022. Proportions, incidence rates (IR), relative risk (RR), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to assess differences in serotypes, invasiveness, age, sex, and travel exposure. Results: We identified 9,944 Danish Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica cases, with an average annual incidence rate of 16.9 per 100,000 inhabitants, declining during the COVID-19 pandemic. Typhoidal cases totaled 206, with an average annual IR of 0.35 per 100,000 inhabitants. Enteric fever patients had a median age of 24 years (IQR:17–36). Leading non-typhoid Salmonella (NTS) serotypes were S. Enteritidis (26.4%), monophasic S. Typhimurium (16.5%), and S. Typhimurium (13.5%). Median age for NTS cases was 42 (IQR: 18–62), with even sex distribution, and a third reported travel prior to onset of disease. The overall percentage of invasive NTS (iNTS) infection was 8.1% (CI: 7.6–8.7). Eleven serotypes were associated with higher invasiveness, with S. Dublin and S. Panama having the highest invasiveness with age and sex-adjusted RR of 7.31 (CI: 6.35–8.43) and 5.42 (CI: 3.42–8.60), respectively, compared to all other NTS serotypes. Increased age was associated with higher RR for iNTS infection. Conclusion: During the decade, there was a limited number of typhoidal cases. The dominant NTS serotypes were S. Enteritidis and monophasic S. Typhimurium, whereas S. Dublin and S. Panama exhibited the highest invasive potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the Salmonella reduction strategies in poultry production, one option is to use a Salmonella vaccine. The aim of vaccinating layer flocks is to reduce the shedding of wild-type Salmonella in the poultry environment, thereby reducing the contamination of poultry products (eggs and meat). Nutritive diluent and a higher dose of vaccine may enhance its colonization potential in the gut of chickens. In this study, a commercially available live attenuated vaccine (Vaxsafe® ST) was reconstituted in different media and delivered orally to day-old chicks at three different doses (107, 108, and 109 CFU/chick). Gut colonization of the vaccine strain and the effects of vaccination on gut microbiota were assessed in commercial-layer chickens. The vaccine diluent and dosage minimally affected microbiota alpha diversity. Microbiota beta diversity was significantly different (P < 0.05) based on the vaccine diluent and dose, which indicated that the vaccinated and unvaccinated chickens had different gut microbial communities. Differences were noted in the abundance of several genera, including Blautia, Colidextribacter, Dickeya, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, and Sellimonas. The abundance of Colidextribacter was significantly lower in chickens that received vaccine reconstituted in Marek's and water diluents, while Lactobacillus abundance was significantly lower in the water group. The highest vaccine dose (109 CFU/chick) did not significantly alter (P > 0.05) the abundance of microbial genera. Chicken age affected the microbiota composition more significantly than the vaccine dose and diluent. The abundance of Lactobacillus, Blautia, Caproiciproducens, Pediococcus, and Colidextribacter was significantly higher on day 14 compared with day 7 post-vaccination. The Salmonella Typhimurium vaccine load in the caeca was not significantly affected by diluent and vaccine dose; however, it was significantly lower (P < 0.0001) on day 14 compared with day 7 post-vaccination. Overall, the S. Typhimurium vaccine minimally affected the gut microbiota structure of layer chicks, whereas changes in microbiota were more significant with chicken age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swine dysentery, spirochetal colitis, and salmonellosis are production-limiting enteric diseases of global importance to the swine industry. Despite decades of efforts, mitigation of these diseases still relies on antibiotic therapy. A common knowledge gap among the 3 agents is the early B-cell response to infection in pigs. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the porcine B-cell response to Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, Brachyspira hampsonii (virulent and avirulent strains), Brachyspira pilosicoli, and Salmonella Typhimurium, the agents of the syndromes mentioned above. Immortalized porcine B-cell line derived from a crossbred pig with lymphoma were co-incubated for 8 h with each pathogen, as well as E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and a sham-inoculum (n = 3/treatment). B-cell viability following treatments was evaluated using trypan blue, and the expression levels of B-cell activation-related genes was profiled using reverse transcription quantitative PCR. Only S. Typhimurium and LPS led to increased B-cell mortality. B. pilosicoli downregulated B-lymphocyte antigen (CD19), spleen associated tyrosine Kinase (syk), tyrosine-protein kinase (lyn), and Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α), and elicited no change in immunoglobulin-associated beta (CD79b) and swine leukocyte antigen class II (SLA-DRA) expression levels, when compared to the sham-inoculated group. In contrast, all other treatments significantly upregulated CD79b and stimulated responses in other B-cell downstream genes. These findings suggest that B. pilosicoli does not elicit an immediate T-independent B-cell response, nor does it trigger antigen-presenting mechanisms. All other agents activated at least one trigger within the T-independent pathways, as well as peptide antigen presenting mechanisms. Future research is warranted to verify these findings in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nontyphoidal salmonellosis is an important foodborne and zoonotic infection that causes significant global public health concern. Diverse serovars are multidrug-resistant and encode several virulence indicators; however, little is known on the role prophages play in driving these traits. Here, we extracted prophages from seventy-five Salmonella genomes which represent the fifteen important serovars in the United Kingdom. We analyzed the intact prophages for the presence of virulence genes and established their genomic relationships. We identified 615 prophages from the Salmonella strains, from which 195 prophages are intact, 332 are incomplete, while 88 are questionable. The average prophage carriage was found to be 'extreme' in S. Heidelberg, S. Inverness, and S. Newport (10.2–11.6 prophages/strain), 'high' in S. Infantis, S. Stanley, S. Typhimurium, and S. Virchow (8.2–9.0 prophages/strain), 'moderate' in S. Agona, S. Braenderup, S. Bovismorbificans, S. Choleraesuis, S. Dublin, and S. Java (6.0–7.8 prophages/strain), and 'low' in S. Javiana and S. Enteritidis (5.8 prophages/strain). Cumulatively, 61 virulence genes (1500 gene copies) were detected from representative intact prophages and linked to Salmonella delivery/secretion system (42.62%), adherence (32.7%), magnesium uptake (3.88%), regulation (5%), stress/survival (1.6%), toxins (10%), and antivirulence (1.6%). Diverse clusters were formed among the intact prophages and with bacteriophages of other enterobacteria, suggesting different lineages and associations. Our work provides a strong body of data to support the contributions diverse prophages make to the pathogenicity of Salmonella, including thirteen previously unexplored serovars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although salmonellosis has been considered an important problem in the ruminant farm from 10 weeks to 14 months old, there is no information about the disease in goats, especially in 2 to 3-day-old kids, in recent years. The goat farmers complained that the 2 to 3-day-old kids showed clinical signs of depression, weakness, lameness, and diarrhea. The kids might die within one week after the symptoms appeared. The mortality reached 60% (48/80). After many antimicrobial agents were dosed, no better outcome was expected. The farmer sent one kid to the official deputy for further investigation. By helping with bacterial and molecular biological techniques, autopsy, serotyping, and histopathological diagnosis, the kids were infected by Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Havana strain. After a farm visit, a moldy floor contaminated by 2 to 3 cm thick feces was identified on the floor. After removing the mold and implementing disinfection, the outbreak was stopped. In conclusion, this report proves that salmonellosis has recently been identified in goat farms, especially in kids, within one week. Moreover, good hygiene and keeping feces out of barns are essential to preventing salmonellosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global rise in seafood consumption has increased the incidence of aquatic food-associated bacterial infections, with Salmonella spp. being of great concern. While numerous Salmonella serotypes exist, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis have garnered significant attention as foodborne pathogens. The pathogenicity of Salmonella is attributed to its ability to express a wide array of virulence factors. These factors aid Salmonella's colonization, invasion, and survival in aquatic environments and the human gastrointestinal tracts. In addition, the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella strains isolated from aquatic food is a significant challenge for the seafood industry. Given the increasing evidence of Salmonella's prevalence, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance isolated from various types of aquatic food, it is crucial to address this issue to safeguard public health. Comprehensive surveillance programs, implementation of good aquaculture and hygiene practices, and adherence to strict food safety regulations are essential in preventing and controlling Salmonella contamination in aquatic food. This review emphasized the occurrence, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance observed in Salmonella strains obtained from different varieties of aquatic food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonella is estimated to be the leading bacterial cause of U.S. domestically acquired foodborne illness. Large outbreaks of Salmonella attributed to ground beef have been reported in recent years. The demographic and sociodemographic characteristics of infected individuals linked to these outbreaks are poorly understood. We employed a retrospective case-control design; case-patients were people with laboratory-confirmed Salmonella infections linked to ground beef-associated outbreaks between 2012 and 2019, and controls were respondents to the 2018–2019 FoodNet Population Survey who reported eating ground beef and denied recent gastrointestinal illness. We used county-level CDC/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) to compare case-patient and controls. Case-patient status was regressed on county-level social vulnerability and individual-level demographic characteristics. We identified 376 case-patients and 1,321 controls in the FoodNet sites. Being a case-patient was associated with increased overall county-level social vulnerability (OR: 1.21 [95% CI: 1.07–1.36]) and socioeconomic vulnerability (OR: 1.24 [1.05–1.47]) when adjusted for individual-level demographics. Case-patient status was not strongly associated with the other SVI themes of household composition and disability, minority status and language, and housing type and transportation. Data on individual-level factors such as income, poverty, unemployment, and education could facilitate further analyses to understand this relationship.

Summary: Background: International distribution of contaminated foods can be a source of Salmonella infections in people and can contribute to the spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria across countries. We report an investigation led by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and state governmental officials into a multistate outbreak of salmonellosis linked to pig ear pet treats. Methods: Pig ear treats and companion dogs were tested for Salmonella by state officials and the FDA. Products were traced back to the country of origin when possible. Cases were defined as outbreak illnesses in people associated with one of seven Salmonella serotypes genetically related to samples from pig ear pet treats, with isolation dates from June 2015 to September 2019. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of isolates was used to predict antimicrobial resistance. Findings: The outbreak included 154 human cases in 34 states. Of these, 107 of 122 (88%) patients reported dog contact, and 65 of 97 (67%) reported contact with pig ear pet treats. Salmonella was isolated from 137 pig ear treats, including some imported from Argentina, Brazil, and Colombia, and from four dogs. WGS predicted 77% (105/137) of human and 43% (58/135) of pig ear treat isolates were resistant to ≥3 antimicrobial classes. Interpretation: This was the first documented United States multistate outbreak of Salmonella infections linked to pig ear pet treats. This multidrug-resistant outbreak highlights the interconnectedness of human health and companion animal ownership and the need for zoonotic pathogen surveillance to prevent human illness resulting from internationally transported pet food products. Funding: Animal Feed Regulatory Program Standards award. Animal and product testing conducted by FDA Vet-LIRN was funded by Vet-LIRN infrastructure grants (PAR-22-063).

Eggs are a good source of balanced nutritional and biologically active substances - proteins, lipids, some irreplaceable nutritional components such as amino acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, macro- and microelements, etc. It is identified as the cheapest animal source of proteins, lipids, vitamins A, B12, riboflavin, choline, iron, zinc, phosphorus and calcium. At the same time, the dangers to human health that eggs can carry are also taken into account. Material/Methods: The literature used is based on databases PubMed, Embase and as well as data from own studies. Review Results: In the present review, we provide data on the importance of the composition of eggs in human nutrition are presented and the risk of their use is evaluated. Conclusions: The high biological and nutritional value of eggs are grounds for their use in the daily life of healthy people, without additional restrictions of cardiovascular diseases. There is a risk of food poisoning, which can be limited to acceptable levels by following good hygiene practices.

Salmonella remains a significant foodborne pathogen globally with S. Typhimurium presenting as a frequently occurring serovar. This study aimed to characterize 67 S. Typhimurium isolates from humans, food, farms, and slaughterhouses collected in Singapore from 2016 to 2017. Using whole-genome sequencing analysis, the isolates were found to belong to either ST19 (n = 33) or ST36 (n = 34). ST36 predominated in human intestinal and chicken isolates, while human extra-intestinal and non-chicken food isolates belonged to ST19. Plasmids were predicted in 88.1% (n = 59) of the isolates with the most common incompatibility group profiles being IncFIB(S), IncFII(S) and IncQ1. IncFIB(S) (adjusted p-value < 0.05) and IncFII(S) (adjusted p-value < 0.05) were significantly more prevalent in ST19 isolates, while Col156 (adjusted p-value < 0.05) was more significantly found in ST36 isolates. ST36 isolates exhibited higher resistance to multiple antibiotic classes such as penicillins, phenicols, folate pathway inhibitors, aminoglycosides, β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones. Phylogenetics analysis suggested potential shared routes of transmission among human, chicken, farm and slaughterhouse environments. Taken together, this study offers a cross-sectional epidemiological insight into the genomic epidemiology and antimicrobial landscape of S. Typhimurium isolates in Singapore, informing strategies for future public health and food safety surveillance.

Salmonella is among the causative agents for diarrhea worldwide, but its risk factors in Tanzanian children are poorly understood. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Moshi, Kilimanjaro region, from July 2020 to November 2022 among children under five admitted with diarrhea. A questionnaire was administered to all parents/caretakers of the enrolled children. Logistic regression was utilized to analyze the risk factors, with significance at p < 0.05. A total of 306 children were enrolled in the study. The median age was 13.8 months (IQR 8.4–21.8). The majority (58.5%) were males, and 59.5% were from rural areas. Salmonella was identified in eight (2.6%) stool samples, with a higher prevalence in urban than rural areas (4.8% vs. 1.1%; p-value = 0.044). The significant risk factors associated with Salmonella infection among the children included consuming raw milk (adjusted OR = 30.19; 95% CI: 3.94–231.46), using infant formula (adjusted OR = 15.78; 95% CI: 2.98–83.56), undisclosed household income (adjusted OR = 9.98; 95% CI: 2.46–40.12), purchasing eggs direct from the farms (adjusted OR = 7.58; 95%CI: 1.31–43.96), and contact with chickens (adjusted OR = 6.49; 95%CI: 1.25–33.59). These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions to improve food safety, hygiene practices, and socioeconomic conditions.

Salmonella is a significant zoonotic foodborne pathogen, and the global spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains poses substantial challenges, necessitating alternatives to antibiotics. Among these alternatives, vaccines protect the community against infectious diseases effectively. This review aims to summarize the efficacy of developed Salmonella vaccines evaluated in various animal hosts and highlight key transitions for future vaccine studies. A total of 3221 studies retrieved from Web of Science, Google Scholar, and PubMed/Medline databases between 1970 and 2023 were evaluated. One hundred twenty-seven qualified studies discussed the vaccine efficacy against typhoidal and nontyphoidal serovars, including live-attenuated vaccines, killed inactivated vaccines, outer membrane vesicles, outer membrane complexes, conjugate vaccines, subunit vaccines, and the reverse vaccinology approach in different animal hosts. The most efficacious vaccine antigen candidate found was recombinant heat shock protein (rHsp60) with an incomplete Freund’s adjuvant evaluated in a murine model. Overall, bacterial ghost vaccine candidates demonstrated the highest efficacy at 91.25% (95% CI = 83.69–96.67), followed by the reverse vaccinology approach at 83.46% (95% CI = 68.21–94.1) across animal hosts. More than 70% of vaccine studies showed significant production of immune responses, including humoral and cellular, against Salmonella infection. Collectively, the use of innovative methods rather than traditional approaches for the development of new effective vaccines is crucial and warrants in-depth studies.

Introduction: Extensively drug resistant (XDR) strains of the Salmonella lineages have been reported to spread from Africa to South Asia. XDR strains are resistant to fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole, and ampicillin, resulting in treatment failure. The objectives of this study included the investigation of transmission of S. Typhi lineages and the identification of the potentially contaminated sources of the XDR typhoid outbreak from different urban areas by using molecular techniques. Methodology: Environmental samples, including food samples, were collected from different towns and the susceptibility of each isolate to the antimicrobial agents was examined. Molecular identification of different Salmonella lineages including S. Typhi, S. Paratyphi A, H58, and XDR was carried out through multiplex PCR. Results and Conclusions: A total of 328 environmental samples including raw vegetables, water, and bakery items were collected. More than half of the tested samples (64%) found harboring Salmonella spp. The Salmonella was confirmed through PCR amplification of species-specific markers that showed the presence of S. Typhi (40%), S. Paratyphi A (8%), H58 (7%), and XDR S. Typhi (6%). Raw vegetables had the highest number of Salmonella spp., indicating consumption of raw vegetables as a possible source of salmonellosis. XDR status was also affirmed through phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Extra-intestinal salmonellosis is associated with higher case fatality and is underestimated in the developing countries like India. Here we present a case series of bacteriologically proven extra-intestinal salmonellosis managed at our institute over the past two years. Materials and Methods: Retrospective analysis of bacteriologically proven extra-intestinal salmonellosis over two years between January 2020 to December 2021 was carried out. Medical records were reviewed for site of infection, evidence of any underlying or predisposing illnesses and antimicrobial susceptibility report. Results: Eight patients were diagnosed with extra-intestinal salmonellosis. Male to female ratio was 3:1. Mean age was 44 years. Four were typhoidal and four were nontyphoidal Salmonellae. The extra-intestinal sites involved were purulent aspirates from scrotum, caecum, perianal region, intraperitoneal collection, synovium, and urine. Predisposing factors include chronic myeloid leukemia, HIV and gastric malignancy. All deep seated abscess required surgical intervention. All typhoidal Salmonella (n=4) were sensitive to cotrimoxazole, ampicillin, ceftriaxone. Among nontyphoidal Salmonella, one was resistant to cotrimoxazole; two were resistant to ampicillin, ceftriaxone and three resistant to ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: The diagnosis of extra-intestinal salmonellosis requires a high degree of clinical suspicion and should be included in the differential diagnosis in patients with deep-seated abscesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonella enterica subsp houtenae has been recovered from a wide variety of species, including reptiles, and has been linked to important clinical manifestations in snakes and lizards. We describe a case of concomitant fibrinonecrotic enteritis and orchitis associated with S. enterica subsp houtenae infection in a short-tailed boa (Boa constrictor amarali). At necropsy, the mucosa of the large intestine was covered by a focally extensive fibrinonecrotic exudate (diphtheritic pseudomembrane). The left testicle was enlarged, firm and diffusely expanded by a thick fibrinous yellow exudate. Polymerase chain reaction and conclusive antigenic testing indicated that the bacteria isolated from the lesions were S. enterica subsp houtenae , and the virulence genes InvA , slyA , stn and spvC were identified. This report reinforces that, although S. enterica subsp houtenae has been isolated from asymptomatic reptiles, it has the potential to cause life-threatening disease in snakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Mbandaka (S. Mbandaka) has been increasingly isolated from laying hens and shell eggs around the world. Moreover, this serovar has been identified as the causative agent of several salmonellosis outbreaks in humans. Surprisingly, little is known about the characteristics of this emerging serovar, and therefore, we investigated antimicrobial resistance, virulence, and prophage genes of six selected Brazilian strains of Salmonella Mbandaka using Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS). Multi-locus sequence typing revealed that the tested strains belong to Sequence Type 413 (ST413), which has been linked to recent multi-country salmonellosis outbreaks in Europe. A total of nine resistance genes were detected, and the most frequent ones were aac(6′)-Iaa, sul1, qacE, blaOXA-129, tet(B), and aadA1. A point mutation in ParC at the 57th position (threonine → serine) associated with quinolone resistance was present in all investigated genomes. A 112,960 bp IncHI2A plasmid was mapped in 4/6 strains. This plasmid harboured tetracycline (tetACDR) and mercury (mer) resistance genes, genes contributing to conjugative transfer, and genes involved in plasmid maintenance. Most strains (four/six) carried Salmonella genomic island 1 (SGI1). All S. Mbandaka genomes carried seven pathogenicity islands (SPIs) involved in intracellular survival and virulence: SPIs 1-5, 9, and C63PI. The virulence genes csgC, fimY, tcfA, sscA, (two/six), and ssaS (one/six) were absent in some of the genomes; conversely, fimA, prgH, and mgtC were present in all of them. Five Salmonella bacteriophage sequences (with homology to Escherichia phage phiV10, Enterobacteria phage Fels-2, Enterobacteria phage HK542, Enterobacteria phage ST64T, Salmonella phage SW9) were identified, with protein counts between 31 and 54, genome lengths of 24.7 bp and 47.7 bp, and average GC content of 51.25%. In the phylogenetic analysis, the genomes of strains isolated from poultry in Brazil clustered into well-supported clades with a heterogeneous distribution, primarily associated with strains isolated from humans and food. The phylogenetic relationship of Brazilian S. Mbandaka suggests the presence of strains with high epidemiological significance and the potential to be linked to foodborne outbreaks. Overall, our results show that isolated strains of S. Mbandaka are multidrug-resistant and encode a rather conserved virulence machinery, which is an epidemiological hallmark of Salmonella strains that have successfully disseminated both regionally and globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is one of the leading causes of foodborne infections associated with broilers and laying hens. Portugal has had the lowest notification rates of salmonellosis in recent years, due to the vaccinations of layer and breeder flocks and strict compliance with biosecurity measures. However, data about the genetic diversity of S. Enteritidis in Portugal are scarce. In this study, 102 S. Enteritidis isolates selected from human (n = 63) and non-human sources (n = 39) were characterized by serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility, and whole genome sequencing. The S. Enteritidis population was mainly resistant to fluoroquinolones, and a sole isolate showed resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins. ST11 was the most frequent sequence type, and three novel STs from human isolates (ST9236, ST4457, and ST9995) were assigned. Several Salmonella pathogenic islands (SPI) and Putative SPI were present in the genomes, namely SPI-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 12, 13, and 14, C63PI, CS54_island, and 170 virulence genes were identified. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that strains from Portugal are genetically heterogeneous regarding sample type, collection date, and genetic content. This study increases the available data, essential to a better characterization of strains in a global context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonellosis is a major food-borne disease in humans worldwide caused by Salmonella enteritidis. Currently, selected phytochemicals are gaining attention as effective substitute therapeutics for management and control of microbial drug resistance. The present investigation appraises the antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of seed and leaf extract from Syzygium cumini against Salmonella enteritidis. Anti-salmonella activity of aqueous and methanolic extracts from seeds and leaves of Syzygium cumini was determined by the agar well diffusion method, whereas minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was estimated by the microtiter broth dilution method. Cytotoxic potential was observed by MTT assay on Vero cell lines. Of the tested extracts, methanolic extract of seeds showed higher antimicrobial activity with zone of inhibition (ZOI) 15 ± 0.6 mm and MIC 50 μg/mL. The MTT results indicated more than 50% cell survival at extract concentrations ≤213.1 μg/mL. GC-MS confirmed the presence of several active compounds such as heptanedioic acid, 3-methyl-dimethyl ester, 1,10-dicyanodecane, dimethylmalonic acid, 2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl isohexyl ester, 1,10-dicyanodecane, etc. The present results support the potential uses of the methanolic extract of Syzygies cumini seeds as an alternative antibacterial agent/antibiotic against Salmonella enteritidis with a safe cytotoxic profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In this study, the utilization of citrus oil (CO) as a natural antimicrobial solution to address bacterial diseases in poultry farming was examined, with a focus on pullorum disease and fowl typhoid in wooden chips employed as floor materials. With a decline in antibiotic use in poultry leading to a resurgence of bacterial infections like salmonellosis, CO has emerged as a promising alternative. The oil effectively inhibited the growth of various Salmonella serovars, particularly S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum, demonstrating its potential to control these diseases. This study also found that CO, when applied to wooden chips in poultry house floors, prevents the development of Salmonella. Additionally, the research revealed that CO downregulates virulence genes in the bacteria, suggesting it could alter their harmful effects. Overall, this natural antimicrobial shows promise in preventing and managing salmonellosis in chicken production, offering a valuable alternative for addressing re-emerging diseases and promoting healthier poultry farming practices. This study investigates the potential role of Cold-pressed Valencia Terpeneless citrus oil (CO), as a natural antimicrobial, in controlling causative agents of pullorum disease and fowl typhoid in floor materials for poultry farming, specifically wooden chips. The study addresses the issues that have arisen as a result of the reduction in antibiotic use in poultry farming, which has resulted in the re-emergence of bacterial diseases including salmonellosis. CO efficiently inhibits the growth of pathogens including various serovars of Salmonella enterica (SE), including SE serovar Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum) and SE serovar Pullorum (S. Pullorum), in a dose-dependent manner. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of CO showed potential for controlling diverse S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum isolates. Growth inhibition assays demonstrated that 0.4% (v/w) CO eliminated S. Pullorum and S. Gallinarum from 24 h onwards, also impacting poultry gut microbiota and probiotic strains. Floor material simulation, specifically wooden chips treated with 0.4% CO, confirmed CO's effectiveness in preventing S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum growth on poultry house floors. This study also investigated the effect of CO on the expression of virulence genes in S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum. Specifically, the study revealed that the application of CO resulted in a downregulation trend in virulence genes, including spiA, invA, spaN, sitC, and sifA, in both S. Pullorum and S. Gallinarum, implying that CO may alter the pathogenicity of these bacterial pathogens. Overall, this study reveals that CO has the potential to be used as a natural antimicrobial in the prevention and management of Salmonella-related infections in chicken production, offering a viable alternative to control these re-emerging diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Case summary A 2-year-old male neutered domestic shorthair cat presented with an acute onset of muscular pain, ataxia and fever. Serological tests for Toxoplasma gondii IgM and IgG, cryptococcal antigen, feline immune deficiency virus antibody and feline leukaemia virus antigen were all negative. Brain and spinal MRI showed evidence of myositis and bilateral renal parenchymal abnormalities and pyelectasis. Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype Typhimurium 1,4, [5],12:i:1,2 was isolated from urine and was susceptible to amoxycillin, amoxycillin-clavulanic acid, enrofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfonamide. All clinical signs resolved after a 2-week treatment course with oral amoxycillin-clavulanate. A repeat urine culture 7 days after completing the antimicrobial course was negative. Relevance and novel information Infection with Salmonella species is uncommon in cats and has not previously been reported in association with pyelonephritis or generalised myositis. The importance of performing urine culture in the initial diagnostic investigation of cats with pyrexia is highlighted in this case report. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goals of this research are to determine the developmental tendency of salmonellosis in the Republic of North Macedonia and to determine the index of dynamics and the rate of decline/increase of salmonellosis in the Republic of North Macedonia. The research covers the period from 01.01.2012 until 31.12.2022. The data used to implement this study were obtained from the Institute of Public Health of the Republic of North Macedonia. The research included 2711 subjects who were sick with salmonellosis from 2012 to 2022. The following statistical methods of work are used: linear trend, dynamic index with a constant base, dynamic index with a variable base (chain index), rate of decline, and rate of increase. The results of the study suggest that in the period 2012-2022, the highest number of patients (n=373) and the highest incidence (18/100000) of salmonellosis were registered in 2018, and the lowest in 2020 (n=119, I=5.8/100000). From the linear trend values, it can be concluded that salmonellosis in the Republic of North Macedonia shows a decreasing tendency. The biggest increase in salmonellosis in the Republic of North Macedonia was in 2015 by 71% compared to 2014. The biggest decrease in salmonellosis in the Republic of North Macedonia was in 2020 by 48% compared to 2019. From the study, it can be concluded that food operators and manufacturers are observing the procedures of the HACCP control system for food safety, leading to a possible decrease in salmonellosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Salmonella is one of the most important zoonotic pathogen agents, causing an estimated 93.8 million cases of gastroenteritis worldwide annually, with 155,000 deaths. Efforts to reduce transmission of Salmonella by food and other routes must be implemented on a global scale. Salmonellosis control strategies are based on two fundamental aspects: (a) the reduction of prevalence levels in animals and (b) protection against infection in humans. Thus, this review will be focused on Salmonella and its relationship between animals and public health (one health approach). The aim is to update the status of Salmonella in the world, with special reference to its implications on epidemiology and public health, food chain and risk assessment, antimicrobial resistance, and control strategies. We strongly believe that this review is an opportunity to collect significant and relevant information, using an integral approach, on Animal Health, Public Health, and the relationship between the two. Salmonellosis is globally recognized as one of the leading causes of acute human bacterial gastroenteritis resulting from the consumption of animal-derived products, particularly those derived from the poultry and pig industry. Salmonella spp. is generally associated with self-limiting gastrointestinal symptoms, lasting between 2 and 7 days, which can vary from mild to severe. The bacteria can also spread in the bloodstream, causing sepsis and requiring effective antimicrobial therapy; however, sepsis rarely occurs. Salmonellosis control strategies are based on two fundamental aspects: (a) the reduction of prevalence levels in animals by means of health, biosecurity, or food strategies and (b) protection against infection in humans. At the food chain level, the prevention of salmonellosis requires a comprehensive approach at farm, manufacturing, distribution, and consumer levels. Proper handling of food, avoiding cross-contamination, and thorough cooking can reduce the risk and ensure the safety of food. Efforts to reduce transmission of Salmonella by food and other routes must be implemented using a One Health approach. Therefore, in this review we provide an update on Salmonella, one of the main zoonotic pathogens, emphasizing its relationship with animal and public health. We carry out a review on different topics about Salmonella and salmonellosis, with a special emphasis on epidemiology and public health, microbial behavior along the food chain, predictive microbiology principles, antimicrobial resistance, and control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]