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High-quality prevalence and incidence studies of oral conditions are essential for estimation of disease burden and comparison of estimates among countries and over time, as well as for priority setting, resource allocation, and planning public health action. Existing systematic reviews of the epidemiology of untreated dental caries, severe periodontitis, and edentulism, carried out for the Global Burden of Disease study, showed inadequate and incomplete reporting of the measurement of oral conditions as well as a lack of consistency and comparability with other health conditions. These issues are more accentuated in studies from low- and middle-income countries. Studies must meet the highest standards so that these efforts do not waste resources. This report extends the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines to improve and standardize the reporting of descriptive oral epidemiologic studies of common oral conditions. The aim of the Guidelines for Reporting Oral Epidemiologic Studies to Inform Burden Estimation (GROESBE) is to promote transparency, clarity, and comparability of scientific reporting, specifically for prevalence and incidence studies of untreated caries, severe periodontitis, and edentulism. The GROESBE guidelines and checklist were developed following a structured and formal consultation process with a geographically diverse group of 23 individuals involved in the conduct and analysis of oral epidemiologic studies. GROESBE focuses on elements that are not included in STROBE, adding 14 specific recommendations to existing guidelines. They will facilitate reliable comparison of emerging prevalence and incidence data on untreated caries, severe periodontitis, and edentulism across settings worldwide and the synthesis of robust evidence to inform estimation of disease burden in future iterations of the Global Burden of Disease study., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of preventive interventions in children who have undergone caries-related dental extractions., Methods: Rapid review across five databases (CENTRAL, Ovid Medline, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus). Quality was assessed using the Risk of Bias 2 tool., Results: Five studies were included, all randomised controlled trials involving pre-and/or post-extractions activity. Three studies involved oral health education (computer game, motivational interviewing, visual aids), one delivered clinical prevention (fissure sealants), and one an enhanced prevention programme combining additional health education and a clinical intervention (fluoride varnish). Retention was mixed (55%-80% in the intervention groups). Of the three studies measuring caries, all reported less caries development in the test group. However, only a study involving a dental nurse-delivered structured conversation, informed by motivational interviewing, showed an improvement in oral health. Two studies reporting on plaque and gingival bleeding had conflicting results. A study reporting on subsequent dental attendance did not demonstrate a clear improvement., Conclusion: Few published studies have explored prevention-based interventions in high caries-risk children requiring dental extractions. Whilst evidence of clinical benefit of preventive interventions in this population is limited, the potential use of contemporary behaviour change techniques appears promising. There is an urgent need for more high-quality longer-term trials using contemporary methodologies., (Copyright© 2024 Dennis Barber Ltd.)

Introduction: Dental caries and inequalities in dental health are major public health concerns., Aim: To report variation in dental caries experience across deprivation quintiles and the magnitude of inequalities between countries., Design: Secondary analyses of cross-sectional data from the 2013 Child Dental Health Survey (CDHS) in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland., Materials and Methods: Distribution of dental caries across deprivation quintiles were estimated using as proportions and means. The magnitude of inequalities was calculated using the Relative Index of Inequality (RII)., Main Outcomes: Dental caries experience as indicated by the prevalence (%dmft/DMFT>0) and severity (dmft/DMFT) of 'obvious' and 'clinical' decay experience in both primary and permanent dentitions., Results: Children from more deprived quintiles showed higher prevalence and severity of dental caries. RIIs for dental caries were greater in England than Wales or Northern Ireland, indicating greater relative inequalities despite lower average dental caries experience. The prevalence and severity of dental caries among the most deprived children in England were 1.7 to 3.7 times greater than those of the least deprived., Conclusion: There is a deprivation gradient in child dental caries in all three countries, with England showing the greatest inequalities., (Copyright© 2020 Dennis Barber Ltd.)

Objective: To describe the shape of the relationship between area deprivation and dental attendance (DA) in children aged 5 years and under in England and the modifying effect of caries prevalence, ethnicity, family profile and dentist-to-population ratio., Basic Research Design: DA rates were calculated at lower-tier local authority level (LA, n=326) using NHS data for the year to March 2017. LA deprivation was determined by Index of Multiple Deprivation 2015. Caries prevalence was retrieved from the 2016/17 National Dental Epidemiology Programme; ethnicity and family profile from Census 2011 and dentist-to-population ratio from NHS statistics. Fractional polynomial (FP) models explored the shape of the relationship. Multivariable regression models were adjusted for covariates. The effect of moderators was estimated by adjusted marginal effects., Clinical Setting: English Lower-tier LAs., Main Outcome Measure: Shape of the relationship between DA and deprivation and its moderators., Results: Best-fitting second-order FP model (p=0.582) did not provide a better fit for the relationship than the linear model. Therefore, the linear model was selected for final analysis. Deprivation was associated with decreased DA rates (Coefficient=-0.39, 95%CI=-0.53,-0.24; p=⟨0.001); while White ethnicity (Coefficient=0.35, 95%CI=0.29, 0.41; p=⟨0.001), single parenthood (Coefficient = 2.21, 95%CI=0.91,3.51; p=0.001) and caries prevalence (Coefficient =0.34, 95%CI=0.25,0.44; p=⟨0.001) with increased rates. These moderated the relationship., Conclusions: We hypothesised that the shape of the relationship between deprivation and DA could be curvilinear with higher rates in the extreme ends of deprivation. However, the analysis showed a linear association, moderated by the effect of ethnicity, single parenthood and disease level., (Copyright© 2020 Dennis Barber Ltd.)

Objective: To describe child dental attendance (DA) by 1 year of age in England and its relationship with area deprivation., Basic Research Design: Analysis of National Health Service data for the 12 months to June 2017. Deprivation was measured by Index of Multiple Deprivation Rank of Average Score (2015) for upper-tier and unitary local authorities in England (LAs, n=151). DA rates were calculated for children under 1 year (⟨1yr) and children aged 1 year and under (⟨1yr). A Spearman's test assessed strength of association with deprivation. The Slope Index of Inequality (SII) and Relative Index of Inequality (RII) explored equity., Clinical Setting: Upper-tier and unitary LAs in England., Main Outcome Measure: Attending an NHS primary care dental service., Results: DA rates ranged from 0 to 12.3% (Median:2; IQR:1.4,3.9) in children ⟨1yr and from 3.7 to 37.6% (Median:10; IQR:7.4,17) in children ≤1yr. DA rates decreased as deprivation decreased (Spearman=-0.25, p=0.0019 in children ⟨1yr; Spearman=-0.21, p=0.0104 in children ≤1yr). The SII suggested a 2 percentage point difference in DA rate across the deprivation distribution in children ⟨1yr (SII=-0.02, 95% CI=-0.01,-0.04; p=⟨0.001); and a 5 point difference in children ≤1yr (SII=-0.05, 95% CI=-0.02,-0.09; p=0.003). The DA rate in the most deprived LA was 2.1 higher than the least deprived LA (RII=2.1, 95% CI=1.4,3.2; p=⟨0.001) in children ⟨1yr and 1.5 higher (RII=1.5, 95% CI=1.2,2; p=0.004) in children ≤1yr., Conclusions: DA rates were low for all LAs and only partially explained by deprivation. More deprived LAs were, unexpectedly, more likely to report higher DA rates., (Copyright© 2019 Dennis Barber Ltd.)