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Background/Objectives: The miswak, crafted from the Salvadora persica tree, is a traditional teeth-cleaning twig that has served as a natural substitute for toothbrushes and toothpaste across diverse regions for centuries. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of miswak and a conventional toothbrush in reducing dental plaque and gingivitis over a two-week period. Methods: This two-week randomized, single-blind (clinical investigator), two-parallel-arm clinical trial was conducted at Princess Nourah University College of Dentistry (PNUCD). Stratified random sampling identified sixty participants who were then randomly assigned to two study groups: the miswak group and the toothbrushing group. To facilitate data collection, a self-designed form was employed to document participants' initials, assigned group, the Silness and Loe plaque index, and the Loe and Silness gingival index. The clinical examination, conducted by two blinded and trained examiners using a mouth mirror and explorer under natural light, aimed to assess the specified indices. The collected data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics, Version 22. Results: Following the intervention, the miswak group exhibited no significant change in the plaque scores (p = 0.58) compared to the toothbrush group (p = 0.007). A notable rise in gingival score was observed within the miswak group (p < 0.001), whereas no significant change was noted within the toothbrush group (p = 0.52). Conclusions: Over a two-week period, miswak was successful in controlling dental plaque; however, gingival scores were higher, which could be attributed to the aggressive use of miswak. With proper training, the use of miswak has the potential to contribute positively to gingival health, particularly in regions where it is readily accessible and affordable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plants Bauhinia rufescens, Ocimum basilicum and Salvadora persica are well known in traditional African medicine, and particularly in traditional Chadian medicine. They are commonly used to treat infectious diseases, inflammatory diseases, fevers, gastroenteritis and other medical conditions. The aim of this study was to perform a phytochemical screening to determine the antioxidant properties of different extracts and fractions from the three plants. Ethanolic extracts and solvent fractions were prepared and analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total tannin content (TTC). LC-MS and an online screening HPLC-ABTS system identified phytochemicals with antioxidant activities. DPPH and ABTS reduction methods were used to test the extracts and fractions for their antioxidant potential. The results showed that the TPC of O. basilicum was higher than that of B. rufescens, ranging from 64.70 ± 5.2 to 411.16 ± 8.11 mgGAE/g DW. B. rufescens extracts and fractions, on the other hand, showed higher TFC, ranging from 69.5 ± 5.3 to 408.26 ± 8.42 mgQE/g DW, and higher TTC, ranging from 4.57 ± 2.45 to 62.19 ± 4.7 mgTAE/g DW. The maximum TPC, TFC and TTC in both plants were recorded in the ethyl acetate fractions. S. persica extracts and fractions showed a very low quantity of TPC, TFC and TTC. Based on LC-MS and HPLC-ABTS analysis, rosmarinic acid was identified as the major component in the extracts and all fractions of O. basilicum, and epicatechin, procyanidin B and quercetin were found in B. rufescens. S. persica did not exhibit specific substances with antioxidant activity and was therefore not considered for further assays. DPPH and ABTS results showed that ethyl acetate fractions of B. rufescens and O. basilicum have the strongest antioxidant activities. This study indicates that B. rufescens and O. basilicum are good sources of phytochemicals with antioxidant properties, suitable for medicinal use in Chadian communities. Additionally, the antioxidant-rich extracts from these plants hold significant potential for cosmetic development, enhancing skin health and protecting against oxidative-stress-induced damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Siwak is a chewing stick used to clean the teeth and oral structures. Many studies have been conducted to assess the potential use of siwak in dentistry and concluded that it can be an alternative to a toothbrush in reducing plaque and gingivitis. However, some observations have reported more periodontal attachment loss and gingival recession among siwak users. This study aimed to compare the periodontal health and oral microbial characteristics between siwak and toothbrush users. Materials and Methods This was a cross-sectional study, and participants were recruited from the public who attended community engagement programs. They were assigned to two groups based on whether they used siwak or a toothbrush. Participants who consented were examined for periodontal health. Supragingival and subgingival plaque samples were collected for bacterial identification and quantification. Statistical Analysis The SPSS package version 21.0 was used for data entry. Data normality was statistically tested using Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Shapiro–Wilk tests, while data comparison used either t -test or Mann–Whitney U test. Results A total of 36 participants were included in this study. The findings revealed that the plaque scores, bleeding scores, and periodontal pocket depths between siwak and toothbrush users were comparable (p > 0.05). Both groups had no evidence of gingival recession. Most participants had bacteria with characteristics of Streptococcus spp., which were present in 12 toothbrush users and 6 siwak users. Conclusions The periodontal health status of siwak users was comparable to that of toothbrush users. Despite this, siwak users had fewer types of bacteria than toothbrush users, suggesting that siwak may serve as an alternative device to conventional toothbrushes for oral hygiene when properly used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural fiber is expected to make polymer composites light and environmentally friendly. In this paper Salvadora persica natural fiber is characterized in view of its use in composite materials for the first time. Average diameter of the fiber was 250 µm and density was 1.3 g/cm3. The surface of the fiber was irregular with impurities and surface features such as shallow tubs, cell walls and lignin were revealed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reveals Crystallinity Index (C.I) of 58% and Crystallite Size of 3.58 nm. The chemical bonds pertaining to different constituents of the natural fiber such as cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin were identified by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis. In the thermal degradation of the fiber during the Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), three stages were identified. The maximum thermal degradation temperature (Tfinal) was determined to be 357°C. Tensile strength, Young’s modulus and percentage elongation of the fiber were 430 ± 100 MPa, 16 ± 3.9 GPa and 4.2 ± 0.91% respectively.

Purpose: The present study assessed the efficacy of 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) and Salvadora persica-based mouthwashes (SPM) in reducing oral Candida carriage (OCC) and periodontal inflammation in cigarette smokers and non-smokers after non-surgical periodontal treatment (NSPT). Materials and Methods: Self-reported cigarette smokers and non-smokers with periodontal inflammation as well as nonsmokers with a healthy periodontal status were included. NSPT was performed in all participants. Based on the type of mouthwash, participants were randomly divided into three groups as follows: group 1: CHX; group 2: SPM; and group 3: distilled water (ddH2O) with mint flavour (control group). Clinical attachment loss (CAL), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), and marginal bone loss (MBL) were measured. Clinical periodontal parameters were re-assessed at a 6-week follow-up. Oral yeast samples were collected and identified using a concentrated oral-rinse culture technique and PCR, respectively. Clinical and laboratory-based investigations were done at baseline and after six weeks. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: At baseline, PI, MBL, PD and CAL were comparable in all participants. None of the patients had periodontitis at baseline. Post-operatively, CHX and SPM were more effective in reducing PI (p < 0.01), GI (p < 0.01) and PD (p < 0.01) in nonsmokers than in the control group. The OCC was statistically significantly higher among smokers compared with nonsmokers at baseline. At the 6-month follow-up, CHX was more effective than SPM in reducing OCC in non-smokers (p < 0.01). At the 6-week follow-up, there was no difference in OCC among cigarette smokers regardless of the type of mouthwash prescribed postoperatively. Conclusion: In cigarette smokers and non-smokers, CHX and SPM are effective in reducing periodontal soft-tissue inflammation after NSPT. Post-operative use of CHX is more effective than SPM in reducing OCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The stability of resin–dentin interfaces is still highly questionable. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Salvadora persica on resin–dentin bond durability. Materials and methods Extracted human third molars were used to provide mid-coronal dentin, which was treated with 20% Salvadora persica extract for 1 min after acid-etching. Microtensile bond strength and interfacial nanoleakage were evaluated after 24 h and 6 months. A three-point flexure test was used to measure the stiffness of completely demineralized dentin sticks before and after treatment with Salvadora persica extract. The hydroxyproline release test was also used to measure collagen degradation by endogenous dentin proteases. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Bonferroni test and unpaired t-test. P-values 0.05). After 6 months, the bond strength of the control group decreased (p = 0.007), and nanoleakage increased (p = 0.006), while Salvadora persica group showed no significant difference in bond strength and nanoleakage compared to their 24 h groups (p > 0.05). Salvadora persica increased dentin stiffness and decreased collagen degradation (p

Background: The stability of resin–dentin interfaces is still highly questionable. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Salvadora persica on resin–dentin bond durability. Materials and methods: Extracted human third molars were used to provide mid-coronal dentin, which was treated with 20% Salvadora persica extract for 1 min after acid-etching. Microtensile bond strength and interfacial nanoleakage were evaluated after 24 h and 6 months. A three-point flexure test was used to measure the stiffness of completely demineralized dentin sticks before and after treatment with Salvadora persica extract. The hydroxyproline release test was also used to measure collagen degradation by endogenous dentin proteases. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Bonferroni test and unpaired t-test. P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The use of Salvadora persica as an additional primer with etch-and-rinse adhesive did not affect the immediate bond strengths and nanoleakage (p > 0.05). After 6 months, the bond strength of the control group decreased (p = 0.007), and nanoleakage increased (p = 0.006), while Salvadora persica group showed no significant difference in bond strength and nanoleakage compared to their 24 h groups (p > 0.05). Salvadora persica increased dentin stiffness and decreased collagen degradation (p < 0.001) compared to their controls. Conclusion: Salvadora persica extract pretreatment of acid-etched dentin preserved resin–dentin bonded interface for 6 months. Clinical significance: Durability of resin-dentin bonded interfaces is still highly questionable. Endogenous dentinal matrix metalloproteinases play an important role in degradation of dentinal collagen within such interfaces. Salvadora persica may preserve resin-dentin interfaces for longer periods of time contributing to greater clinical success and longevity of resin composite restorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbal products in dentistry have grown significantly. In the current scenario, herbal products are believed to be an effective adjunct to other medications. The present study aims to evaluate Eucalyptus oil and miswak (Salvadora persica) toothpaste for its efficacy in observable reduction in plaque and gingival bleeding. Sixty participants with gingivitis were enrolled in the present study. The study included an interim period (washout) comparing miswak and Eucalyptus toothpaste. Plaque scores were measured at designated time intervals. Both herbal toothpastes significantly decreased plaque index. Nevertheless, with relation to miswak (P = 0.002), Eucalyptus oil-based toothpaste exhibited reduction in bleeding scores. When participants were asked to return to their routine toothpaste, no changes were observed. Results from the study showed that the toothpaste containing Eucalyptus showed a significant decrease in gingival bleeding. More investigations should be looked on the medicinal applications of Eucalyptus toothpaste on commonly seen periodontal parameters.

The plants Bauhinia rufescens, Ocimum basilicum and Salvadora persica are well known in traditional African medicine, and particularly in traditional Chadian medicine. They are commonly used to treat infectious diseases, inflammatory diseases, fevers, gastroenteritis and other medical conditions. The aim of this study was to perform a phytochemical screening to determine the antioxidant properties of different extracts and fractions from the three plants. Ethanolic extracts and solvent fractions were prepared and analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total tannin content (TTC). LC-MS and an online screening HPLC-ABTS system identified phytochemicals with antioxidant activities. DPPH and ABTS reduction methods were used to test the extracts and fractions for their antioxidant potential. The results showed that the TPC of O. basilicum was higher than that of B. rufescens, ranging from 64.70 ± 5.2 to 411.16 ± 8.11 mgGAE/g DW. B. rufescens extracts and fractions, on the other hand, showed higher TFC, ranging from 69.5 ± 5.3 to 408.26 ± 8.42 mgQE/g DW, and higher TTC, ranging from 4.57 ± 2.45 to 62.19 ± 4.7 mgTAE/g DW. The maximum TPC, TFC and TTC in both plants were recorded in the ethyl acetate fractions. S. persica extracts and fractions showed a very low quantity of TPC, TFC and TTC. Based on LC-MS and HPLC-ABTS analysis, rosmarinic acid was identified as the major component in the extracts and all fractions of O. basilicum, and epicatechin, procyanidin B and quercetin were found in B. rufescens. S. persica did not exhibit specific substances with antioxidant activity and was therefore not considered for further assays. DPPH and ABTS results showed that ethyl acetate fractions of B. rufescens and O. basilicum have the strongest antioxidant activities. This study indicates that B. rufescens and O. basilicum are good sources of phytochemicals with antioxidant properties, suitable for medicinal use in Chadian communities. Additionally, the antioxidant-rich extracts from these plants hold significant potential for cosmetic development, enhancing skin health and protecting against oxidative-stress-induced damage.

Herbal products in dentistry have grown significantly. In the current scenario, herbal products are believed to be an effective adjunct to other medications. The present study aims to evaluate Eucalyptus oil and miswak (Salvadora persica) toothpaste for its efficacy in observable reduction in plaque and gingival bleeding. Sixty participants with gingivitis were enrolled in the present study. The study included an interim period (washout) comparing miswak and Eucalyptus toothpaste. Plaque scores were measured at designated time intervals. Both herbal toothpastes significantly decreased plaque index. Nevertheless, with relation to miswak (P = 0.002), Eucalyptus oil-based toothpaste exhibited reduction in bleeding scores. When participants were asked to return to their routine toothpaste, no changes were observed. Results from the study showed that the toothpaste containing Eucalyptus showed a significant decrease in gingival bleeding. More investigations should be looked on the medicinal applications of Eucalyptus toothpaste on commonly seen periodontal parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The values of plant-based products have taken on an expanding relevance in dentistry. Salvadora persica chewing stick (miswak) has been practiced for centuries and is recommended by the World Health Organization as a customary oral hygiene tool. The therapeutic effects of S. persica chewing stick are contributed by its mechanical cleansing action, active chemicals released, or the combination of these two actions. However, the S. persica chewing stick in its natural form can be difficult to maneuver in certain parts of the mouth. This concern has inspired the innovation of the S. persica toothbrush that is designed to merge the ease of use of a toothbrush with the beneficial natural properties of S. persica preserved in its bristle. The present study aimed to compare the clinical effectiveness between S. persica toothbrush, S. persica chewing stick and the standard toothbrush in plaque and gingivitis control. Methods In this single-blinded and parallel randomized controlled trial, 78 participants were randomly divided into three groups to either use (i) S. persica toothbrush (MTB); (ii) S. persica chewing stick (MCS); or (iii) standard toothbrush (STB) in a standardized manner for three weeks. Plaque Index (PI) and Periodontal Inflamed Surface Area (PISA) values, measuring plaque levels and severity of gingivitis, respectively, were evaluated at baseline, one- and three-week post-interventions. Results The MCS group showed a significant improvement in the mean PISA values of the anterior teeth compared to the MTB and STB groups (MCS: from 16.35 ± 10.03 to 3.41 ± 1.14; MTB: from 25.20 ± 14.01 to 3.57 ± 1.19; STB: from 26.54 ± 8.64 to 6.17 ± 0.86; p

The current study evaluated the biogenic synthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles (SP-NiONPs) from the root extract of (Salvadora persica) S. persica and their biological properties. The nanoparticles were characterized using spectroscopic and microscopic techniques and then evaluated for their antimicrobial properties against 10 oral pathogens. The ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis) spectra exhibited a distinctive resonance spectrum at 334 nm for the SP-NiONPs produced from S. persica. The fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis revealed the presence of functional groups of biomolecules of S. persica that served as reducing and capping agents of the SP-NiONPs. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses showed that the nanoparticles were spherical-shaped, tightly packed, and ranged in size from 18.20 nm to 45.12 nm. The energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis confirmed 69.9% of the nickel (Ni) content by weight, and the X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed the face-centered cubic (FCC) crystalline structure of the formed SP-NiONPs. The antioxidant activity of the SP-NiONPs exhibited a dose-dependent profile with an IC50 value of 51.45 ± 0.65 and a 54.13 ± 0.98 DPPH• and ABTS•+ radical scavenging activity, respectively. The SP-NiONPs showed an antibacterial activity against all the test strains; however, E. cloacae was found to be the most sensitive strain, with an inhibition zone of 31 ± 0.50 mm. The SEM image of the E. cloacae cells treated with SP-NiONPs showed irregular shapes and ruptured, destroyed cell membranes. Our findings revealed that SP-NiONPs could be used as excellent antibacterial agents against oral pathogens.

Introduction: Invasive surgical procedures in the oral cavity inevitably cause trauma to the soft and hard tissues. The healing process in the oral cavity tissue occurs in a complex manner involving different types of cells, maturation process, and the time of healing. Salvadora persica (miswak) has been found to exert various positive effects on the oral cavity, including antimicrobial, anti-gingivitis, anti-cariogenic, gingival healing, and teeth whitening properties. This study aims to investigate the potential of miswak as an adjunctive therapy in promoting wound healing. Materials and methods: 30 live Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. The rats’ mandibular first molar tooth was extracted, and an incision wound was made on the tongue. The extraction socket and incision wound were irrigated using normal saline and different concentrations of locally processed miswak plant extracts (0.05%, 10%, and 20%) for 7 days. The rats were sacrificed for gross examination of the tooth socket and tongue healing. Both soft tissue and alveolar bone were examined microscopically. Results: Complete closure of the incision wound was observed on all rats’ tongues; miswak groups showed better wound healing than control and placebo groups in the oral mucosa overlying the alveolar bones. 0.05% and 20% miswak extracts showed prominent wound healing effects in the sagittal sections of the tongue, with moderate formation of connective tissue under the wound site and notable wound contraction. The 20% miswak extract group showed the highest percentage of healed oral mucosa on the alveolar bone and higher bone deposition at the alveolar base. Conclusion: A concentration of 20% miswak extract enhances the initial phase of wound healing both in oral soft and hard tissues. Miswak extract at this concentration was not toxic to the tissues and had potential therapeutic effects in oral tissue healing.

Background Poor physical and chemical properties of sand dune soil are the main constrains in afforestation of sand dune in desertified area. The aim of this study is to improve the physical and chemical properties of dune soil in Elrawakeeb Dry Land Station using organic wastes as a fertilizer source and amendments, for sustainable sand dune stabilization program. Salvadora persica L. seedlings were transplanted in a 2 m 9 2 m plots and treated with: sawdust (SW), chicken manure (CH), chicken manure with sawdust (CH ? SW), sawdust with inorganic fertilizer (SW ? IF), sewage sludge (SS), sewage sludge with sawdust (SS ? SW), and control (C). The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The soil chemical properties were determined from soil samples collected from the fixed sand dune (0â20 cm depth) in the second year after application. Results Application of organic amendments significantly (P = 0.001) increased soil organic carbon by 224 %, available P by 139.9 %, total nitrogen by 142.9 %, and mineral nitrogen by 83.5 % and decreased soil pH by 5.6 %. Conclusions Incorporation of organic waste in desertified sandy dune soils increased its nutrient content and hence sustained biological fixation of sand dunes.

Background: The values of plant-based products have taken on an expanding relevance in dentistry. Salvadora persica chewing stick (miswak) has been practiced for centuries and is recommended by the World Health Organization as a customary oral hygiene tool. The therapeutic effects of S. persica chewing stick are contributed by its mechanical cleansing action, active chemicals released, or the combination of these two actions. However, the S. persica chewing stick in its natural form can be difficult to maneuver in certain parts of the mouth. This concern has inspired the innovation of the S. persica toothbrush that is designed to merge the ease of use of a toothbrush with the beneficial natural properties of S. persica preserved in its bristle. The present study aimed to compare the clinical effectiveness between S. persica toothbrush, S. persica chewing stick and the standard toothbrush in plaque and gingivitis control. Methods: In this single-blinded and parallel randomized controlled trial, 78 participants were randomly divided into three groups to either use (i) S. persica toothbrush (MTB); (ii) S. persica chewing stick (MCS); or (iii) standard toothbrush (STB) in a standardized manner for three weeks. Plaque Index (PI) and Periodontal Inflamed Surface Area (PISA) values, measuring plaque levels and severity of gingivitis, respectively, were evaluated at baseline, one- and three-week post-interventions. Results: The MCS group showed a significant improvement in the mean PISA values of the anterior teeth compared to the MTB and STB groups (MCS: from 16.35 ± 10.03 to 3.41 ± 1.14; MTB: from 25.20 ± 14.01 to 3.57 ± 1.19; STB: from 26.54 ± 8.64 to 6.17 ± 0.86; p <.050). All three groups reported significant improvements (p <.001) in the plaque levels and the severity of gingivitis from baseline to three weeks after the intervention. Conclusions: Following correct techniques, S. persica toothbrush and chewing sticks are as effective as the standard toothbrush in plaque control and gingival health, which represent the reputed anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis properties of S. persica. Trial registration: This clinical trial was prospectively registered in ClinicalTrials.gov with registration NCT04650685 (25/11/2020). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study evaluated the biogenic synthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles (SP-NiONPs) from the root extract of (Salvadora persica) S. persica and their biological properties. The nanoparticles were characterized using spectroscopic and microscopic techniques and then evaluated for their antimicrobial properties against 10 oral pathogens. The ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis) spectra exhibited a distinctive resonance spectrum at 334 nm for the SP-NiONPs produced from S. persica. The fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis revealed the presence of functional groups of biomolecules of S. persica that served as reducing and capping agents of the SP-NiONPs. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses showed that the nanoparticles were spherical-shaped, tightly packed, and ranged in size from 18.20 nm to 45.12 nm. The energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis confirmed 69.9% of the nickel (Ni) content by weight, and the X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed the face-centered cubic (FCC) crystalline structure of the formed SP-NiONPs. The antioxidant activity of the SP-NiONPs exhibited a dose-dependent profile with an IC50 value of 51.45 ± 0.65 and a 54.13 ± 0.98 DPPH• and ABTS•+ radical scavenging activity, respectively. The SP-NiONPs showed an antibacterial activity against all the test strains; however, E. cloacae was found to be the most sensitive strain, with an inhibition zone of 31 ± 0.50 mm. The SEM image of the E. cloacae cells treated with SP-NiONPs showed irregular shapes and ruptured, destroyed cell membranes. Our findings revealed that SP-NiONPs could be used as excellent antibacterial agents against oral pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Main conclusion: Arsenic tolerance in the halophyte Salvadora persica is achieved by enhancing antioxidative defense and modulations of various groups of metabolites like amino acids, organic acids, sugars, sugar alcohols, and phytohormones. Salvadora persica is a facultative halophyte that thrives under high saline and arid regions of the world. In present study, we examine root metabolic responses of S. persica exposed to individual effects of high salinity (750 mM NaCl), arsenic (600 µM As), and combined treatment of salinity and arsenic (250 mM NaCl + 600 µM As) to decipher its As and salinity resistance mechanism. Our results demonstrated that NaCl supplementation reduced the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under As stress. The increased activities of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione reductase (GR) maintained appropriate levels of ROS [superoxide (O2•−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)] under salinity and/or As stress. The metabolites like sugars, amino acids, polyphenols, and organic acids exhibited higher accumulations when salt was supplied with As. Furthermore, comparatively higher accumulations of glycine, glutamate, and cystine under combined stress of salt and As may indicate its role in glutathione and phytochelatins (PCs) synthesis in root. The levels of phytohormones such as salicylate, jasmonate, abscisic acid, and auxins were significantly increased under high As with and without salinity stress. The amino acid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and phenylalanine metabolism are the most significantly altered metabolic pathways in response to NaCl and/or As stress. Our study decoded the important metabolites and metabolic pathways involved in As and/or salinity tolerance in root of the halophyte S. persica providing clues for development of salinity and As resistance crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Objective: The aim of this research was to assess the effect of 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) and a Salvadora persica–based mouthwash on whole salivary tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels and periodontal inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: Patients with and without medically diagnosed T2DM were included. Patients’ medical records were evaluated to confirm the diagnosis of T2DM. All patients underwent nonsurgical periodontal therapy (NSPT). Patients were divided into 2 subgroups. In the test and control group, patients were advised to rinse with an S persica–based mouthwash and a non-alcoholic 0.12% CHX after NSPT twice daily for 2 weeks, respectively. Demographic data were collected. Full-mouth plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment loss (AL) were measured, and whole salivary TNF-α levels were gauged at baseline and at 3-month follow-up. Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were measured in all patients at baseline and at 3-month follow-up. Sample size estimation was done, and group comparison was performed. Level of significance was set at P < .01. Results: Twenty-one nondiabetic individuals and 21 patients with T2DM were included. At baseline, there was no significant difference in clinical and radiographic periodontal parameters amongst in patients with and without T2DM. At 3-month follow-up, HbA1c, TNF-α, PI, PD, and clinical AL were comparable with their respective baseline values in the test and control groups amongst patients with T2DM. In nondiabetic individuals, there was a significant reduction in PI (P < .01), GI (P < .01), and PD (P < .01), and TNF-α (P < .01) at 3-month follow-up in the test and control groups compared with their respective baseline scores. Conclusions: In the short term, NSPT with 0.12% CHX or S persica–based mouthwashes is more effective in reducing periodontal inflammation and whole salivary TNF-α levels in nondiabetic individuals than in patients with T2DM with periodontal inflammation.

The article in the Pediatric Allergy & Immunology journal discusses the first reported case of anaphylaxis to miswak (Salvadora persica), a natural toothbrush used in various cultures. The patient, a 10-year-old child with asthma and food allergies, experienced anaphylaxis after using miswak, confirmed by skin prick testing. While allergic reactions to miswak are rare, this case highlights the importance of considering immediate hypersensitivity to natural products, even in atopic patients. The study was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research and the authors declare no conflicts of interest. [Extracted from the article]

Invasive surgical procedures in the oral cavity inevitably cause trauma to the soft and hard tissues. The healing process in the oral cavity tissue occurs in a complex manner involving different types of cells, maturation process, and the time of healing. Salvadora persica (miswak) has been found to exert various positive effects on the oral cavity, including antimicrobial, anti-gingivitis, anti-cariogenic, gingival healing, and teeth whitening properties. This study aims to investigate the potential of miswak as an adjunctive therapy in promoting wound healing. 30 live Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. The rats' mandibular first molar tooth was extracted, and an incision wound was made on the tongue. The extraction socket and incision wound were irrigated using normal saline and different concentrations of locally processed miswak plant extracts (0.05%, 10%, and 20%) for 7 days. The rats were sacrificed for gross examination of the tooth socket and tongue healing. Both soft tissue and alveolar bone were examined microscopically. Complete closure of the incision wound was observed on all rats' tongues; miswak groups showed better wound healing than control and placebo groups in the oral mucosa overlying the alveolar bones. 0.05% and 20% miswak extracts showed prominent wound healing effects in the sagittal sections of the tongue, with moderate formation of connective tissue under the wound site and notable wound contraction. The 20% miswak extract group showed the highest percentage of healed oral mucosa on the alveolar bone and higher bone deposition at the alveolar base. A concentration of 20% miswak extract enhances the initial phase of wound healing both in oral soft and hard tissues. Miswak extract at this concentration was not toxic to the tissues and had potential therapeutic effects in oral tissue healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained great interest because of their specific and distinct properties. Chemically synthesized AgNPs (cAgNPs) are often unsuitable for medical applications due to requiring toxic and hazardous solvents. Thus, green synthesis of AgNPs (gAgNPs) using safe and nontoxic substances has attracted particular focus. The current study investigated the potential of Salvadora persica and Caccinia macranthera extracts in the synthesis of CmNPs and SpNPs, respectively. Aqueous extracts of Salvadora persica and Caccinia macranthera were prepared and taken as reducing and stabilizing agents through gAgNPs synthesis. The antimicrobial effects of gAgNPs against susceptible and antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains and their toxicity effects on L929 fibroblast normal cells were evaluated. TEM images and particle size distribution analysis showed that the CmNPs and SpNPs have average sizes of 14.8 nm and 39.4 nm, respectively. The XRD confirms the crystalline nature and purity of both CmNPs and SpNPs. FTIR results demonstrate the involvement of the biologically active substances of both plant extracts in the green synthesis of AgNPs. According to MIC and MBC results, higher antimicrobial effects were seen for CmNPs with a smaller size than SpNPs. In addition, CmNPs and SpNPs were much less cytotoxic when examined against a normal cell relative to cAgNPs. Based on high efficacy in controlling antibiotic-resistant pathogens without detrimental adverse effects, CmNPs may have the capacity to be used in medicine as imaging, drug carrier, and antibacterial and anticancer agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral hygiene is one of the most influential and important issues in people's health. People have been using herbal components to maintain their oral hygiene for centuries. Oral cancer develops in the oral cavity, and its origin always lies in the growth of malignant epithelial tissue cells. Due to the spread of this cancer in Iran, we intend to measure the antibacterial effects of the combination of Salvadora persica and Moringa oleifera extracts. Cariogenic bacteria are one leading cause of oral cancer. We used this extract in mouthwash, toothpaste, and chewing gum, and we expect that it would reduce cell proliferation and be used in prevention and treatment. The new organic mouthwash, chewing gum, and toothpaste were designed and prepared using M. oleifera oil, S. persica, M. oleifera extract, the powder of S. persica wood, and M. oleifera leaves. With the use of herbal compounds in the preparation of these products, the quantity of essential chemical ingredients in the prepared samples was decreased. We examined the quality and stability of mouthwash, toothpaste, and chewing gum that indicated the standard level of each substance. Furthermore, we evaluated the antibacterial effects of our products, which indicated that our products can significantly reduce the total bacterial count. For the first time, a combination of S. persica and M. oleifera extract replaced chemicals in mouthwash, toothpaste, and chewing gum. Natural herbal ingredients with antimicrobial activity are effective in maintaining low bacterial counts in the mouth, and as a result, improving oral hygiene and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is the second largest cause of mortality worldwide. Many natural bioactive chemicals generated from plants have favorable impacts on health, including cancer chemoprevention, compared to their manufactured counterparts. Persicaline, a novel sulfur-containing imidazoline alkaloid derived from Salvadora persica, has been shown to display promising antioxidant activity. In this study, the antiproliferative activity of persicaline was tested against different cancer cells using (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. The cell death mode and cell-cycle arrest were examined using flow cytometry analysis. In addition, the proapoptotic and molecular mechanism effects of persicaline against mammary MCF-7 cell line were explored. Furthermore, the impact of persicaline on apoptotic genes markers, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial membrane potential were monitored. It was found that persicaline inhibits cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Persicaline-treated MCF-7 cells also showed initiation of apoptotic events and G1 cell-cycle arrest. In addition, persicaline treatment led to an increase in ROS generation, Bax and caspase upregulation while the Bcl-2 was downregulated. Hence, for the first time, this study showed that persicaline causes G1 phase arrest and apoptosis induction in MCF-7 cells. Increased proapoptotic genes and ROS levels were required for the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of persicaline.

Sammar Fathy ELhabal,1 Hanan Mohamed Elwy,2 Soha Hassanin,3 Ahmed A El-Rashedy,4 Alaaeldin Ahmed Hamza,5 Mohammad Ahmad Khasawneh6 1Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo, Egypt; 2Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Cairo, Egypt; 3Biochemistry Department, Modern University for Technology and information, Cairo, Egypt; 4Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Center (NRC), Giza, Egypt; 5Biology Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza, Egypt; 6Department of Chemistry, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab EmiratesCorrespondence: Mohammad Ahmad Khasawneh; Alaaeldin Ahmed Hamza, Email mohammad.khasawneh@uaeu.ac.ae; alaa17mm@gmail.comIntroduction: Metal nanoparticle synthesis using plant has emerged as an eco-friendly, clean, and viable strategy alternative to chemical and physical approaches.Methods: The fruit extract of Salvadora persica (SP) was utilized as a reducing and stabilizing agent in the synthesis of gold (AuNPs) and copper (CuNPs) nanoparticles.Results: UV–Vis spectra of the AuNPs and CuNPs showed peaks at the wavelengths of 530 nm and 440 nm, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy showed that nanoparticles exhibited a mainly spherical form, with a distribution range of 100 to 113 nm in diameter for AuNPs and of 130 to 135 nm in diameter for CuNPs. While energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was able to confirm the existence of AuNPs and CuNPs. The alcoholic extract of the fruit SP was analyzed by GC-MS in order to identify whether or not it contained any active phytochemicals. Fourier-transform infrared spectra confirmed the presence capping functional biomolecules of SP on the surface of nanoparticles that acts as stabilizers. Analysis of the zeta potential revealed that NPs with high degree of stability, as demonstrated by a strong negative potential value in the range of 25.2 to 28.7 mV. Results showed that both green AuNPs and CuNPs have potential antimicrobial activity against human pathogens such gram-negative bacteria and gram-positive bacteria, with CuNPs having antimicrobial activity higher than AuNPs. In addition, AuNPs and CuNPs have promising antioxidant and anticancer properties when applied to MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Studies of molecular docking of SP bioactive compounds were conducted against methenyl tetrahydrofolate synthetase. Among all of them, Beta – Sitosterol was the most prominent.Conclusion: These AuNPs and CuNPs are particularly appealing in a variety of applications in the pharmaceutical and medicinal industries due to their economical and environmentally friendly production.Keywords: Salvadora persica, green nanoparticles, antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer

This study examines the effects of alkaline treatment on the mechanical and thermal properties of miswak fiber-reinforced polylactic acid. The treatment was performed with three distinct concentrations of sodium hydroxide (NaOH): 1 wt %, 2 wt %, and 3 wt %. The difficulties of interaction between the surface of the fiber and the matrix, which led to this treatment, is caused by miswak fiber's hydrophilic character, which impedes its ability to bind with hydrophobic polylactic acid. FTIR, tensile, TGA, and DMA measurements were used to characterize the composite samples. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to examine the microstructures of many broken samples. The treatment is not yet especially effective in enhancing interfacial bonding, as seen by the uneven tensile strength data. The effect of the treated fiber surface significantly improves the tensile strength of miswak fiber-reinforced PLA composites. Tensile strength improves by 18.01%, 6.48%, and 14.50%, respectively, for 1 wt %, 2 wt %, and 3 wt %. Only 2 wt %-treated fiber exhibits an increase of 0.7% in tensile modulus. The modulus decreases by 4.15 % at 1 wt % and by 19.7% at 3 wt %, respectively. The TGA curve for alkali-treated fiber composites demonstrates a slight increase in thermal stability when compared to untreated fiber composites at high temperatures. For DMA, the composites with surface treatment have higher storage moduli than the composite with untreated miswak fiber, especially for the PLA reinforced with 2 wt % alkali miswak fiber, proving the effectiveness of the treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the phytochemical properties of Salvadora persica extracts and their antibacterial activities against Gram-negative oral anaerobes which are responsible of periodontitis such as Porphorymonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts were prepared using the root powdered stem of S. persica. The phytochemical compounds were determined with Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The antibacterial activities were assessed according to the levels of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The S. persica ethanolic and aqueous extracts contained antibacterial compounds such as Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, n-Hexadecanoic acid and Pentadecanoic acid, 2,6,10,14-tetramethyl-, methylester, 1-(2,2-Dimethylpropanoyl)-L-prolyl-L-prolyl-N,2-dimethylalaninamide and 2-({4-[(Difluoromethyl)sulfanyl]phenyl} amino) benzoic acid, respectively. Both P. gingivalis (0.025 mg/mL) and A. actinomycetemcomitans (0.125 mg/mL) were susceptible to S. persica ethanolic extract. Ethanolic extract preparation has equal antibacterial activity with 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate solution (p

The leaves extract of Salvadora persica were employed for the synthesis of MnFe 2 O 4 and NCs and Investigation of their bioactivities. The recovery and reusability of BMNPs and NCs were also investigated. Hence, the biosynthesized nanomaterial was found to be a novel adsorbent for the removal of amoxicillin from water. [Display omitted] In recent work, manganese ferrite (MnFe 2 O 4) nanoparticles and manganese ferrite carboxy methyl cellulose (MnFe 2 O 4 /CMC) composite were synthesized using Salvadora persica extract (SPE). Characterization of green synthesized nanoparticles and composite was performed by different techniques such as FTIR, SEM, UV–visible spectroscopy, XRD, and EDX. These techniques evaluated the size, shape, composition, morphology, and crystallinity of bimetallic nanoparticles (BMNPs) and nano-composites (NCs). These techniques demonstrated the presence of oxygen with metals, 3.28 nm size of MnFe 2 O 4 and CMC hump between the 22-26° and the spherical, cubic, and mostly irregular shape of MnFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles and rougher surface of MnFe 2 O 4 /CMC composite. Nanoparticles and nanocomposites were utilized for the degradation of Amoxicillin (AMX). The maximum degradation of AMX occurred at optimum conditions such as adsorbent dosage (6 mg MnFe 2 O 4 , 2 mg MnFe 2 O 4 /CMC), pH (4,6) within 60 min at 5 mg/L initial AMX concentration. Results revealed that the catalytic activity of NCs (97 %) was more than BMNPs (93 %) which may be attributed to the incorporation of reduced Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC). It reduced the e-hole recombination rate and enhanced the AMX degradation at ambient conditions. The nature of adsorption was illustrated by Langmuir and Freundlich models and results demonstrated that the Freundlich model followed more closely. Thermodynamics parameters described the endothermic and spontaneous nature of the adsorption process, negative Gibbs energy variation, and positive entropy and enthalpy change. The recovery and reusability of BMNPs and NCs were investigated and concluded that MnFe 2 O 4 and NCs can be used many times for the AMX adsorption process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel biocomposite with poly(methyl methacrylate) as resin containing Salvadora persica powders was elaborated. In this study, for the first time, S. persica was used to enhance the bioactive performance of dental restoration materials. Material characterization was carried out both on bare materials and on the elaborated biocomposite (30 wt% of S. persica). X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques were conducted to perform material characterization. The obtained results linked to dental material showed the presence of the organic chemical compounds of S. persica, which are responsible for biological activities, and the presence of mineral chemical compounds of S. persica, which are useful for dental applications and health. They also revealed the absence of toxic residual monomers. In addition, they proved the antioxidant activities proof of elaborated composite related to total polyphenol flavonoid content. Finally, they exhibited the antibacterial activity of S. persica and the composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the effectiveness of 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) and a Salvadora persica (SP)-based mouthwash in reducing periodontal inflammation and whole salivary interleukin (IL)-1B levels after non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) in young light cigarette-smokers. It states that the regimen is ineffective as indicated compared with never-smokers. Also noted are the global high oral disease risks posed by cigarette smoking, and the issue of poor oral hygiene maintenance (OHM).

Abstract Background Siwak is a chewing stick used as an oral hygiene aid associated with Muslim communities across the globe since more than 1500 years ago. Used either exclusively or in conjunction with a regular toothbrush, there is evidence supporting its clinical effectiveness in plaque control, but adverse effects on periodontal health remains inconclusive. Objective This study aims to systematically review the wide range of data and literatures related to siwak practice and its effect on periodontal health. Method The review was conducted based on scoping review techniques, searching literature in EBSCOHOST, PubMed, SCOPUS and Google scholar databases using the following search terms: “siwak’ or ‘miswak’ or ‘chewing stick” for intervention, and “periodontium or ‘periodontal’ or ‘periodontal health’ or ‘periodontal disease” for outcome. Articles published between January 1990 to March 2021 and written in English language were included. Results A total of 721 articles collected from the search and 21 of them were eligible for the final analysis. Results of this study was described based on clinical and antibacterial reporting of siwak, method of siwak practice and its adverse effect on oral health. Siwak was found effective at removing dental plaque and improving periodontal health over time although its effect on subgingival microbiota was inconclusive. Presence of gingival recession and clinical attachment loss were much more commonly reported in siwak users, attributable to variations in the methods employed for tooth cleaning using the siwak. Conclusion There is substantial evidence that the lack of standardised reporting for effective siwak use may have resulted in contradictory findings about its oral hygiene benefits and adverse effects. As such, future work on safe and effective siwak practice is to be advocated among its users.

Le monde, actuellement, est confronté à deux crises majeures ; l’épuisement des ressources énergétiques fossiles accompagné d’une dégradation de l’environnement. Le biodiesel, c’est-à-dire les mélanges de mono alkyle d’esters d’acides gras obtenus par les procédés d’estérification d’huiles végétales, est un biocarburant d’origine renouvelable qui peut se substituer au gazole issu de ressources fossiles. En outre, le biodiesel est un biocarburant non toxique, biodégradable, doué d’une excellente lubricité et d’un bilan de carbone théoriquement nul. Le choix de la matière première pour la production d’un biodiesel propre et durable est crucial. L’Algérie, par son immense diversité en matière d’écosystèmes, dispose de ressources potentielles prometteuses qui ne demandent qu’à être valorisées et développées. L’objectif de ce travail est de présenter quelques espèces végétales rencontrées à l’état sauvage en Algérie et parmi lesquelles les espèces Pistacia lentiscus, P. terebinthus, P. atlantica et Salvadora persica, qui peuvent être considérées comme sources prometteuses pour la production du biodiesel dans une perspective de développement durable et de valorisation des ressources locales.

The use of herbal medicine in dentistry has grown exponentially over time. Currently, herbal medicine is considered an effective oral hygiene aid. The objective of the current study is to assess the anti-plaque efficiency and reduction of gingival bleeding of betel leaf and miswak (Salvadora persica) toothpaste. This randomized clinical cross-over pilot study enrolled 60 individuals with mild gingivitis. They were segregated into two groups by drawing lots. The study lasted 20 days and included a two-week washout period between miswak and betel leaf toothpaste. The gingival and plaque index were measured at specific time intervals during the research period. The results revealed that betel leaf and miswak herbal toothpaste significantly decreased plaque index. Nevertheless, betel leaf toothpaste caused a more significant reduction in gingival bleeding scores (p < 0.001) when compared to miswak (p = 0.007). No significant decrease in gingival and plaque index was seen when subjects were asked to return to their conventional chemical toothpaste. The current study concluded that betel leaf toothpaste displayed a more substantial decrease in gingival bleeding when compared to miswak toothpaste. Additionally, more studies should be done on the therapeutic benefits of betel leaf toothpaste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, pure and silver-doped zinc oxide (Ag-doped ZnO) nanoparticles were prepared using a green route and employing Salvadora persica leaf extract. Antibacterial performance of synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) survey on gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria through disk diffusion and micro-dilution technics was also studied. The synthesized NPs were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses. XRD and EDX results presented that the silver was well doped into the structure of ZnO. In addition, spherical shape of this product, as well as the average size of 25–40 nm, were observed in the results of FESEM and TEM images. The results of disk diffusion and microdilution of synthesized nanoparticles showed that Ag-doped ZnO nanoparticles, have more antibacterial performance than pure zinc oxide nanoparticles on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. So, synthesized NPs can be proposed as a choice in clinical and laboratory applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The insecticidal and repellent activities of methanolic extracts of Ruta chalepensis L. (Rutaceae: Sapindales), Rhazya stricta Decne (Apocynaceae: Gentianales), Heliotropium bacciferum Forssk (Boraginales: Boraginaceae), Salvadora pérsica L. (Salvadoraceae: Brassicales), and Moringa oleífera L. (Moringaceae: Brassicales) were investigated against the saw-toothed grain beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. (Coleóptera: Silvanidae). Results demonstrated that all these plant extracts had variable toxicity against the beetle. The effectiveness of the tested plant extracts was shown by increasing the used concentrations. The methanolic extract from R. stricta performed the best and was able to cause 93.3% and 89.2% mortality for the adult and larval stage of O. surinamensis, respectively, at 500 ppm after six days of plant extract treatment. The tested extract of S. pérsica at 500 ppm caused 80.8% and 82.5% mortality on larvae and adults of O. surinamensis after six-day of treatment. On the other hand, repellent effects of extracts of R. stricta, S. pérsica, and R. chalepensis at 500 ppm were recorded, with higher values of 91.7%, 83.3%, and 78%, respectively, against the adults of O. surinamensis, which were under 500 ppm. These extracts especially from R. stricta, S, spinosa, and R. chalepensis could be useful to prevent damages and store grain production losses for O, surinamensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvadora persica L. is also known as Arak (in Arabic) and Peelu (in Urdu). Its frequent use as a toothbrush (miswak) is highly recommended by Prophet Muhammad. With a long history in folk medicine for centuries, S. persica was used in oral hygiene, food, cosmetics, fuel, and even as a medicine. Previous phytochemical investigation of its different parts afforded different classes of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, glycosides, sterols, terpenes, carbohydrates and alkaloids. Organic sulfur-containing compounds and elemental sulfur are also present. In addition, there is a huge research on its biological potentials and industrial applications. Many pharmacological activities were reported experimentally, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, analgesic, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, sedative, anticonvulsant, anti-osteoporosis, antidiabetic, hypo-lipidemic, in addition to wound-healing, antidepressant and antitumor activities. Recently, a possible activity against COVID-19 protease was documented by molecular docking. This review tries to provide a recent detailed documentation of folk and modern uses of S. persica, focusing on the possible relations between its chemical constituents, pharmacological properties, and industrial applications. Moreover, a brief about recent analytical and validation methods for the major antimicrobial component is reported.

Background/purpose: Root dentin is vulnerable to acid attack, suggesting a higher risk of demineralization than coronal enamel. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of Miswak extract on collagen degradation of demineralized dentin lesion. Materials and methods: Demineralized bovine root dentin specimens were treated for 1 h by 20% Miswak extract and 0.12% Chlorehexidine (CHX) as a positive control group, and then subjected to collagenolytic attack (clostridium histolyticum 0.5 CDU/mL, 16 h). These cyclic treatments were repeated for 3 days. After the cyclic treatment, the images of the specimens were captured with a light microscope and the lesion depth of degraded collagen layer of all specimens was measured. The mean lesion depth was calculated and compared between the groups using descriptive and One-way ANOVA followed by Post hoc Tukey's tests. Significant level was set at p

In our study, the structural and morphological applications of hydroxyapatite and chitosan nanoparticles and coated micro-implants were assessed for their ability to combat oral pathogenic bacteria. The hydroxyapatite, as well as chitosan nanoparticles, were synthesized from the Salvadora persica plant. The crystal morphology, phase composition, particle size, and surface functional groups of the nano-samples were analyzed via classical examinations and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The prepared nanoparticles have been examined for antibacterial activity against four common oral bacterial strains. The antimicrobial effect was also assessed by the Live/Dead BacLight technique in combination with confocal scanning laser microscopy. Titanium micro-implants were coated with regular hydroxyapatite (HAP) and chitosan nanoparticles, and the surface was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The analysis asserted elemental composition of the prepared nanoparticles and their textural features, metal crystallization, and functional bonds. The antibacterial activity of the nanoparticles was evaluated against oral pathogenic microorganisms by the disc diffusion method, minimum bacterial concentration (MBC), and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Chitosan nanoparticles showed (MICs) of 8 μg mL−1 for (Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis), and 16 μg mL−1 for Streptococcus sanguinis. HAP nanoparticles showed (MICs) of 16 μg/mL for E. faecalis, and S. sanguis, 8 μg/mL for S. salivarius and finally 4 μg/mL for S. mutans. HAP nanoparticles showed enhanced antibacterial activity and more obvious damage in the bacterial cell membrane than that of synthesized chitosan nanoparticles. The prepared nanoparticles could successfully coat titanium microplates to enhance their efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the harsh conditions and limited water resources of the Arabian Peninsula, plants that live in this environment contain a variety of bioactive compounds and have been used in traditional medicines for thousands of years. We investigated the effects of ethanol extracts of Tamarix arabica and Salvadora persica on Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The investigations were include; the inhibition of the bacterial growth, determination of MIC and MBC, detection of kill-time, potassium and phosphorus leakages and detection of the bioactive compounds by the GC-MS analysis. The tested extracts in combination, at a 1:1 volume ratio, showed high inhibitory effects, as reflected by the minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal concentrations. The new EC plate was used to determined MBC and kill-time. Further, the detection of phosphate and potassium leakage indicated a loss of selective permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane after treatment with these extracts. The bioactive compounds in the ethanol extracts of T. arabica and S. persica may offer a less expensive and natural alternative to pharmaceuticals.

Abstract Background The aim of the randomized double-blinded clinical trial was to evaluate the effect of tooth brushing with Salvadora persica (miswak) sticks on Streptococcus mutans count and the mean plaque score relative to brushing with fluoridated tooth paste (FTP). Methods Our sample included 94 healthy, high caries-risk, 8 to 9-year-old students recruited from a government school, in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia between February and April 2016. Subjects were randomly grouped into test (provided with miswak sticks) and control groups (provided with FTP and soft brushes). Both groups were introduced to a preparatory period (PPP) of 3 weeks. Plaque score and saliva sampling were conducted prior to the PPP and in follow-up visits by a single, calibrated and blinded dentist. Results Both groups showed a statistically significant decrease in the mean plaque score across the study (P = 0.007 and P = 0.001, respectively). In addition, subjects in the test group with abundant S. sanguinis increased from zero to six after 3 months. Conclusions Salvadora Persica (miswak) and brushing with FTP significantly reduced plaque scores among school children. In addition, Salvadora persica was found to change the proportions of salivary bacteria in favor of species with less risk of inducing caries. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov ID #: NCT04137393.

Salvadora persica L. is a medicinal plant distributed in desert and subtropical regions. In Rabigh, the few persisting populations of this plant are exposed to overcutting, overgrazing and, recently, human habitation. The conservation of S. persica requires an assessment of their genetic diversity and genetic differentiation. We applied 40 simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers, with which 22 polymorphic loci were identified. The PIC values were varied between 0.858 and 0.967. 240 plant accessions were sampled from four sites in Rabigh: Wadi EL Khaneg, Wadi Al Johfa, Wadi Al Hakak, and Wadi Khurieba. The percentage of polymorphic loci PPL% were ranged between 60% and 32% and a considerable inbreeding value (F = 0.942). Elevated genetic differentiation among the populations and a low gene migration suggest isolation among S. persica populations. Several recommendations for the protection of the existing populations, including seed preservation, restoration of highly endangered sites, and management of cutting and grazing activities.

Amprolium is one of the veterinary pharmaceuticals that has been widely used as antibacterial agents and as a growth promoter in livestock, it can produce chronic adverse actions that could affect many organisms and humans. In this study, Salvadora persica stem ash and roots were used as biosorbent for the removal of Amprolium hydrochloride (AMP) from aqueous systems. The effect of different parameters such as the initial concentration of AMP, pH, contact time, and adsorbent dosage were investigated. Maximum removal efficiency reached 98% and 96% for S. persica roots and seeds ash, respectively at pH = 7 and contact time of 40 min. Isothermal studies indicated that the AMP removal correlates more with the Freundlich isotherm model. S. persica roots exhibit better removal efficiency than S. persica seeds ash under all the studied parameters. This study shows that S. persica is efficient in removing AMP from water.

Background: Siwak is a chewing stick used as an oral hygiene aid associated with Muslim communities across the globe since more than 1500 years ago. Used either exclusively or in conjunction with a regular toothbrush, there is evidence supporting its clinical effectiveness in plaque control, but adverse effects on periodontal health remains inconclusive. Objective: This study aims to systematically review the wide range of data and literatures related to siwak practice and its effect on periodontal health. Method: The review was conducted based on scoping review techniques, searching literature in EBSCOHOST, PubMed, SCOPUS and Google scholar databases using the following search terms: "siwak' or 'miswak' or 'chewing stick" for intervention, and "periodontium or 'periodontal' or 'periodontal health' or 'periodontal disease" for outcome. Articles published between January 1990 to March 2021 and written in English language were included. Results: A total of 721 articles collected from the search and 21 of them were eligible for the final analysis. Results of this study was described based on clinical and antibacterial reporting of siwak, method of siwak practice and its adverse effect on oral health. Siwak was found effective at removing dental plaque and improving periodontal health over time although its effect on subgingival microbiota was inconclusive. Presence of gingival recession and clinical attachment loss were much more commonly reported in siwak users, attributable to variations in the methods employed for tooth cleaning using the siwak. Conclusion: There is substantial evidence that the lack of standardised reporting for effective siwak use may have resulted in contradictory findings about its oral hygiene benefits and adverse effects. As such, future work on safe and effective siwak practice is to be advocated among its users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]