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There is a large literature exploring how accuracy constrains rational degrees of belief. This paper turns to the unexplored question of how accuracy constrains knowledge. We begin by introducing a simple hypothesis: increases in the accuracy of an agent’s evidence never lead to decreases in what the agent knows. We explore various precise formulations of this principle, consider arguments in its favour, and explain how it interacts with different conceptions of evidence and accuracy. As we show, the principle has some noteworthy consequences for the wider theory of knowledge. First, it implies that an agent cannot be justified in believing a set of mutually inconsistent claims. Second, it implies the existence of a kind of epistemic blindspot: it is not possible to know that one’s evidence is misleading.

Some utterances of imperative clauses have directive force—they impose obligations. Others have permissive force—they extend permissions. The dominant view is that this difference in force is not accompanied by a difference in semantic content. Drawing on data involving free choice items in imperatives, I argue that the dominant view is incorrect.

Suppositional theories of conditionals take apparent similarities between supposition and conditionals as a starting point, appealing to features of the former to provide an account of the latter. This paper develops a novel form of suppositional theory, one which characterizes the relationship at the level of semantics rather than at the level of speech acts. In the course of doing so, it considers a range of novel data which shed additional light on how conditionals and supposition interact.

The introduction of the modern total knee replacement has been revolutionary in treatment of degenerative joint disease. Over recent years there has been a significant increase in the number of primary replacements and revision procedures. Prosthetic joint infection is an important and devastating complication which has not been eliminated by modern day practice. Patient selection, operating environment, surgical technique and soft tissue management can reduce but not eliminate the incidence of infection. When infection occurs, it should be managed as part of a multidisciplinary team to ensure an optimal outcome. Revision for infection can be performed as a single-stage or two-stage procedure. When revision surgery fails, salvage options should be considered including: salvage arthroplasty, arthrodesis, resection arthroplasty and amputation. The challenges for the surgeon to overcome include: a poor soft tissue envelope, ligamentous or extensor mechanism disruption and bone loss. Complications are not uncommon with salvage options and therefore meticulous preoperative planning and a thorough consent process are mandatory. The management of patients with an infected implant should performed by consultants who have specialized expertise and who work in networks. This is necessary to achieve the best results. This article will also discuss the salvage options.

Formal models of appearance and reality have proved fruitful for investigating structural properties of perceptual knowledge. This paper applies the same approach to epistemic justification. Our central goal is to give a simple account of The Preface, in which justified belief fails to agglomerate. Following recent work by a number of authors, we understand knowledge in terms of normality. An agent knows p iff p is true throughout all relevant normal worlds. To model The Preface, we appeal to the normality of error. Sometimes, it is more normal for reality and appearance to diverge than to match. We show that this simple idea has dramatic consequences for the theory of knowledge and justification. Among other things, we argue that a proper treatment of The Preface requires a departure from the internalist idea that epistemic justification supervenes on the appearances and the widespread idea that one knows most when free from error.

This article argues for a shift toward aurality and away from the emphasis on orality that has long been a keynote in criticism about the work of Juan Rulfo. To attend to the ears that listen rather than solely the voice that speaks, I not only consider the Jaliscan writer's entire oeuvre but also turn to a seldom-studied yet readily available archive: Rulfo's recordings of a few stories from El llano en llamas and two fragments from Pedro Paramo. Addressing these audio versions amplifies the importance of the aural throughout Rulfo's writings and expands on the readings of other critics who examine some of the sounds that echo across his works but who rarely acknowledge the constitutive role of the listener. And just as Rulfo's own experiences with tape reveal these listening techniques, his representations of other sound reproduction technologies portray the effects of changing aural perceptions and practices

Noise spectroscopy elucidates the fundamental noise sources in spin systems, which is essential for developing spin qubits with long coherence times for quantum information processing, communication, and sensing. But noise spectroscopy typically relies on microwave coherent spin control to extract the noise spectrum, which becomes infeasible when there are high-frequency noise components stronger than the available microwave power. Here, we demonstrate an alternative all-optical approach to performing noise spectroscopy. Our approach utilises coherent Raman rotations of the spin state with controlled timing and phase to implement Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) pulse sequences. Analysing the spin dynamics under these sequences enables us to extract the noise spectrum of a dense ensemble of nuclear spins interacting with a single spin in a quantum dot, which has thus far only been modelled theoretically. By providing large spectral bandwidths of over 100 MHz, our Raman-based approach could serve as an important tool to study spin dynamics and decoherence mechanisms for a broad range of solid-state spin qubits.

In considering what we ought to say, we can evaluate a proposition both for whether it is assertable and for how assertable it is. The latter notion, that of comparative assertability, has an important role to play, both in our epistemic evaluations of speech and in our pragmatic reasoning. Yet, despite this, it has received little prior discussion. This paper takes up the investigation of comparative assertability. §§1–2 provide a preliminary, informal overview of the topic and an operationalization of the target notion. §3 introduces Probabilism, the thesis that a proposition's degree of assertability is determined by its probability. Probabilism has been assumed in much of what prior discussion on comparative assertability there is. In §4 I present two kinds of problem for Probabilism—problems which, I suggest, when taken in combination, should lead us to look for alternatives. In §5, I formulate and defend one such alternative. Under this proposal, comparative assertability is a matter, not of comparative probability, but of comparative normality. I conclude by demonstrating how adopting this approach allows us to avoid both kinds of problem which beset Probabilism.

"This research is about the informal uses of small public spaces in the city: the laneways, residual spaces and connective tissues of neighbourhoods. They are undergoing rapid change and transition. By drawing attention to the unintentional by-products of periods of growth and the residual adaptations of periods of decline, I will identify unique qualities and characteristics of transformation, gentrification and ephemeral cultural practices of city centres and downtown neighbourhoods over the last half century."--Introduction.

Possible future uses for Toronto’s iconic Old City Hall with case studies from around town and across the globe. In 2015, City of Toronto staff embarked on a study to determine future uses for Old City Hall, a beloved landmark in the heart of Canada’s largest city. This report does not put forth recommendations, but intends to spark creative thinking and inspire a public discussion.

Background Hinge knee replacement is a salvage procedure with historically high failure and complication rates. We aim to analyze the use of an uncemented metaphyseal sleeve revision knee replacement in our unit—a third-generation rotating hinge knee prosthesis. This is the largest reported series of this implant with longest follow up. Methods We retrospectively identified 99 revision cases performed (2002-2018). In total, 67 of 99 (68%) cases were performed for aseptic etiology, whereas 32 of 99 (32%) cases were performed for infection. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the Oxford Knee Score, survivorship analysis, and incidence of revision/reoperations. Mean follow-up was 7 years (range 1.5-18). Results At follow-up, the mean Oxford Knee Score had improved from 10 points to 25 points. At mean 7 years of follow up, 18 of 99 cases had undergone revision giving a survivorship of 81% (90% aseptic). In total, 10 of 18 cases were performed for infection (10%) and 9 of 18 cases were performed for aseptic reasons (9%), of which 5 were for patella resurfacing (2 revision), 2 for failure of bony ingrowth, and 1 for fracture. Twenty-six patients (26%) had complications postoperatively, with patella disorders and reduced range of movement the most common. Patients who did not undergo patella resurfacing were significantly more likely to need revision of any cause (P = .01). Conclusion This is the largest study of this prosthesis with longest follow-up. It demonstrates good survivorship and improvement in knee pain. Those with infection are at greatest risk of revision. Significant numbers have patella dysfunction/anterior knee symptoms therefore patella resurfacing should be considered when using this implant. Level of Evidence IV.

According to the KK-principle, knowledge iterates freely. It has been argued, notably in Greco (J Philos 111:169–197, 2014a), that accounts of knowledge which involve essential appeal to normality are particularly conducive to defence of the KK-principle. The present article evaluates the prospects for employing normality in this role. First, it is argued that the defence of the KK-principle depends upon an implausible assumption about the logical principles governing iterated normality claims. Once this assumption is dropped, counter-instances to the principle can be expected to arise. Second, it is argued that even if the assumption is maintained, there are other logical properties of normality which can be expected to lead to failures of KK. Such failures are noteworthy, since they do not depend on either a margins-for-error principle or safety condition of the kinds Williamson (Mind 101:217–242, 1992; Knowledge and its limits, OUP, Oxford, 2000) appeals to in motivating rejection KK. “Introduction: KK and Being in a Position to Know” Section formulates two versions of the KK-Principle; “Inexact Knowledge and Margins for Error” Section presents a version of Williamson’s margins-for-error argument against it; “Knowledge and Normality” and “Iterated Normality” Sections discuss the defence of the KK-Principle due to Greco (J Philos 111:169–197, 2014a) and show that it is dependent upon the implausible assumption that the logic of normality ascriptions is at least as strong as K4; finally, “Knowledge in Abnormal Conditions” and “Higher-Order Ignorance Inside the Margins” Sections argue that a weakened version of Greco’s constraint on knowledge is plausible and demonstrate that this weakened constraint will, given uncontentious assumptions, systematically generate counter-instances to the KK-principle of a novel kind.

CPV incorporates a wide variety of technologies and options. The application of these technologies, however, is not limited to CPV only. The basic approach of the standardization for CPV is thus expanding the scope to a broader range of technologies. The knowledge gained through our activities is contributing to standardizations in PV technologies like, e.g. standards for trackers. In this regard, the standardization activities for CPV is also moving to new fields of applications.

The first edition of the Technical Specification (TS) on Primary Optics for Concentrator Photovoltaic (CPV) Systems, IEC TS 62989:2018, has been published by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), on March 8th, 2018. TS 62989 covers aspects related to the primary optics including: product identification, optical characteristics, mechanical characteristics, materials, (design) geometry, and visual appearance. This paper focuses on the key aspects of the norm, including optical performance, in order to promote the awareness and use of the standard. We describe the three methods intended to measure the key optical characteristics of the primary elements, i.e. focal spot size and optical efficiency, by using the encircled energy. The three methods are using different light sources, optical components and receiver sensors, but yielded very similar results in a round robin test. This justifies the continued use of all three methods. The use of a website (opticstests.pbworks.com) for documentation of discussions and references was novel to the standard development. The website proved to be useful for the introduction of new members of the group. The website helped to keep track of changes to the document as well as the required actions of the project team.The first edition of the Technical Specification (TS) on Primary Optics for Concentrator Photovoltaic (CPV) Systems, IEC TS 62989:2018, has been published by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), on March 8th, 2018. TS 62989 covers aspects related to the primary optics including: product identification, optical characteristics, mechanical characteristics, materials, (design) geometry, and visual appearance. This paper focuses on the key aspects of the norm, including optical performance, in order to promote the awareness and use of the standard. We describe the three methods intended to measure the key optical characteristics of the primary elements, i.e. focal spot size and optical efficiency, by using the encircled energy. The three methods are using different light sources, optical components and receiver sensors, but yielded very similar results in a round robin test. This justifies the continued use of all three methods. The use of a website (opticstests.pbworks.com) for documentation ...

Research into the cognition of conditionals has predominantly focused on conditional reasoning, producing a range of theories which explain associated phenomena with considerable success. However, such theories have been less successful in accommodating experimental data concerning how agents assess the probability of indicative conditionals. Since an acceptable account of conditional reasoning should be compatible with evidence regarding how we evaluate conditionals' likelihoods, this constitutes a failing of such theories. Section 1 introduces the most dominant established approach to conditional reasoning: mental models theory. Surveying a range of experimental results, I show that mental models theory (along with competing theories) is incapable of fully accounting for findings regarding judgements about conditionals' probabilities. Section 2 introduces an alternative account of deductive reasoning, the erotetic theory, recently proposed by Koralus and Mascarenhas (2013). Section 3 argues that, given a natural extension, this theory is able to explain the otherwise unaccounted for data.

This paper compares the mechanical properties of virgin and recycled woven carbon fibre prepreg and goes on to assess the potential for recycled carbon fibre reinforced plastic (rCFRP) to be used in high performance energy absorption structures. Three sets of material were examined: fresh containing virgin fibres and resin, aged which was an out of life but otherwise identical roll and recycled which contained recycled fibre and new resin. The compressive strength and modulus of rCFRP were approximately 94% of the values for fresh material. This correlated directly with the results from impact testing where rCFRP conical impact structures were found to have a specific energy absorption of 32.7. kJ/kg versus 34.8. kJ/kg for fresh material. The tensile and flexural strength of rCFRP were 65% of the value for fresh material. Tensile and flexural moduli of rCFRP were within 90% of fresh material and ILSS of rCFRP was 75% that of fresh. Overall rCFRP has been proved to remain a highly satisfactory engineering material. This is a significant finding as it proves that carbon fibre can be recycled and reused in high performance applications. This has significant implications for use of carbon fibre in the automotive industry where End of Life Vehicle (ELV) legislation requires 85% of materials to be recyclable. This work opens the door to significantly expanded use of carbon fibre in the automotive industry. Of equal significance is the finding that the mechanical properties of fresh and aged carbon fibre were all within ±6% of one another. This highlights an opportunity to understand resin system life in more detail in order to prevent the creation of composite waste at source. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.

A critical threat to organizations, and the Internet itself, is a class of automated network attacks referred to as Internet worms. This article examines the use of mathematical models and optimization algorithms--specifically a partially-observable Markov decision process (PO-MDP) based feedback control system--as the basis for implementing an autonomic defense system (ADS) that can protect organizations against Internet worms. The PO-MDP ADS introduced in this article is capable of detecting and responding to worms in real time. Furthermore, the PO-MDP ADS can ameliorate the rate of incorrect control decisions that would normally occur in the presence of sensor false alarms.

We investigate a novel use of the English temporal modifier ‘now’, in which it combines with a subordinate clause. We argue for a univocal treatment of the expression, on which the subordinating use is taken as basic and the nonsubordinating uses are morphologically derived. We start by surveying central features of the latter uses which have been discussed in previous work, before introducing key observations regarding the subordinating use of ‘now’ and its relation to deictic and anaphoric uses. All of these data , it is argued, can be accounted for on our proposed analysis. We conclude by comparing ‘now’ to a range of other expressions which exhibit similar behavior.

Introduction What level of geological detail is required to give a meaningful representation of a reservoir model? Is it worthwhile to spend the time, money and effort to assemble a high-resolution geological model or will simpler models suffice? How coarse can a model be to provide the fastest possible execution while simultaneously preserving enough geological detail for realistic performance predictions? To answer the holistic question of how much resolution needs to be preserved, a high resolution geological model of an outcrop of the Khuff formation (Oman) is used to develop a methodology to assess the impact of the preservation of geological heterogeneities. Sensitivity tests to various grid sizes have been carried out to determine what level of detail needs to be retained to achieve representative well production forecasts.

Does pragmatic rehabilitation reduce the “fatigue” experienced by people diagnosed with CFS/ME according to the Oxford criteria?1 Wearden and colleagues report in the abstract of their paper that after 20 weeks of treatment participants had “significantly improved fatigue,”2 and, in their linked editorial, Moss-Morris and Hamilton state that participants receiving …