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Abstract Background In goat kids, choosing the appropriate age to administer the first dose of goat pox disease (GTP) vaccine requires knowing when maternal antibody decline concentrations. Objective Determine the persistence of maternal antibodies against goat pox virus (GTPV) in goat kids. Animals Twenty Saanen goat kids from birth to 120 days old. Methods In 2 groups, including: control (receiving colostrum from nonvaccinated does) and treatment (receiving colostrum from vaccinated does). On zero, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56, 70, 100 and 120 days after the birth, virus neutralization test was used to measure the serum concentration of antibodies against GTPV. Results At the age of 56 days, the first seronegative goat kids (n = 2) were recorded in the treatment group. At the age of 120 days, all the goat kids in the treatment group were seronegative. The average virus neutralization index (VNI) of the goat kids became negative at the age of 100 to 120 days. All goat kids in the control group were negative at all times. Conclusions and Clinical Importance One hundred to 120 days of the age seems to be the time to administer the first GTP vaccine in the goat kids with passive immunity against goat pox.

Lumpy skin disease is a viral disease of cattle and buffaloes which causes skin nodules in susceptible animals. Implementation of mass vaccination is the most effective way for LSD control in endemic countries. LSD vaccine that was used in the current study is a domestically produced vaccine containing live attenuated Neethling strain. In this clinical trial, 11 male calves aged 6 to 9 months with an approximate weight of 150 to 250 kg and without antibodies against LSDV were used. The calves were divided into three groups: the first group consisted of two animals that were injected with ten times the vaccine dose, the second group comprised of four calves that were injected with one dose of vaccine and the third group consisted of five calves that received the vaccine diluent and assigned as control. On the 21st day after vaccination, the calves were challenged with a pathogenic strain of LSD virus through simultaneous intravenous and intradermal inoculation. All 11 calves were examined clinically daily for 14 days after the challenge and all clinical signs were recorded. None of the vaccinated animals (ten times the dose and one dose) showed any clinical signs of LSD including cutaneous nodules and fever within 14 days after challenge, while all the animals in the control group (non-vaccinated) showed clinical signs of LSD including cutaneous nodules. Therefore, the vaccine used in the present study was effective in protecting against wild LSD virus.

Abstract Six 100‐day‐old mixed‐breed lambs were examined in a farm with a semi‐intensive system due to neurologic signs. Cachexia, bilateral blindness, stupor, severe drowsiness and lethargy with left and right movements of the head and neck were recorded after awakening and stimulation. Lambs died 10 days after the onset of the clinical signs. The lambs were necropsied, and after routine parasitology, bacteriology and histopathology, the occurrence of acute coenurosis was confirmed due to finding multiple cystic structures in the brain tissue. All lambs of the herd were treated with albendazole (orally, 25 mg/kg, two doses with an interval of 14 days). All shepherd dogs were treated with popantel (orally, one tablet/10 kg, two doses with an interval of 14 days). The affected lambs died despite this treatment. No new case of the disease was observed after the initiation of control measures. The present study shows the importance of preventive measure against coenurosis in a semi‐intensive sheep farming system that includes implementing consistent parasite control programme in dogs being in contact with sheep.

Abstract Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arthropodborne Orbivirus that belongs to the Reoviridae family. Bluetongue is one of the most important diseases of sheep. A flock of 300 Lacon sheep just arrived from France, located in the countryside of Qazvin city, Iran, was examined, in August 2022. In history taking and clinical examination, submandibular oedema (216/300, 72%), fever (216/300, 72%), inappetence (216/300, 72%), stomatitis (216/300, 72%), nasal discharge (90/300, 30%) and lameness (30/300, 10%) were recorded. Foot‐and‐mouth disease, bluetongue (BT), contagious ecthyma and peste des petits ruminants were the most important differential diagnosis with reference to clinical signs. Tongue scraping samples from four clinically affected sheep were sent to the laboratory for PCR tests and, in all of them, BTV was detected. The affected flock had a history of vaccination with an attenuated live vaccine in the previous 4 months. The morbidity rate, mortality rate and case fatality rate were 72% (216/300), 7% (21/300) and 9.7% (21/216), respectively. This report is the first documented clinical form of BT in sheep from Iran.

Abstract Background Beta-hemolytic streptococci involving the upper respiratory tract cause strangles and strangles-like diseases in horses and cause severe economic damage to the equestrian club each year. Therefore, careful epidemiological study of these bacteria, evaluation of phylogenetic connections and SeM-typing can be useful to determine the source and epidemiological characteristics of the disease outbreak. Isolates were analyzed using molecular and phylogenetic methods and to determine antibiotic resistance pattern in Iranian isolates. Molecular and phylogenetic methods were used to evaluate Iranian streptococcal isolates, and the similarity of the Iranian SeM-97 sequence with other alleles was assessed using the Neighbor-joining method with the Kimura 2 Parameter statistical model. The amino acid sequence of this gene was compared with the predicted SeM-3 reference amino acid sequence (FM204883) using MEGA 7 software. Results One type of SeM was found among streptococcal isolates. This type (SeM-97) was reported for the first time and was a new SeM. The relationship between streptococcal isolates and age, sex, race, clinical signs and geographical area was investigated. A significant relationship was observed between streptococcal isolates with age variables and clinical symptoms. Conclusions In our study, a Streptococcus equi subsp. equi genotype was identified. The 97 allele of this gene has not been officially reported anywhere and is only registered in the Public databases for molecular typing and microbial genome diversity (PubMLST)-SeM database by Katy Webb. This was the first isolate reported and registered in the mentioned database. The isolate (Tabriz61) had the SeM-97 allele with clinical signs including mucopurulent discharge, abnormal sounds in lung hearing, warmth and enlargement or discharge and abscess of retropharyngeal lymph node and fever. This isolate was sensitive to penicillin, meropenem, ampicillin, cefotaxime, tetracycline, erythromycin, azithromycin, chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin antibiotics and resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and gentamicin antibiotics.

Abstract Background Small ruminant morbillivirus (SRMV) is the etiological agent of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) disease. PPR is one of the most important viral diseases of small ruminant husbandry. In the endemic countries, vaccination is the main way to control this disease. Administering the first PPR vaccine in goat kids requires decreased maternal immunity. Objective The aim of this study was to determine the decreasing trend of maternal immunity against SRMV in goat kids born from vaccinated goats. Methods Twenty Saanen goat kids were studied in two groups including control (n = 5, receiving colostrum from unvaccinated goats) and treatment (n = 15, receiving colostrum from vaccinated goats). Virus neutralisation (VN) test was used to evaluate serum specific antibodies against SRMV in goat kids from birth to 100 days of age. Results The first goat kid (n = 1) in the treatment group was seronegative at the age of 28 days. All the goat kids were seronegative at the age of 100 days. The average serum titre of the goat kids at the age of 70–100 days became negative. Conclusions Some goat kids became seronegative before reaching the age of receiving the first PPR vaccine. The age of 70–100 days could be a good age range to give the first dose of PPR vaccine to the goat kids, but more studies were needed on the effectiveness of this vaccine at this age range.

Abstract Twelve 30‐ to 75‐day‐old mixed breed lambs were examined in an intensive system because of sudden recumbency and death. Clinical examination revealed sudden recumbency, visceral pain, and auscultation of respiratory crackles. Lambs died shortly (between 30 minutes and 3 hours) after the onset of clinical signs. The lambs were necropsied, and after routine parasitology, bacteriology and histopathology procedures, the occurrence of acute cysticercosis caused by Cysticercus tenuicollis was confirmed. The use of the suspect infested feed (newly purchased starter concentrate) was discontinued and other lambs of the flock were treated with praziquantel (15 mg/kg, single dose, orally). After these actions, no new cases were observed. The present study showed the importance of preventive measures against cysticercosis in intensive sheep farming systems which include proper storage of feed, preventing feed and environmental access by potential definitive hosts, and implementing consistent parasite control programs in dogs that are in contact with sheep.

A coleopteran insect, Trachyderma hispida, was collected from the proximity of ceramic factories in Khorshed district, Alexandria, Egypt, to elucidate the testicular damage elicited by heavy metal pollution. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals was estimated by using X-ray microanalysis. Histological and ultrastructure examination revealed various changes in germcells in insects collected from the polluted region. The inducible histological alterations included: occlusion and collapsed follicles, disrupted cyst wall and necrotic spermatogenic elements. Ultrastructure changes implied abnormal chromatin condensation, ill-defined nuclear membrane, vacuolated cytoplasm, disintegrated nebenkern, deterioration of mitochondrial derivatives and degeneration of axonemes. In addition, agglutinated spermatids, and sperms with a double tail were noticed. The most noteworthy feature in spermatogonia and spermatocyte was the intra-tubular inclusion bodies. Histological and electron micrographs pointed out the structure of the parietal cell which functioned as a Sertoli cell. Adverse damage to these cells by ceramic pollution was reported. In conclusion, by using insects as bioindicators, ceramic production may impair reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Contagious agalactia (CA) is one of the most important diseases in the small ruminant industry in Iran. The historical aetiology of this disease is Mycoplasma agalactiae (Ma). The main way to control this disease, in addition to management measures, is vaccination. In ruminant newborns, determining the age of first vaccination against Ma is a challenge due to the interference between colostrum‐derived maternal immunity and vaccination‐induced immunity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the consistency of maternal‐derived antibodies specific to the Ma in goat kids blood serum born from the vaccinated does. Objectives Dtermination of level of antibody against Ma in goat kids born from vaccinated dams against Ma. Assessment of duration of protective level of maternal derived antibody in goat kids serum, after receiving colostrum from vaccinted mother with Ma vaccine. Determination the best time vaccination against Ma in goat kids receiving colostrum from vaccinated dams. Methods 20 Saanen goat kids were studied in two groups of 10 animals including control (receiving colostrum from unvaccinated does) and treatment (receiving colostrum from vaccinated does). Indirect Elisa was used to evaluate serum specific antibodies to Ma in goat kids (control and treatment groups) from birth to 100 days of age. Results After receiving a sufficient amount of colostrum, the goat kids in the treatment group had a significantly higher S/P% than the control group until 56 days after birth (p 0.05). Conclusions This study showed that 56–70 days of age could be a good age to give the first dose of CA vaccine in goat kids, but more studies are needed on the effectiveness of this vaccine at this age.

Pica is one of the disorders with a high potential to induce numerous damages such as poisoning, impaction of gastrointestinal tract, botulism and weight loss in ruminant farms. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of intramuscular injection of cyanocobalamin-iron dextran (Cyanoferrin) on the initial parameters of haemogram and serum minerals in 20-day-old goat kids with Pica. The study was performed on 10 heads of 20-day-old mixed breed goat kids without Pica and 10 heads of 20-day-old mixed breed goat kids with Pica. The Pica unaffected group received isotonic saline treatment (one intramuscular injection, 3 ml) and the Pica affected group received Cyanoferrin treatment (one intramuscular injection, 3 ml). Before treatment and 10 days after treatment, blood samples were collected from all goat kids to determine CBC (complete blood cell count) and serum minerals. Data were analyzed using one-way repeated measures ANOVA and Post-hoc Tukey test at 95% confidence level. In goat kids with Pica, blood PCV, Hb and MCV and serum iron were significantly lower than goat kids without Pica (p

Pica is one of the disorders that has high potential for inducing various damages such as poisoning, digestive accumulation, botulism, weakening of the immune system, weight loss, etc. in ruminants farms and for years, the researcher has encountered this problem in lambs. The present study was conducted to compare the effect of Microvit supplementation and Ferrodrop oral drops on the primary parameters of homogram and serum minerals in 20-days-old healthy and with Pica lams. This clinical trial was performed on 10-headed 20-days-old lambs mixed-breed without Pica and 10-headed 20-day-old lambs mixed-breed with Pica. Both groups received 2 types of oral therapy including Microvit supplementation (7 days, 0/5 g / l of consuming water) and oral furuderap drops (4 days, 300 mg/day in consuming milk). Before starting treatment and after each treatment, blood and serum samples were taken from lambs and sent to the laboratory for determination of CBC and serum mineral elements. Data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software using repeated measures ANOVA at 95% confidence level. In patients with Pica blood Hb, MCV and MCHC and serum iron was less than nonpatients (p0/05), and Pica was not treated in patients (p>0/05). Treatment with furuderap increased the blood Hb, MCV and MCHC and serum iron levels, significantly and Pica was treated in patients (p

BACKGROUND: Diagnosis and prognosis of inflammatory conditions based on acute phase proteins (APPs) level in blood has been exploited for a long time in human medicine and their changes in SARA condition is considered in veterinary medicine. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the variations of serum amyloid A (SAA) and haptoglobin (Hp) as main acute phase proteins in cow with normal pH or cows that experienced rumen pH ≤5.8 during first days after parturition. METHODS: A total of 106 multiparous Holstein dairy cows were randomly selected after parturition in two different seasons of winter and summer 2017. Cows were divided into 2 groups as normal cows with pH >5.8 or rumen pH ≤5.8. Ruminal fluid samples were collected through stomach tube for rumen pH and blood samples were taken from the coccygeal vein of cows concurrently once per day at days 4, 11 and 18 post-partum. SAA and Hp were determined in blood samples. The PROC MIXED of SAS (2003) was used for all determined variables with repeated measures. BCS, parity and milk yield were included as fixed and cows as random effect. The significant level was declared at P≤0.05, and tendency toward significance was considered at 0.055.8. For all examined cows, SAA concentration was greater in winter than summer (P5.8. CONCLUSIONS: Results showed that rumen pH ≤5.8 seems not to stimulate the APPs production

BACKGROUND: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the main causative agents of neonatal calf diarrhea. Passive transfer of antibodies that is derived from the dams of the calves through their colostrum plays an important role in disease prevention. OBJECTIVES: To determine the presence of natural specific antibodies against K99 antigen in dam’s serum and colostrum as well as in calf’s serum and examined the association between bacteriological and serological aspects for ETEC K99+ and calf diarrhea. METHODS: A specific PCR assay was used to detect K99-positive E. coli in fecal samples from two groups of normal and diarrheic calves. Specific antibodies against K99 fimbriae in dam serum, colostrum and calf serum were studied using indirect ELISA. RESULTS: Significant differences were observed between the antibody titer in normal and diarrheic groups. Significant differences were observed between normal and diarrheic calves in their serum anti-K99 titers (P =0.0005), their dams (P =0.0005) and colostrum (P =0.001), in which anti-K99 titer in dam’s serum and colostrum was higher in diarrheic group, but in calf’s serum was higher in normal group. CONCLUSIONS: Although anti-K99 antibody levels in diarrheic calves was less than normal calves, there is no correlation between the level of these antibodies and disease occurrence. This study suggests that anti-K99 antibodies do not solely promote immunity to ETEC infections.

Transmission of hepatitis C (HCV) in Pakistan is a continuing public health problem; 15 years ago it was linked to the practice of reusing therapeutic instruments in healthcare settings. We sought to examine current risk factors for HCV transmission in a hospital population in Karachi, Pakistan. We enrolled 300 laboratory-confirmed HCV-positive participants and 300 laboratory-confirmed HCV-negative participants from clinics at Indus Hospital. Independent and significant risk factors for both men and women were: receiving ⩾12 injections in the past year, blood transfusions, having had dental work performed, and delivery in hospital or transfusion for women. Interestingly, being of Mohajir origin or born in Sindh province were protective. Encouragingly, a strong protective effect was observed for those that reported bringing their own needle for injections (59%). The widespread reuse of therapeutic needles in healthcare settings in Karachi remains a major driver of the HCV epidemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a primary cause of neonatal calf diarrhea worldwide, and is also associated with acute diarrhea in adult cattle during the winter season, resulting heavy economic losses to both dairy and beef industry throughout the world. OBJECTIVE: The Objective of the present study was to screen the fecal samples for BCoV collected from diarrhea from six geographic region of Iran, with the aim to deepen the knowledge of BCoV prevalence and epidemiology in Iran. MEETHODS: 194 fecal samples from diarrheic calves up to one-month age, based on the geographic area were collected. Samples from all the cases were screened for the presence of BCoV by commercially available ELISA kit. Furthermore, all positive samples were subjected to RT-PCR for confirmation. RESULTS: ELISA examination revealed that 7.2 % of taken samples, were positive. All positive samples in ELISA were also positive in RT-PCR. All samples from northwest, northeast, and west, were negative. The average ages of positive calves were nine days. The average stool scores in positive samples and negative samples were 2.5 and 2.1 respectively. 71/4 % of positive samples had fever. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study showed that the occurrence of BCoV in stool samples of diarrheic calves in dairy farms of Iran is lower than the other reports on the world.

In order to evaluate the seroprevalence of Leptospira interrogans infection in horses, blood samples were taken from 152 horses from 7 horse clubs in Tehran. Serum samples were examined using a microscopic agglutination test to detect the presence of antibodies against five live serotypes of Leptospira interrogans (grippotyphosa, pomona, icterohaemorrhagiae, canicula and hardjo). Of the tested samples, 23 horses (15/13%) were positive to one or more serotypes. Titer levels ranged from 1:100 to 1:200. Icterohaemorrhagiae (44/44%) was the most frequently detected serovar followed in descending order by gripotyphosa (29/62%), canicula (22/22%), pomona (3/7%) and serotype hardjo was negative. Statistical analysis using the chi-squared test showed there was no significant correlation differences between Leptospira interrogans infection and factors such as sex and age. The serum titers of infected horses ranged from 1:100 (n=19) to 1:200 (n=78). These results suggest that the icterohaemorrhagiae serovar may be the most prevalent serovar in the horse population Tehran.

Background: Sub-clinical mastitis is an inflammation of mammary glands which is a big economic damage. Treatment of this disease isn’t recommended due to antibiotic residue in milk. Objective: In this study, clinical efficacy of - Zataria multiflora Boiss essential oil (ZMBeo) in treatment of sub-clinical mastitis was evaluated and other expedients were prepared. Methods: Thirty Holsteins cows with sub-clinical mastitis were selected in a randomized manner which weighed between 600 - 700 kg. One of the solutions, A and B (one with essential oil and the other without it) was injected into each quarter. Milk quantity & CMT were tested before and after of injections. Results: Results showed that ZMBeo causes rapid healing of mammary gland and inhibits decrease of milk production. Conclusion: ZMBeo can be used in treating bovine sub-clinical mastitis

setsApp (http://apps.cytoscape.org/apps/setsapp) is a relatively simple Cytoscape 3 app for users to handle groups of nodes and/or edges. It supports several important biological workflows and enables various set operations. setsApp provides basic tools to create sets of nodes or edges, import or export sets, and perform standard set operations (union, difference, intersection) on those sets. Automatic set partitioning and layout functions are also provided. The sets functionality is also exposed to users and app developers in the form of a set of commands that can be used for scripting purposes or integrated in other Cytoscape apps.

In this paper we present the open-source WikiPathways app for Cytoscape (http://apps.cytoscape.org/apps/wikipathways) that can be used to import biological pathways for data visualization and network analysis. WikiPathways is an open, collaborative biological pathway database that provides fully annotated pathway diagrams for manual download or through web services. The WikiPathways app allows users to load pathways in two different views: as an annotated pathway ideal for data visualization and as a simple network to perform computational analysis. An example pathway and dataset are used to demonstrate the functionality of the WikiPathways app and how they can be combined and used together with other apps. More than 3000 downloads in the first 12 months following its release in August 2013 highlight the importance and adoption of the app in the network biology field.

The first 8000 days of life, from birth to adulthood, encompasses critical phases that shape a child's health and development. While global health efforts have focused on the first 1000 days, the next 7000 days (ages 2-21) are equally vital, especially concerning the unmet burden of surgical conditions in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Approximately 1.7 billion children globally lack access to essential surgical care, with LMICs accounting for 85% of these unmet needs. Common surgical conditions, including congenital anomalies, injuries, infections, and pediatric cancers, often go untreated, contributing to significant mortality and disability. Despite the substantial need, LMICs face severe workforce and infrastructure shortages, with most pediatric surgical conditions requiring specialized skills, equipment, and tailored healthcare systems. Economic analyses have shown that pediatric surgical interventions are cost-effective, with substantial societal benefits. Expanding surgical care for children in LMICs demands investments in workforce training, infrastructure, and health systems integration, complemented by innovative funding and equitable global partnerships. Prioritizing surgical care within national health policies and scaling up children's surgery through initiatives like the Optimal Resources for Children's Surgical Care can improve health outcomes, align with Sustainable Development Goals, and foster equity in global health. Addressing the surgical care gap in LMICs will reduce preventable mortality, enhance quality of life, and drive sustainable growth, emphasizing surgery as an essential component of universal health coverage for children., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.)

Around 1.7 billion children lack access to surgical care worldwide. To reinvigorate the efforts to address these disparities and support work to address global challenges in surgery, anesthesia, emergency, and critical care, the World Health Assembly passed World Health Organization Resolution World Health Assembly 76.2: Integrated emergency, critical and operative care for universal health coverage and protection from health emergencies (ECO) in 2023. This resolution highlights the integral role of surgery, anesthesia, and perioperative care in health systems. However, understanding how best to operationalize this resolution is challenging. We review the ECO resolution and highlight points that the pediatric surgical and anesthesia community can leverage to advocate for its recommendations for operative care., (© 2024 The Author(s). Pediatric Anesthesia published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 0.5% timolol maleate gel, reported as an efficacious option for management of infantile hemangiomas (IH) in children., Methods: A retrospective study was conducted among patients diagnosed with IH from January 2019 to December 2021. All patients were treated 0.5% timolol gel. Data parameters, including photographs, at baseline and the final or most recent follow-up visit, were reviewed. Outcomes based on photographic assessment were categorized as excellent, good, fair or poor., Results: Sixty-four children with 76 lesions were enrolled. Median age was eight months (two months to 36 months) with most lesions (75.0%) presenting during the first year of life. Female preponderance (84.4%) was seen and the cervicofacial region was most commonly involved (52.6%). The majority of lesions (54, 84.4%) were solitary and most were treatment naïve (n=61, 80.3%). Excellent, good, fair, and poor responses were seen in 24 (31.5%), 39 (51.3%), 6 (7.9%), and 7 (9.2%) lesions. No complications were seen and no statistically significant difference was observed with respect to gender, age group, region involved and treatment naïve versus previously treated patients., Conclusion: Timolol maleate 0.5% gel is an effective and safe treatment option for IH irrespective of location of lesion, age and history of prior treatment., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: None., (Copyright: © Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences.)

Kasabach-Merritt syndrome is a rare condition, characterised by the presence of an enlarging vascular tumour associated with thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia and consumptive coagulopathy. The syndrome manifests in infancy, with high morbidity and mortality rates. No standard guidelines have been established for the treatment of Kasabach-Merritt syndrome to date. To existing literature we add this report of a four-month-old female child with Kasabach-Merritt syndrome who was successfully treated with propranolol and vincristine. This drug combination helped reverse the severe thrombocytopenia as well as decrease in size of her haemangioma. Management of Kasabach-Merritt syndrome continues to be a challenge, with varying response to first line drugs. Early diagnosis and initiation of treatment in a closely monitored setting is essential to ensure good outcomes. Since this is a relatively rare condition and large studies are not feasible, documenting treatment experience for single cases or small series becomes even more important.

Background: The Disease Control Priorities (DCP-3) group defines surgery as essential if it addresses a significant burden, is cost-effective, and is feasible-yet the feasibility component remains largely unexplored. The aim of this study was to develop a precise definition of feasibility for essential surgical procedures for children., Methods: Four online focus group discussions (FGDs) were organized among 19 global children's surgery providers with experience of working in low- and lower-middle-income countries (LMICs), representing 10 countries. FGDs were transcribed verbatim, and qualitative data analysis was performed. Codes, categories, themes, and subthemes were identified., Results: Six determinants of feasibility were identified, including: adequate human resources; adequate material resources; procedure and disease complexity; team commitment and understanding of their setting; timely access to care; and the ability to monitor and achieve good outcomes. Factors unique to feasibility of children's surgery included children's right to health and their reliance on adults for accessing safe and timely care; the need for specialist workforce; and children's unique perioperative care needs. FGD participants reported a greater need for task-sharing and shifting, creativity, and adaptability in resource-limited settings. Resource availability was seen to have a direct impact on decision-making and prioritization, e.g., saving a life versus achieving the best outcome., Conclusions: The identification of a precise definition of feasibility serves as a pivotal step in identifying a list of essential surgical procedures for children, which would serve as indicators of institutional surgical capacity for this age group., (© 2023. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Société Internationale de Chirurgie.)