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Background: Trafficking in human beings is a crime that violates human rights. Recent years have witnessed an increase in human trafficking for the purpose of commercial sex exploitation, forced labour, and beggary, to name but a few. Globalisation and advanced technology have been exploited by perpetrators of trafficking in human beings. This phenomenon is becoming more difficult to discover and investigate due to its nature and complexity. The purpose of this research is to explore the legal response to the crime of trafficking in human beings in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This research uses a combination of primary and secondary resources such as the assigned laws, caselaw, academic books, journal articles, and reliable websites. Results and Conclusions: After working out that this crime falls within the scope of Ta’zer Crimes but not Hudud and Qisas crimes, the paper examines the efficiency of the Saudi Anti-Trafficking in Persons Law 2009 from two aspects, the effectiveness of penalties imposed on the human traffickers and the feasibility of protective measures provided in the law for safeguarding the trafficked person (victims). Finally, the study concludes with some findings and recommendations.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of the antimoney laundering measures in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in response to its commitments to the Financial Action Task Force and treaties in combatting money laundering. Design/methodology/approach To explore the effectiveness of the Saudi antimoney laundering measures, this research’s data have been obtained by a qualitative approach that uses a combination of primary and secondary resources. It relies on analyzing Anti-Money Laundering Law (AML) and the process of money laundering detection in Saudi Arabia in relation to three cases from Saudi courts supported by journal articles, academic books and reliable websites. Findings This study concludes that the Saudi AML has been efficient and effective in the battle against money laundering. This study finds that there is close coordination and collaboration between financial institutions, banks and governmental agencies in Saudi Arabia to combat this phenomenon. This study also concludes that the AML is compatible with other criminal laws such as the Anti-Bribery Law, the Anti Trafficking in Person Law and the Anti-Drug Trafficking Law. Research limitations/implications This paper relies mainly on publicly available information regarding the detection of money laundering schemes and the confiscation of proceeds of crime in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as a main source of information. There data available on the money laundering cases in the Saudi prosecution and criminal courts were limited due to the lack of public disclosure of such cases because of their sensitivity. This was made up for by using reliable sources in which some cases were reported. Originality/value This paper underlines the efficient aspects of the current AML that contribute to reduction of money laundering in Saudi Arabia. This paper emphasizes on the importance of the structure of collaboration between regulatory, financial and law officers to implement the rule of law and achieve justice.

Purpose This paper aims to explore the offense of illicit enrichment by public officials. It examines whether “reconciliation” could be a preventive measure from corruption or a vehicle for corruption. Design/methodology/approach To obtain the data on identifying the illicit enrichment offense and on examining “reconciliation” as a legal tool that combats corruption, this study uses a combination of primary and secondary resources such as the assigned laws, precedents by the Egyptian Cassation Court, academic books, journal articles and reliable websites. Using the same resources, the study explores the adverse aspects associated with “reconciliation.” Findings The paper concludes that the Egyptian Illicit Gains Authority Law No.62 of 1975 jeopardizes the “presumption of innocence” because it shifts the burden of proof from the prosecution to the defendant, but the Egyptian Cassation Court decides differently in many cases, whereby it puts emphasis on the prosecution to present enough evidence on illicit enrichment. If the accused is unable to prove the legitimate source of the increased wealth, then there will not be any conviction of illicit enrichment offense due to the presumption of innocence.

The purpose of this research is to identify and explore the factors that have contributed to the prevention of women from working in the Saudi Arabian judiciary from the viewpoints of male Saudi judges. The study applies the qualitative research method and uses interviews to obtain the required data. It uses primary and secondary resources to support the arguments. The data analysis reveals three main themes under which these factors fall: the legal constraints, the religious constraints, and the cultural constraints. Finally, the study concludes with some findings and recommendations with regard to employing women in the judiciary.

تهدف هذه الدراسة لبحث مدى تصدي التشريع الجنائي السعودي لجائحة کورونا من خلال اتباع المنهج الوصفي التحليلي لبحث مدى فعالية نصوص التجريم والعقاب - الصادرة إبان الجائحة والتي تضمنتها قرارات وزير الداخلية الصادرة بناء على الأوامر الملکية المتعلقة بحالة الطوارئ الصحية - لفرض احترام الإجراءات الاحترازية والتدابير الوقائية المتخذة للتصدي للجائحة، أيضا بحث مدى إمکانية تطبيق النصوص الجزائية التقليدية النافذة کإجراء للمواجهة في خضم الحرب للسيطرة على الفيروس ومنع نقل العدوى. وقد توصل البحث إلى أن النظام الجنائي السعودي يتسم بالمرونة، إذ أن مصادر التجريم والعقاب في ظله هي القرآن الکريم والسنة النبوية والإجماع، وهو ما مفاده عدم حصر نطاق التجريم والعقاب على تلک الأفعال المنصوص عليها بل أن الباب مفتوحا للاجتهاد بناء على قواعد الشريعة العامة وأصولها المرنة ومقاصدها لتجريم کل فعل من شأنه تهديد المصالح المعتبرة للجماعة أو يخل بها. ومع ذلک فلم يشأ المشرع السعودي ترک مسألة مواجهة فيروس کورونا للاجتهاد، بل سرعان ما صدرت الأوامر الملکية بتفويض وزير الداخلية باتخاذ الإجراءات الاحترازية والتدابير الوقائية للتصدي للجائحة، وهو ما حدا به الى إصدار قرارات بتجريم بعض الأفعال والمعاقبة عليها. کما خلص البحث إلى بعض التوصيات وهي ضرورة تجريم أفعال نقل العدوى بالخطأ واعتبارها جناية موجبة للحبس إذا نجم عنها وفاة إنسان. وکذلک تجريم أفعال الاحتفاظ بالفيروس أو تخزينه، وکذلک تجريم الشخص المستفيد (الذي لا تستدعي ظروف عمله التنقل خلال فترة منع التجول) الذي تم تسهيل حصوله على ترخيص التنقل خلال فترة منع التجوال، وليس فقط تجريم فعل التسهيل للحصول على الترخيص. کما أوصت الدراسة أخيرا بمعاقبة کل شخص عادي أو معنوي علم بإصابته أو بإصابة التابعين له ولم يبلغ السلطات المختصة.

Due to globalization and advanced technology, negative environmental consequences result from industrial and commercial operations worldwide. Tackling environmental illegalities is a major global concern that requires ongoing evaluation and revision at all levels and in different parts of the world. During the last century, there has been increased attention given to the problem of environmental crimes. Sanctions against environmental crimes must be more effective, stronger, realistic and imminent. In the battle against environmental crimes, several obstacles have distracted the implementation of criminal law. This paper addresses the valuable role of criminal law in providing effectiveness of environmental protection laws, since compliance with environmental laws is not usually voluntary. In specific, this paper examines some obstacles in an international context. The study is based on theoretically driven research methods. It examines primary and secondary resources on the topic such as assigned laws, precedents, academic books, journal articles and reliable websites. Finally, it concludes with some recommendations that could contribute to minimizing (if not preventing) environmental crimes.