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Genetic variations present in the Y chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA provide the mole-cular basis to support the archeological and anthropological evidence that formulates the theories for describing the trajectory of human migration, which started almost 200,000 years ago out of Africa. These genetic variations have long been used as ancestry informative markers (AIMs) in forensics and evolutionary studies, primarily because of their uniparental inheritance and lack of recombination, despite the fact that gender-specific gene flow and socio-cultural practices may cause discrepancies. Moreover, the genetic markers on the Y chromosome constitute only a minor fraction of the entire human genome. Here, we analyzed over 75 million genetic variants (single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and short insertion-deletion (InDels)) within consecutive 2500000 base pair windows in the autosomal as well as non-autosomal chromosomes of 22 populations in four major geographic regions that are cataloged in the 1000 Genomes Project to understand the clustering patterns of the autosomal and non-autosomal variants. While autosomal and X-chromosomal variants cluster the populations of similar geographic regions together, Y-chromosomal variants constantly place the East Asian Japanese and the European Finnish populations in a single clade in hierarchical clusters. This comprehensive genome-wide analysis essentially introduces new insights into mapping the path of human migration based on the Y-chromosomal and other chromosomal variants. [ J Adv Biotechnol Exp Ther 2025; 8(1.000): 139-149]

The global prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is on the rise and projections indicate that an alarming portion of the population will be affected by this disease in the coming decades. In T2DM, chronic hyperglycemia affects the metabolism of the human body. Previous studies on how diabetes impacts metabolism have yielded contradictory results. Therefore, to gain a deeper comprehension of the pathophysiology and progression of diabetes, it is crucial to pinpoint the dysregulated metabolism caused by the disease. In this study, we investigated the alterations in global metabolism in diabetic patients, as well as the effect of the Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting on metabolism. The levels of metabolites that are significantly different in diabetic individuals are components of five pathways: purine metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, porphyrin metabolism, and riboflavin metabolism. In diabetic individuals, Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting significantly altered metabolite levels, affecting three pathways in particular: the pentose phosphate pathway, the tyrosine metabolism, and the D-arginine and D-ornithine metabolism. These pathways share genes previously linked to glycemic control and diabetes. This study provides more insight into the beneficial effects of diurnal fasting in controlling diabetes. [ J Adv Biotechnol Exp Ther 2024; 7(3.000): 482-497]

The rise in popularity of non-caloric sweeteners (NCS) among obese and diabetic patients is due to their ability to provide a sweet taste without any caloric input. However, NCS consumption may be linked to metabolic disorders. The mechanisms behind these adverse effects are still unclear, which suggests that NCS may alter the metabolic activity of the gut microbiome, leading to enteric environmental perturbation and resulting in physiological anomalies in the host. This study investigates how Escherichia coli, a common gut microbe, reacts to three NCS, two of which come from nature (glycyrrhizin and stevioside) and one that is made artificially (sucralose). To assess the impact of these NCS, this study investigated the growth, gene expression, and metabolic pathways of E. coli under different sweetener loads. Compared to the untreated control, low amounts of glycyrrhizin made E. coli grow faster, while similar amounts of sucralose and stevioside had no or a less noticeable effect. At higher concentrations, these sweeteners slowed down or inhibited the growth of the bacteria. Thus, NCS may have dose-dependent impacts on gut microbes. After treatment with amounts that corresponded to the acceptable daily intake, the expression of key metabolic genes showed altered expression, which may potentially affect their metabolism. At different concentrations of the NCS, there were clear differences in the global metabolomic profile between the control and the different NCS treatments. Under in vitro conditions, glycyrrhizin and sucralose appeared to have a less divergent impact on E. coli growth, gene expression, and metabolism, which may suggest that these are relatively safer sugar substitutes for humans. [ J Adv Biotechnol Exp Ther 2023; 6(3.000): 659-672]