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Sarojini Naidu was a student who excelled academically, a renowned freedom fight activist in India, and a poet who wrote sonnets. She is popularly known as the "Nightingale of India" and has been given this title for many years. She was the first lady to hold the position of President of India in our country, she was a notable person in Indian women's history, and she was the first Governor of Uttar Pradesh after the state of Uttar Pradesh gained its independence. She was one of the most well-known figures of the 20th century, and her presence on our planet as a powerful figure is celebrated annually on the holiday that is known as "Women's Day." The significant achievement that has been set in the field of poetry is the topic that will be discussed in this paper. Her sense of poetry is centered on an extraordinary bank of words that are so culturally specific that they can be sung with genuine feelings. In the year 1905, she had the poem "Bull Bule Hind" published; this was the beginning of her exploration into the literary realm. The Pardah Nashin, The Village Song, Lotus, and The Bird of Time are the primary focal the points of this paper's analysis.

From the very beginning, war has been depicted in the pages of literature romantically as heroic, adventurous, glorious, and good for peace and development. Until the twentieth century, this trend of romantically portraying war was quite prevalent. In the twentieth century, especially after WWI, there was a demand to perform battle realistically. There was a demand for such type of literature that could depict the harsh reality of war with all its devastating effects, torture, massacre bloodshed, suffering and mental trauma, which until now had been kept under the lustre of romanticism. Ernest Hemingway was a writer who, in his war novels, dealt with the issue of war realistically as he participated in WWI and the Spanish Civil War. Here in this study, we will be dealing with the realistic portrayal of war in the war novels of Ernest Hemingway.

Sunamganj is a north-eastern district of Bangladesh is considered a highly flood-prone haor area. Uttar Shreepur Union of Taherpur Upazila of Sunamganj District was selected to conduct the study to find out the causes behind the flash flood, situation analysis during and post-flood and different sectoral impacts of flash flood because these areas were flooded almost every year. Six focus group discussions (FGD) along with a total of 162 households were evenly targeted from six selected villages and a semi-structured self-explorative questionnaire was used to collect primary data. The study revealed that heavy rainfall (92.5%) and low land (53.13%) were the main causes of flood. The study also showed that transportation (84.37%) and agricultural (82.5%) sectors were the most affected, followed by water and sanitation (60%), housing (51.25%), and health (36.62%), respectively; among these, crops (89.37%) and animal husbandry (33.13%) were the most affected part of agriculture, followed by health sector, children (89.37%) and aged people (69.23%) were the most affected and the people were mainly suffered from cold and fever (98.13%), diarrhoea (80.63%), typhoid (27.5%), and dysentery (33.13%), respectively because of the crisis of pure drinking water and poor sanitation system. About 85% respondents stored normal food, followed by dry food (30%), medicine (25%) and water (0.63%), respectively to meet up post-flood food crisis. 62% respondents received flood warning signals by mobile phone (54.37%) followed by, radio/TV (41.87%), relatives (41.25%) and Upazila/Union Parisad (13.75%), respectively. However, various initiatives were taken by GOs and NGOs to build back a better immediate post-flood period. Finally, it is suggested that proper long-term steps should be taken to strengthen resilience and coping capacity for hydrological disasters in the study area.

Deodorization of gases emitted from Tanneries using eco-friendly and cost-effective approaches is necessary for the safe disposal of industrial emissions. There is limited research available on the...

The present investigation was carried out to understand the interrelationship and degree of dependence of grain yield on its components and gall midge incidence and to elucidate their relative importance. The experiment was conducted using 42 rice hybrids developed by crossing 6 CMS lines and seven testers in Line X Tester mating design, their parents and four checks. Observations were recorded on gall midge incidence, grain yield and fourteen component characters. Correlation coefficient analysis suggested that grain yield per plant had highly significant and positive association with panicle length (rp = 0.4600**, rg = 0.5545**) followed by number of grains per panicle (rp = 0.4219**, rg = 0.5125**) and number of productive tillers per plant (rp = 0.4006**, rg = 0.4942**) and negative non significant association with gall midge incidence (rp =-0.1154, rg =-0.1430). Panicle length had the highest positive direct effect (0.9688) followed by the number of grains per panicle (0.5748). Gall midge incidence showed a negative direct effect at the phenotypic level and a positive direct effect at the genotypic level on the grain yield per plant. Further, it showed indirect negative effects via plant height, number of productive tillers per plant, number of grains per panicle, spikelet fertility, hulling percentage, milling percentage, kernel length and kernel breadth as revealed from path analysis. The result of multiple linear regression exhibited that only the number of productive tillers per plant and the number of grains per panicle contributed significantly towards grain yield per plant. The step-wise regression analysis revealed that the panicle length, number of grains per panicle and number of productive tillers per plant were the most important characters having R=0.6505 and thus, could explain 42.31% of the total variation of grain yield. Gall midge incidence contributed to only 0.95% of the variation for grain yield, which might be due to the low incidence or resistance of the hybrids to the gall midge.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of dilute acid-thermal pretreatment of horse manure (HM) on the characteristic changes followed by biomethanation of untreated (control) and pretreated HM using iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) as additives at concentrations of 20 mg/L, 40 mg/L and 60 mg/L at mesophilic (35 ± 2 °C) and thermophilic (55 ± 2 °C) temperature conditions. The acid-thermal pretreatment enabled the depolymerisation of the lignocellulosic crystalline structure of HM resulting in the reduction of cellulose and hemicellulose by 93 % and 96 % respectively. Addition of deficient or surplus concentration of NPs or micronutrients may adversely influence the activity of microbes because the release of key enzymes is ion dependant. Addition of appropriate concentration of Fe3O4 NPs facilitates the release of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions that contribute to the release of key enzymes, but the addition of surplus concentration results in the release of reactive and toxic-free radicals or intermediates that decline the activity of the microorganisms. Results disclosed that the maximum methane yield of 0.16 L/g CODreduced and 0.175 L/g CODreduced was achieved under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions from pretreated HM with an addition of 40 mg/L of Fe3O4 NPs with a COD reduction of 68 % and 56 %, respectively, whereas it was 0.14 L/g CODreduced and 0.15 L/g CODreduced with an addition of 60 mg/L of Fe3O4 NPs with corresponding COD reduction of 58 % and 62.5 %, respectively, from untreated HM. Based on the findings achieved in the study, it is proven that the HM is a potential feedstock for biogas/methane generation. Incorporating the advanced techniques such as acid-thermal pretreatment and addition of supplements in the form of NPs further enhances the biomethanation process making it more lucrative and feasible for implementation at full scale.

Liquid–liquid extraction of volatile fatty acids (VFA) from landfill leachate (LL) as well as synthetic solution (SS) whose concentration varied from 0.2 to 1 mol/L was investigated. The impact of extractant and feed VFA concentration on extraction efficiency (EE), distribution ratio (KD) and loading ratio (z) with the help of statistical analysis and process optimization using response surface methodology is presented. Physical extraction of VFA from SS using seven different diluents was performed to choose the best diluent. Reactive extraction of VFA was investigated with 10–50% (v/v) trioctylamine (TOA) and tributylphosphate (TBP) as extractants in 1-Octanol. Reactive extraction of VFA results disclosed enhancement of EE due to the synergistic chemical interactions between extractant and diluent. Majority of the acid extractant complexes formed were 1:1 with TBP while 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 with TOA as verified by z > 0.5 The optimal extractant concentration for TOA and TBP was found to be 37.8% and 39.09% at a feed concentration of 0.67 mol/L and 0.81 mol/L for SS respectively to achieve maximum EE of 91% while it was 29.3% and 36.2% at 0.2 mol/L for LL to achieve EE of 52% and 57% correspondingly.

Potable groundwater is the main source of drinking water in Bangladesh. It is continuously polluted by different pollutants and making negative impact on human health. The objectives of this research were to determine the portable water quality and comparison with the standard set by Department of Environment (DoE, 1997), Bangladesh and World Health Organization (WHO, 2011) for assessing the suitability of consumption. A total of 51 groundwater samples was collected from 17 sampling stations at Companiganj Upazila of Sylhet District to analyze pH, iron (Fe), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Total Suspended Solid (TSS). A semi-structured questionnaire survey with 320 purposively selected respondents were conducted to know the people’s perception on human health impacts of ground water. The results revealed that pH values of all stations were within the permissible limit set by DoE and WHO and the range of concentration of Fe, TDS and TSS were 0.3-1.0 mgl-1, 220-2870 mgl-1 and 10-1900 mgl-1, respectively. 58.82% sampling stations were found very high contamination of Fe and TDS followed by medium 11.76% and 23.53%. The TSS values indicated that 11.76% sampling stations had excellent water, while 88.24% had high level of pollution expressed as unacceptable for drinking purposes. The results indicated that 40% respondents were suffered from skin diseases and followed by hair fall (33.9%) and nail damage (26.1%), respectively. 76.47% groundwater samples extremely contaminated with TDS (>1000mgl-1) and this might be indicated that peoples were susceptible to hypertension or blood pressure, gastro-intestinal irritation and cardiovascular disease. Contaminated groundwater were consumed without any purification process, filtering or treatment because of these system were costly for the poor and ultra-poor. So, they prefer to consume contaminated water without any treatment.

Aims: Majority of slum people are living in poor quality housing where the absence of basic amenities is a significant issue. The primary aim of the study was to determine the present status of sanitation and waste disposal patterns of the selected slum areas of Sylhet City Corporation (SCC). Study Design: Both descriptive and analytical methods were applied to reach the final outcome. Methodology: To conduct the study, 355 samples were collected from five different wards through a constructive questionnaire survey. Key Information Interview (KII), field observation, and focus group discussion (FGD) were also used to collect data. Results: While the slum people are always struggling to ensure their basic needs, they don’t give emphasis on the sanitary, hygiene, health condition, etc. About 80.4% of slum dwellers defecate in an unhygienic place which may cause various diseases and lead to water pollution by pathogenic microbes. Only 54.9% of people dispose of their waste in a proper way and the others are accountable for environmental pollution by disposing of waste here and there. This study also reveals the socioeconomic condition, health issues, and other water-related challenges of the slum dwellers. Conclusion: Due to lack of education and knowledge about health and hygiene, unwillingness, poverty, etc. are the possible reasons behind the deterioration of the situation of slum inhabitants. Thus, several remedial measures need to be taken for the improvement of sanitation and waste disposal system.

Deodorization of gases emitted from Tanneries using eco-friendly and cost-effective approaches is necessary for the safe disposal of industrial emissions. There is limited research available on the treatment of odorous gases emitted from tanneries using bio-filter. In this endeavor, pilot-scale studies were performed in a 2.7 m

There is abundant amount of polymeric materials produced and used every day. After their usage period, only little amount is being recycled or reused. The recycled polymeric material has several properties similar to or better than that of the virgin, and their usage as a final product is cost-effective. Among these materials, rubber is the most used especially in manufacturing of various tyres (light, medium and heavy tyres). Rubber can be recycled in several ways using mechanical and thermal means producing shredded rubber and fuels, respectively. In this investigation, crumb rubber which was obtained from tyre has been used. It was molded by compression under uniform temperature and pressure in form of a sheet and was then cut for different characterisation tests as per the standards. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, hardness and flex fatigue test, resilience property using rebound resilience were tested and compared with the corresponding commercial rubbers like styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), butyl rubber (BR), and nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR). Surprisingly, crump rubber was found to have high hardness value with respect to the commercial rubbers.

The coastal area of Bangladesh is frequently affected by natural hazards. For that reason, the people living in this zone regularly need to migrate and adapt to an unfavorable environment. The main objectives of this study are to observe the migration scenario and adaptation strategies outside the coastal embankment of Barguna Sadar Upazila. To deal with these objectives, a field survey was conducted based on the socio-economic conditions as well as the places of origin and destination, causes, and types of migration. Along with that, we aimed to observe what strategies are followed in the study area to protect it from catastrophic disasters. All these necessary data were collected through a questionnaire survey, in-depth interviews, focus group discussion, and field observation. In addition, secondary data were collected from the Naltona and Baliatali Union Parishad offices. The descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used to analyze the data. It was found from the collected data that 504.28 people live in every square kilometer of the study area. About 90.3% of respondents of the study area are the owners of a one-storied house, which are mainly built of Nypa Palm, tall reed, bamboo, wood, and tin. Almost 96.87% of respondents are engaged with the professions directly related to natural resources such as fisherman or boatman. The main source of drinking water is a deep-tube well, but there are not enough of them in the study area. There are no paved roads and the condition of the roads is rough. There are 35% of respondents identified as migrants in the study area. Shifting of the riverbank, environmental degradation after catastrophic disasters, available land near the seashore, plenty of job opportunities, and the chance to live with the same class of people – all of these act as the key factors for migration. There is only in-migration seen rather than out-migration. The inhabitants who migrate from other areas, permanently live here to carry out their daily livelihoods. It is spotted that respondents of the study area held native adaptation techniques to deal with the adverse environment. It is expected from this study that researchers and policymakers understand the probable causes of migration, its pattern, and become familiar with adaptation strategies that will help them in the near future to develop a regional plan outside the coastal embankment in different places.

Nitrile rubber (NBR) and nitrile rubber–polyvinyl chloride (NBR-PVC50/50) (NVC55) blends are vulcanized by sulphur curing system using high abrasion furnace carbon black (CB-HAF) and graphite (GT) as reinforcements in the present investigation. The mechanical properties of the compositions are evaluated. The relationship of durometer hardness with Young’s modulus (E) is determined and compared with theoretical models of the literature. It is observed that the relationship is not in good agreement with any literature model for full range of hardness from 49 to 88 Shore ‘A’ (SA). While some models are more applicable to low hardness range, some others are better applicable to higher range. However, log (modulus) is found to be varying linearly with Shore ‘A’ hardness. The compressive modulus (EC) of the compositions is calculated using the theoretical relationship with hardness from the literature. The ratio of calculated compressive modulus to measure Young’s modulus for NBR and NVC55 compositions is evaluated as a function of hardness and compared with the available literature data. The ratio for NBR compositions is almost identical for two models, while for NVC55 compositions, one model results in constant ratio irrespective of hardness, and the other predicts a widely varying ratio depending on hardness.