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Abstract Background Tumour‐induced skeletal muscle wasting in the context of cancer cachexia is a condition with profound implications for patient survival. The loss of muscle mass is a significant clinical obstacle and is linked to reduced tolerance to chemotherapy and increased frailty. Understanding the molecular mechanisms driving muscle atrophy is crucial for the design of new therapeutics. Methods Lewis lung carcinoma tumours were utilized to induce cachexia and muscle atrophy in mice. Single‐nucleus libraries of the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle from tumour‐bearing mice and their non‐tumour‐bearing controls were constructed using 10X Genomics applications following the manufacturer's guidelines. RNA sequencing results were analysed with Cell Ranger software and the Seurat R package. Oxygen consumption of mitochondria isolated from TA muscle was measured using an Oroboros O2k‐FluoRespirometer. Mouse primary myotubes were treated with a recombinant ectodysplasin A2 (EDA‐A2) protein to activate EDA‐A2 receptor (EDA2R) signalling and study changes in gene expression and oxygen consumption. Results Tumour‐bearing mice were sacrificed while exhibiting moderate cachexia. Average TA muscle weight was reduced by 11% (P = 0.0207) in these mice. A total of 12 335 nuclei, comprising 6422 nuclei from the control group and 5892 nuclei from atrophying muscles, were studied. The analysis of single‐nucleus transcriptomes identified distinct myonuclear gene signatures and a shift towards type IIb myonuclei. Muscle atrophy‐related genes, including Atrogin1, MuRF1 and Eda2r, were upregulated in these myonuclei, emphasizing their crucial roles in muscle wasting. Gene set enrichment analysis demonstrated that EDA2R activation and tumour inoculation led to similar expression patterns in muscle cells, including the stimulation of nuclear factor‐kappa B, Janus kinase–signal transducer and activator of transcription and transforming growth factor‐beta pathways and the suppression of myogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation. Muscle oxidative metabolism was suppressed by both tumours and EDA2R activation. Conclusions This study identified tumour‐induced transcriptional changes in muscle tissue at single‐nucleus resolution and highlighted the negative impact of tumours on oxidative metabolism. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying muscle wasting.

IntroductionFootball requires high physical fitness and often involves maintaining a specific physique, leading to harmful eating behaviors due to internal and external pressures. Cultural norms influence the prevalence and types of eating disorders (ED), with differences in eating habits, beauty standards, and socio-cultural pressures affecting ED development. This study assesses ED risk and analyzes socio-cultural attitudes toward body image among Polish and Turkish female football players.MethodsThe study was conducted from April to June 2024 and included 103 professional female football players aged 18–35 from Polish (n = 49) and Turkish (n = 54) clubs. Data were collected using the CAWI method via Google Forms. Participants completed EAT-26 and SATAQ-3 questionnaires, assessing ED risk and socio-cultural attitudes toward body image.Results40.8% of participants were at risk for ED. No differences in ED prevalence were found between groups of different nationalities. Polish footballers at risk of ED scored higher on the Internalization-Pressure and Information subscales and the overall SATAQ-3 score. A weak but significant positive correlation was found between SATAQ-3 and EAT-26 scores.DiscussionThe study finds no nationality-based differences in ED prevalence among professional female football players, but ED is widespread, affecting about 40% of players. Nutritional status impacts ED risk, with higher risk among underweight and overweight players. Polish players are more influenced by socio-cultural standards of body image promoted by mass media. The study underscores the need for regular screening and psychological support.

The aim of this study is to comparatively analyze the performance of machine learning (ML) algorithms for modeling soil salinity using field-based electrical conductivity (EC) data and Landsat-8 OLI satellite images with derived environmental covariates. We also aim to interpret and explain the ML models with and without over-sampling methods using Shapley (SHAP) values, an explainable ML approach that has not yet been utilized for soil salinity estimation tasks as an ML problem. We investigate two case study areas from western and southeastern Lake Urmia Playas (LUP) in the Northwest of Iran. Our study uses 26 environmental covariates, two ML models, namely extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) and random forest (RF), and two over-sampling methods: synthetic minority over-sampling technique (SMOTE) and random over-sampling (ROS). Results indicate that XGBoost performs better compared to RF in terms of both R2 and RMSE. Additionally, the visual interpretation of soil salinity maps demonstrated the superiority of XGBoost. SMOTE produced superior results than ROS and no over-sampling test cases. Finally, SHAP analysis illustrated that vegetation indices made a greater contribution to the soil salinity prediction in the West LUP, while visible bands contributed more in the Southeast LUP Region.

Background. Due to incomplete polymerization of composite resin restorations, residual monomers adversely affect their mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Preheating of composite resins is advised to increase the degree of conversion and reduce monomer elution. This study aimed to analyze the effect of preheating and repeated preheating on the amount of monomer released from a bulk-fill composite resin. Methods. Forty samples were prepared using Filtek One Bulk Fill Restorative composite resin. Samples in one group were fabricated at room temperature, whereas the composite resins in the other groups were cured after 1, 10, or 20 repeated preheating cycles (55 °C), 10 in each group. Eluted urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) and bisphenol-A-glycidylmethacrylate (BisGMA) monomers were measured with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 24 hours and 30 days after immersion. The data were evaluated using one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests. Paired-sample t tests were used to test the differences between time intervals. Results. At both time intervals, the greatest amounts of released BisGMA, UDMA, and total monomers were obtained from the control group, whereas 10 preheating cycles resulted in the least monomer elution. The decrease in monomer elution was not statistically significant after 10 preheating cycles compared with that after one preheating cycle (P>0.05). The group with 20 preheating cycles showed a greater amount of monomer elution compared to that with 1 and 10 cycles, which was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The amount of released monomers on day 30 was significantly higher than on day 1 (P

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of three disinfection solutions on the amount of monomers released from resin nanoceramic CAD/CAM blocks using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Forty resin nanoceramic CAD/CAM (Cerasmart, GC, Japan) samples (12x14 × 2 mm) were divided into four groups; each group was disinfected using one of four solutions (Group 1: no disinfectant; Group 2: 70 % ethanol; Group 3: 2 % glutaraldehyde; and Group 4: 1 % sodium hypochlorite) for 5 min. Analysis of residual monomers (UDMA and Bis-EMA) amounts was performed using an HPLC instrument (Dionex Ultimate 3000, Thermo Fisher Scientific). After 30 days, the amounts of monomers found were as follows: 14.54 ppm for Group 1; 9.28 ppm for Group 2; 10.60 ppm for Group 3; and 2.76 ppm for Group 4 (the smallest monomer amount) (p

This research aims to find crop-based residue burning (CRB) amounts for the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Türkiye, where versatile and diverse of agricultural fields are available. We used the time series of Sentinel-2 images to identify spatial distribution of different crop types and to determine the burned agricultural fields in 2019 using Google Earth Engine platform. We implemented Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change standards to calculate the emissions from Greenhouse gases and Particulate Matter. We also analyzed Sentinel-5P images to generate Nitrogen Dioxide maps and compared them with crop-based emission calculations. Our analysis illustrated that 14,444.307 Gg of Greenhouse Gases and 117.809 Gg of Particulate Matters were released in 2019 due to CRB practices. Our results can potentially improve the national statistics by providing spatio-temporal field-based CRB emissions and supporting country-level agricultural decision-making processes. Researchers could implement our proposed data and methodology in other regions suffering from the CRB problem.

The aim of this study is to determine the mental toughness levels of male and female football players in sports. The population of the study consists of female football players from the Super League in 2021-2022 and amateur football players in the province of Batman. The sample of the study consists of 232 football players who voluntarily participated in the online questionnaire. Data on the introductory characteristics of the players were obtained with a "personal information form". “Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire-SMTQ” was used to determine mental toughness of the players. The obtained data were transferred to the SPSS 22 software program for statistical operations. Frequency analysis, percentage analysis, arithmetic mean, t test, Anova analysis and post hoc tests were used to analyze the data. According to the variables of age, education level, years of licenced player and their level of football, statistically significant differences were found between the mental toughness levels among football players (p lt;.05). According to gender, no difference was found between the mental toughness levels of the football players (p gt;.05).

The aim of this study is to reveal the direction and level of the relationship between acceleration and agility in university student female and male futsal players who play futsal as amateurs. The subject group of the research consists of 15 male and 15 female university students who play futsal in the amateur league and practice futsal at least 3 days a week. The mean age of the participants was 19.80 ± 1.056 years in men, 20.33 ± 2.49 years in women, mean height in men 175.80±2.45 cm, in women 164.26 ± 4.39 cm, mean body weight in men 67.60 ± 6.05 and 54.20 ± 5.10 kg for women. The T-test was used to determine the agility performances of the subjects, and the acceleration measurements were applied with a photocell placed at 5 m, 10 m, and 20 m intervals. In both parameter measurements, the values were recorded in seconds. Measured values were given as mean and standard deviation and correlation analyses were applied to the relationship between agility and acceleration. In the relationship between agility and acceleration, it was determined that there was a positive relationship between agility and 5 m, 10 m, and 20m acceleration values in males and that there was a strong positive correlation between agility and 10m acceleration (r=0.848; p=0.00). On the other hand, it is seen that there is a negative and insignificant relationship between agility and acceleration parameters in females. While there was a difference in men's agility levels in height grouping, a significant difference was found in 10m and 20m acceleration levels in female futsal players It shows that it has a negative effect on female futsal players, albeit at a low level. Since the planning of speed and acceleration exercises together with agility in training will be effective in increasing the performance of the athlete, it is recommended to include such training in training programs.

Adequate and balanced nutrition is to advance success in a positive way. Adequate and balanced nutrition is necessary for the energy and mental well-being required during training and competition. Individuals with sufficient nutritional knowledge know-how, where, and how much they should get the nutrients they need while doing sports. The most important resource about nutrition education for athletes is known as trainers. The nutritional knowledge levels of trainers are important in this context. This study was carried out to determine the nutritional knowledge levels of basketball coaches working in the 2021/2022 basketball season in the city center of Karaman. The universe of the research consists of basketball coaches who have signed contracts for the 2021/2022 season in the clubs located in the city center of Karaman. In order to examine the nutrition knowledge level of the trainers, the questionnaire form, which included a socio-demographic information Question in the first part and a Question on the analysis of the nutrition knowledge level in the second part, was applied using. In the qualitative research method, it was applied with a face-to-face interview technique. Questionnaire the questions were created by making use of previous scientific studies and were examined by three experts working in the nutrition-dietetics department and the gastronomy and culinary arts department. At the end of the study, it was determined that the trainers should give correct information about nutrition to the athletes before, during, and after the training and competition, and therefore they should receive in-service training at certain intervals in order to improve their nutrition.

Early childhood is a very important period for the development of children’s creativity. While mothers have been the main focus of studies investigating the role of parents in early childhood, recent studies indicate that fathers also have a major impact on their child’s development. The study aims at investigating the opinions of fathers about creativity, whether they play creativity-supporting games with their children, and their views about the role of the education system in fostering children’s creativity. A qualitative model was used in this study. The study results indicate that most fathers define creativity as associated with intelligence and believe that the education system does not support creativity. 71% of fathers reported being engaged in creative game plays with their children (e.g., puzzles, toy blocks, and unstructured games), but their concept of creative play is not very elaborate. A more knowledgeable and creativity-informed approach may be needed for fathers to be able to fully support their children's development.

Abstract The tubule index is a vital prognostic measure in breast cancer tumor grading and is visually evaluated by pathologists. In this paper, a computer-aided patch-based deep learning tubule segmentation framework, named Tubule-U-Net, is developed and proposed to segment tubules in Whole Slide Images (WSI) of breast cancer. Moreover, this paper presents a new tubule segmentation dataset consisting of 30820 polygonal annotated tubules in 8225 patches. The Tubule-U-Net framework first uses a patch enhancement technique such as reflection or mirror padding and then employs an asymmetric encoder-decoder semantic segmentation model. The encoder is developed in the model by various deep learning architectures such as EfficientNetB3, ResNet34, and DenseNet161, whereas the decoder is similar to U-Net. Thus, three different models are obtained, which are EfficientNetB3-U-Net, ResNet34-U-Net, and DenseNet161-U-Net. The proposed framework with three different models, U-Net, U-Net++, and Trans-U-Net segmentation methods are trained on the created dataset and tested on five different WSIs. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed framework with the EfficientNetB3 model trained on patches obtained using the reflection padding and tested on patches with overlapping provides the best segmentation results on the test data and achieves 95.33%, 93.74%, and 90.02%, dice, recall, and specificity scores, respectively.

Background: Sensorineural hearing loss are common neurological deficit, and diabetes mellitus is a common cause for these problems. Hearing impairment affects the quality of life of diabetic patients. Many researchers found hearing impairment in diabetic patients because diabetes mellitus can cause sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) because of neuropathy and microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. Aim of the study: The study aims to sensorineural hearing loss in diabetic patients compared with non-diabetic control. Patients and methods: A prospective case control study is performed during the period between Jan 2018 and May 2019. This case series study included 100 known cases of diabetes mellitus, their ages were between 20-60 years, treated at Al-wafaa center, which is specialized center for treatment and follow up of diabetic patients, and Al-Jumhory Teaching Hospital in Mosul. The control group included 100 individuals who did not have any diabetes mellitus or any of the exclusion criteria mentioned in the study. Results: It has been found that sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) was more common in diabetic patients group than controls group, 21% versus 8%. The prevalence of (SNHL) was more in male 31.7% than female diabetic patients 13.5%. Hearing threshold in diabetic patients was higher than that in control group. The hearing loss in diabetic patients is slowly progressive and directly related to the duration of diabetes. Conclusions: Sensorineural hearing loss has been found to be more common in diabetic patients than in control group, and the hearing loss in diabetic patients is slowly progressive. The hearing threshold in diabetic patients had a direct correlation with the duration of disease.

Tunnels are extremely important underground structures, the durability of which is paramount due to the high cost of their construction, which is undoubtedly tricky due to the encountered ground conditions, and which requires careful planning, particularly in seismic zones. These structures are susceptible to be damaged by earthquakes. Consequently, the study of their behaviour under the effect of seismic vibrations is of great importance. Thus, using an analytical method and two earthquake scenarios, this work aims to analyse the seismic behaviour of a tunnel located in northern Algeria, taking into account the geometry of the structure and the site conditions. The results, represented by fragility curves, show that the mechanical characteristics of the soil layers encountered have a remarkable impact on the behaviour of the tunnel under the effect of earthquakes.

The main purpose of this paper is to study the anisotropic behavior of laser welded interstitial free steel HC 260Y when it is subjected to monotonic tensile tests. The specimens were cut in different orientations according to the rolling direction, annealed and finally assembled by laser welding. The plastic behavior was modelled using an identification strategy based on a behavior law taking into account the anisotropy of this material, a hardening law describing the evolution of the hardening curves and an evolution law. The proposed identification strategy allowed for a good validation of the model.� The model was afterwards used to predict the behavior of the welded material when it is subjected to various solicitations. Finally, the fracture surfaces of the specimens were examined using the scanning electron microscope (SEM) to determine the failure characteristics

The share of renewable energy sources (RES) in power systems has been increasing in recent years. Future power systems will have lower inertia and difficult controllability, especially due to intermittent and variable renewable energy that is not dispatchable easily due to its fluctuating nature. Thus, it is necessary to increase the grid’s flexibility to ensure system stability. For this need, new technologies such as battery energy storage systems (BESS) are widely discussed. It is thought to be very useful to create a fast and accurate response in frequency control services with BESSs, especially in low inertia grid conditions. The sizing, charge-discharge control, and lifetime of a BESS providing frequency control service depend heavily on the changes that may occur in the power systems. So, it is a very complex issue to decide on during the investment phase. In this study, the optimum sizing, lifetime, and techno-economic evaluations of BESS providing primary frequency control (PFC) service have been made by grid's frequency data-driven. For this purpose, firstly; the BESS design providing PFC is created for Turkey’s electricity system. Secondly, with the developed algorithm, the number of charge-discharge cycles of the BESS is calculated and the lifetime and capacity fading of the BESS are determined according to the frequency deviation. Finally, economic evaluations have been made for BESS considering the investment- operating costs and PFC market prices.

Abstract Background Lung cancer is the primary cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) leads to lung cancer progression and poor prognosis while involuntary weight loss remains a major problem. Tumour‐derived parathyroid hormone‐related protein (PTHrP) emerged as a potential mediator of cachexia. Here, we investigated the modulatory role of EGFR signalling in PTHrP (encoded by Pthlh) gene expression and the impact of this relationship on cancer cachexia. Methods Global gene expression profiles of Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells were analysed. Pthlh mRNA levels were measured by qRT‐PCR in LLC cells treated with EGFR ligands and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). LLC tumour‐bearing mice received EGFR TKI erlotinib for 7 days via intraperitoneal injection or oral gavage. Tumour Pthlh mRNA, weight of fat/muscle tissue, and grip strength were assessed. RNA‐seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and gene expression analysis tools were used to characterize expression profiles of PTHLH and EGFR along with correlation analysis of PTHLH with EGFR and transforming growth factor alpha (TGFA) in human lung cancer and head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSC). Survival of lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients with EGFR gene alterations was analysed in regard to PTHLH expression. Results Expression of EGFR ligands, EGFR itself, and PTHrP co‐clusters in LLC cells. Activation of EGFR signalling with its ligands significantly increases (3.8‐fold, P

Abstract Concept maps are the tools used to facilitate meaningful conceptual learning. In this study, an augmented reality (AR)-based concept map (AR-ConMAP) application was developed to facilitate the concept map creation process to overcome the challenges that students face when creating concept maps. The study was carried out as a case study. Observations via using video records and worksheets were used to examine the effect of this application on students’ concept map creation skills and their evaluations about their experiences. The results suggested that using AR for creating concept maps provided more accurate results in associating the concept map components and supported students for meaningful conceptual learning. Students evaluated their experiences in using AR also as increasing their sense of enjoyment and curiosity which positively contributed to their motivation to create concept maps. Recommendations for future research and practices were also included.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare microleakage in Class V restorations using different composite resins and application techniques. Methods: In this study, 60 cavities were prepared on the buccal and lingual surfaces of samples, 3 mm length (mesio-distal), 3 mm height (cervico-occlusal) and 2 mm depth. Samples were randomly divided into 6 groups. In Group 1, Grandio (Voco GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany) was used with bulk technique, in Group 2 by horizontal incremental technique and in Group 3 by oblique incremental technique. SonicFill (Kerr, CA, USA) in Group 4, Filtek Bulk Fill Posterior Restorative (3M ESPE, st. Paul, USA) in Group 5, and Estelite Bulk Fill flow (Tokuyama, Japan) in Group 6 were used with bulk technique. After thermal cycle, samples were incubated in 0.2% methylene blue solution for 24 hours. They were sectioned longitudinally from the middle of cavity (buccolingually). Microleakage was evaluated by stereomicroscope (Nikon SMZ25, Tokyo, Japan). Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: Microleakage at the cervical margin was higher than the occlusal margin. There was no statistically significant difference between groups at the occlusal margin, but there was a significant difference between groups at the cervical margin (P₌0.02). In Groups using incremental techniques, less microleakage was observed. There was no statistically significant difference between groups using bulk technique. Conclusion: The use of incremental techniques in the restoration of cervical lesions may reduce microleakage.

Background and Study Aim. This study aimed to investigate the effect of 8-weeks of wrestling training on unilateral muscle imbalances. Material and Methods. Eight male elite Greco-Roman wrestlers (wrestling group) (age 21.25±2.7 years, height 176.6±6.8 cm, body weight 81.00±9.3 kg) and seven recreationally active male (control group) (age 21.3±3.2 years, height 173.6±4.7 cm, body weight 67.3±5.3 kg) voluntarily participated in the study. Both group participants were students in the Selcuk university in the period of study. Wrestlers were in the off-season before the training period of 10 weeks. Before and after the 8-weeks training period, wrestling and control groups were tested for isokinetic torque measurement. In the training period, the wrestling group carried out only wrestling training without specific strength training. In this period the control group did not involve in any exercise. Results. In the wrestling group, all quadriceps torque parameters significantly increased for both legs but the torque parameters of the hamstring did not change, except the average torque of the left leg. The peak and average torque of the H/Q (Hamstring/quadriceps) significantly decreased after training periods for right leg in the wrestling group. No parameters significantly changed in the control group. Conclusions. Specific hamstring strength exercises can be put in training programs to avoid from a possible knee injury.

Background and Study Aim. It is stated that kinetic performance factors are important in the successful execution of accurate kick-penalties, thus, its offer excellent performance despite a substantial kinetic method change in their implementation. The aim of the study is to biomechanical analysis of accuracy penalties-kicking performance for Turkish soccer players. Material and Methods. The study group consisted 15 male students of Turkish Regional Amateur League players (Age: 21.08± 1.56 years old). Two video cameras placed at optical axes X&Y filmed penalty-kick performance of the subjects. we analysed the best three scores by video analysis Dartfish 9.0 software. Standard statistical methods were used for the calculation of mean±SD. the Statistical significance at p

Language assessment knowledge, the capacity of language instructors to skillfully design, construct, and assess language evaluations, is pivotal for effective language education. This study investigates the language assessment knowledge, encompassing both general and skill-specific aspects, of in-service language educators from Europe and Türkiye. The primary objective is to contrast the language assessment knowledge of these two groups, highlighting potential differences in their assessment knowledge in terms of general and four language skills. Employing a mixed-methods approach, data were gathered sequentially via quantitative scale and qualitative online interviews. A total of 94 language teachers, 48 from Turkey and 46 from diverse European countries took part in this research. They completed the Language Assessment Knowledge Scale, and eight instructors engaged in semi-structured online interviews. The participants were selected using convenience sampling. The results indicated that while both groups scored above the average and were considered assessment literate, European language teachers had a significantly higher level of LAK compared to Turkish language teachers. This suggests that European teachers possess greater proficiency and competence in language assessment, potentially influencing the quality of the assessments they create and assess. Considering the importance of assessment knowledge mentioned in numerous studies, despite the limited sample size of this study, its results are important for the professional development of language educators. These outcomes can inform the development of teacher training programs, particularly for Turkish educators. The Ministry of National Education may consider prioritizing assessment-related subjects, such as assessing the four language skills, in future inservice teacher training initiatives.

Advances in IT required digital transformation to be embraced by banking industry, as in others, and caused great changes in the business, especially in marketing tools. With the widespread use of the Internet and smart devices, banks introduced digital banking applications one after another, and these channels have now reached a position similar to bank branches for customers. This study examines the reflections of the digital transformation in the banking sector and the changing customer experience on the attitudes of customers, such as loyalty, satisfaction, and referral. Within the scope of the research, the data were obtained from digital banking customers by survey method (n=364). As a result of the analyzes carried out with the PLS-SEM method, “usability” and “ease of use” were found to have significant and positive effects upon customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. In contrast, other sub-dimensions of customer experience; speed, security, customer support and information content did not make any difference to the customers. The results revealed that regarding digital applications banks need to focus on usefulness and ease of use in order to become competitive in the market.

Background and Study Aim. In this study, it is aimed to evaluate the power and force parameters of lower and upper extremities of the individual and team athletes who practice different branches. Material and Methods. 32 elite athletes, most of whom are university students, with an average age of 21.16 ± 2.08, who are active in sports, participated in the study. The groups were formed from Boxing and Handball (BG and HG) branches in which the upper extremities are used predominantly and from Taekwondo and Football (TG and FG) branches in which the lower extremities are used predominantly. The anaerobic power values of each individual’s upper and lower extremities were measured by a Monark 894E. The isokinetic force values of dominant arms and legs were measured by a Cybex humac norm device. Results. After examination of the data it was found that the upper extremity power values of BG and HG were significantly higher than TG when the top values of peak powers (PP) were evaluated. In the evaluations with respect to leg 60°/s and 180°/s extension and flexion; HG and FG was significantly higher than TG in 60°/s extension at PP; HG and FG were significantly indifferent but they were significantly higher than BG and TG in 60°/s flexion at PP. In the comparisons of the groups’ 60°/s and 180°/s extension and flexion values of lower extremities anaerobic power and isokinetic force and lower extremities’ wingate values, a number of positive relations were found between all of the groups. All of the groups were positively related to each other in terms of upper extremities wingate and 60°/s, 180°/s internal and external isokinetic forces. Conclusions. Both the isokinetic arm force values and arm wingate levels were higher in the branches in which the upper extremities are used predominantly than the branches in which the lower extremities are used predominantly. On the other hand, the difference seen in the upper extremities was not seen in the lower extremities.

This study aims to determine whether administrators’ spiritual leadership style predicts school culture according to the perceptions of teachers working at different school levels. The study was carried out according to the correlation survey model used in quantitative research methods. The population of the study consists of 3657 teachers working in primary, secondary, and high schools in the Kartal district of Istanbul in the 2018-2019 academic year. The sample of the study was selected using a simple random sampling method; It consists of a total of 446 teachers working in primary, middle school, and high school levels. The Managerial Spiritual Leadership Perception Scale that was developed by Akıncı and Ekşi (2017) and The School Culture Scale that was developed by Terzi (2005) were used to collect the data. Data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, correlation, and regression analysis. The findings of the study showed that there was a moderate and positive relationship between school culture and the spiritual leadership styles of administrators according to teachers’ perceptions. In addition, it was concluded that the spiritual leadership styles of school administrators were a predictor of school culture according to the teachers’ perceptions. While significant differences were found between gender and school- level variables in the support culture sub-dimension of the school culture, age and school-level variables in the success culture sub-dimension, age, occupational seniority, and school-level variables in the bureaucratic culture sub-dimension, age and school-level variables in the task culture sub-dimension, there was no difference between the sub-dimension of school culture and educational status. While there was a significant difference in the level of spiritual leadership perceived by teachers according to the school level variable, there was no significant difference according to the variables of gender, educational level, age, and professional seniority. According to the results of the research, some suggestions were developed.

Anadolu’nun Moğollar tarafından istila edilmesinden itibaren uzun bir dönem Anadolu, siyasi açıdan istikrarsız bir süreç yaşadı. Moğolların getirdiği huzursuzlukla Türkmenler Kuzey Suriye’ye doğru hareket etmişlerdir. Diğer yandan Kahire merkezli Memlûkler, XIII. asrın ortalarından itibaren Kuzey Suriye ve Anadolu’nun güney bölgesinde siyasi ve askeri faaliyetlerini arttırmıştır. Kuzey Suriye’ye hareket eden Türkmenleri kontrol altına almaya çalışan Memlûklerin bölgedeki faaliyetleri buradaki Türkmen nüfusunun artmasını sağlamıştır. XIII. asrın sonunda Memlûkler, Halep’ten Maraş’a kadar olan bölgeyi de ele geçirmişler ve bu bölgelerin idaresini Halep valiliğine bağlı Türkmenlere bırakmışlardır.İlhanlıların güçlü hükümdarı Ebu Sait Bahadır Han’ın 1335 yılındaki vefatı ile beraber Anadolu’da birçok Türkmen beyi özgürce hareket etmeye başlamış ve Anadolu’da yeni bir siyasi ortam meydana gelmiştir. Bu özgür ortamdan istifade eden Dulkadiroğulları Anadolu’nun güneyinde Memlûklere tabi Tevâif-i Mülûk’ten biri olarak zuhur etmişlerdir. Dulkadiroğulları her ne kadar Memlûklere tabi olarak ortaya çıksa da metbûlarına karşı sık sık savaşmışlar ve bağımsız olmak istemişlerdir. Memlûkler ise Dulkadirlilerin bağımsızlıklarına ve kendi başlarına hareket etmelerine imkân vermemek için onları sürekli baskı altında tutmak istemişlerdir. Bu sebeple Memlûkler kendisine itaat etmeyen Dulkadir emirlerini katletmekten hiç çekinmemişlerdir. Nitekim Dulkadirlilerin ilk üç emiri olan Zeyneddin Karaca Bey 1337-1353 , Halil Bey 1355-1386 ve Sevli Bey 1386-1398 katledildiler. Sonraki dönemde ise Melik Arslan Bey 1454-1465 ve Şehsuvar Bey 1466-1472 de katledildiler. Memlûkler; Zeyneddin Karaca Bey ve Şehsuvar Bey’in hal edilmesi için önemli büyüklükte bir Memlûk ordusunu Dulkadirliler üzerine göndermişlerdir. Halil Bey, Sevli Bey ve Melik Arslan Bey’in hal edilmesi için ise suikast düzenlemeyi tercih etmişlerdir.Memlûkler itaatsiz gördükleri emirleri katlettikten sonra Dulkadir Beyliği’nin başına geçecek emir hususunda özenli davranmışlardır. Başa geçecek emirin Memlûklere tam itaat sözü vermesini dikkate almışlardır. Özellikle XV. asırdan itibaren Memlûklerin Dulkadir üzerindeki kontrolü daha zor bir hal almıştır. Çünkü bu dönemde Anadolu’daki siyasi üstünlük Osmanlılara geçmiştir. Böylece XV. asırda Dulkadir Beyliği; Memlûkler ile Osmanlılar arasında üstünlük mücadelesinin yaşandığı saha olmuştur. XVI. asırda Osmanlılar, hem Memlûk hem de Dulkadir topraklarını hâkimiyeti altına almışlardır.

Bu çalışmanın amacı; elektronik ve robotik kodlama eğitiminde kullanılabilecek, programlanması basit, kısa devre korumalı, yazarak veya blok tabanlı kodlanabilen, modül bağlantılarının kolayca görülebildiği, lisanslama ve telif hakkı sorunu bulunmayan, düşük maliyetli, kamu kaynaklarının dışa aktarımını azaltabilecek nitelikte, üniversitenin kendi robotik eğitim setini geliştirmektir. Bu amaçla yapılan geliştirme çalışmasında robotun nasıl tasarlanabileceği, maliyetinin ne kadar olacağı ve hangi uygulamaların yapılabileceğine odaklanılmıştır. Sistem/Yazılım Proje Yönetim Modellerinden Şelale Modelinin baz alındığı bu çalışmada Ardunio isimli geliştirme kartı kullanılmış ve Arduino destekli toplam 11 modülden oluşan bir eğitim robotu prototipi üretilmiştir. ARUbot ismi verilen bu robot ile üzerindeki modüllerin çeşitli kombinasyonlarla kullanılması neticesinde toplam 2047 farklı kullanım elde edilebilmektedir. Ayrıca ARUbot; çizgi izleyebilme, engelden kaçabilme, sıcaklık ve nemi ölçebilme, ışık durumunu ölçebilme, bluetooth ile kontrol edilebilme, ekranına yazı yazabilme gibi daha birçok işlevi bir arada yerine getirebilmektedir. Üstelik böyle bir robotun üniversite tarafından üretilmesi sayesinde, maliyetinin emsallerinden yaklaşık 8 kat daha düşük olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Ülkemizin politika yapıcıları ve eğitim kurumları yöneticileri tarafından bu çalışma kapsamında ortaya koyulan bulguların dikkate alınması sayesinde, yurtdışı menşeili robotik kodlama eğitim setleriyle kamu kaynaklarının yurtdışına akmasının azaltılabileceği söylenebilir.

Objective:Transcanal endoscopic type 1 tympanoplasty is a minimally invasive procedure that enables better visualization of deep and narrow spaces compared to conventional microscopic methods. In our study, we aimed to evaluate air-bone gap difference, graft success, and hearing gain according to the perforation size and location in pediatric patients who underwent transcanal endoscopic type 1 cartilage tympanoplasty.Methods:Fifty pediatric patients who underwent transcanal endoscopic type 1 cartilage tympanoplasty for chronic otitis media were included in the study. Tragal cartilage grafts were used in all patients. Air conduction pure tone audiometry hearing results (500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz), mean air-bone gap levels, operating times, postoperative gap closure, and graft success rates were evaluated.Results:Mean operating time was 43.34±8.56 minutes. Overall graft success was 94% (47/50). Mean hearing levels at all frequencies (500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz) were found to have significantly improved after the operation (p

Objective: The necessity of biopsy in cases of incidental nasopharyngeal 18 fluorodeoxyglucose (18-FDG) uptake was investigated in this study. Materials and Methods: A total of 27 patients, who suffered incidental 18-FDG uptake in their nasopharynx, were enrolled in the study. Their primary malignant diseases, physical examination findings, standardized uptake values (SUV), uptake sides, and nasopharynx biopsy results were evaluated. Results: There were 23 benign and 4 malignant tumors found on the biopsy results. A total of 10 patients had visible lesions in their physical examinations. When the data were evaluated statistically, the relationship between the visible lesion and the nasopharyngeal biopsy results was found to be significant (p

It is well known that punching force is highly important to boxers for winning and one of the key components of amateur boxing. Boxing needs also get blocking position, after throwing a punch to not receive a punch.The aim of the study was to determine the dominant internal-external shoulder muscles and dominant extension-flexion leg muscles strength of the elite boxers at 60° and 180° sec-1. In the study, 10 male elite boxers 22.10 ± 1.37 years, height 174.60 ± 6.41 cm and 72.60 ± 10.74 kg participated in the study. The isokinetic knee and shoulder strength tests were performed with an isokinetic dynamometer (Cybex, Humac Norm 2004) in the kinanthropometry laboratory of Selcuk University. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using SPSS 22 package program. Descriptive data of the participants were given as mean, minimum, maximum and standard deviation. it was determined that the peak dominant leg strength of elite boxers were found for extension 224.900 nM (60 °/s) and 135.70 nM (180 °/s ). The peak dominant leg strength of elite boxers found for flexion 120.50 nM and 72.30 nM at 60 °/s and 180 °/s respectively. Elite boxers’ leg strength was similar to literatür. As a result of the study, it can be said that the internal muscle group of boxers produce more power than external muscle group. It can be concluded that the boxers have better punching strength than defense.